Post-war Conditions Research Articles

ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF CUSTOMERS AND CONTRACTORS DURING THE ELIMINATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF ARMED AGGRESSION

Ukraine is trying with all its might not to sink under the weight of the war. In the event of hostilities, the construction industry, like other sectors of the economy, found itself in a difficult situation, on the verge of collapse. Nevertheless, the Ukrainians could not be defeated, and most of the Developers resumed construction on the spot. The article is devoted to the topic of ensuring the economic security of Customers and Contractors of the construction industry of Ukraine while eliminating the consequences of armed aggression, which reveals the global problem of restoring the wartime housing stock. The article presents the mechanism of movement of financial flows, which should also be taken into account during the post-war recovery. Previously existing methods were analyzed. Examples of current documents regarding the determination of issues of economic security of construction enterprises are given, in which various methods and tasks are applied. An approach for improving methodical support for economic security monitoring is proposed. Economic security in Ukraine is one of the most prioritized functional areas of security. This is the state of protection of the country's national economy from external and internal threats, which ensures the country's economic sovereignty, the unity of its economic space, and the conditions for the implementation of Ukraine's strategic national priorities. The construction sector occupies one of the leading places in the country's economy. It is a multifaceted and multifunctional structure. Any changes that occur in any of the interrelated sectors of the economy lead to a reaction from the market, which undoubtedly affects the construction sector. One of the main features of the modern industrial and construction sector is the ability to work in the face of threats to economic security. One of the main tasks facing the economy of Ukraine and requiring serious consideration is the implementation of measures aimed at stabilizing the work of construction enterprises, including design enterprises. A competently built system of ensuring economic security with the use of existing or built corporate resources is able to create the necessary conditions for achieving business goals and maximizing profits. It is not yet known how all the processes will proceed in the conditions of military and post-war conditions. Economic factors in the construction industry are regularly reviewed. And these questions remain unresolved and relevant to this day.

Current state and prospects of the development of the competitiveness of higher education’s institutions in the post-war conditions

The subject of the research is the theoretical and practical aspects of researching the factors of competitiveness of higher education institutions of Ukraine during the war and at the stage of post-war recovery. The aim of the research is to determine the main factors of competitiveness of higher education institutions in the post-war period. Research methods. In writing the article, general scientific and special methods of research and management of the competitiveness of higher education institutions were used. Results of the investigation. Іn the course of writing the article, it is determined that the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine has radically changed the conditions of functioning of higher education institutions (HEIs), which has affected their competitiveness. It is determined that one of the key issues in the context of Ukraine's recovery is the issue of ensuring the sustainable functioning of the higher education system, which requires the reconstruction of partially damaged or even destroyed higher education institutions. It is analyzed that as of today, 45 higher education institutions in Ukraine have been completely destroyed and 61 have been damaged. It is emphasized that when addressing the issues of restoring higher education institutions, it is necessary to take into account market conditions and sectoral needs for training specialists for a particular sector of the economy of a particular region. It is determined that the competitiveness of a higher education institution is the ability of a higher education institution to compete effectively in the educational market, providing quality education that meets the needs of higher education students and society, while maintaining sustainable popularity and attractiveness; this is a complex process that requires efforts on the part of the university administration, teachers and students, as well as effective cooperation with society and business. It is proved that in order to ensure competitiveness in the post-war period, higher education institutions must actively adapt to new realities, improve their approaches to teaching and research, introduce new technologies, and cooperate with various sectors of society to achieve success. Scope of the results. Economics, management, higher education in Ukraine. Conclusions. As a result of the article, it is determined that in order to ensure the competitiveness of higher education institutions in the post-war environment, five main conditions must be met, including 1) development of higher education on an innovative basis, which will create a more flexible and efficient educational environment and help higher education students to adapt to the requirements of modern business, while contributing to the high competitiveness of higher education institutions; 2) improving the quality of research by increasing investment in research and, as a result, promoting the development of new technologies, solving global problems and improving the ranking of higher education institutions; 3) cooperation in the international context, which is an important tool for the development of education, science and technology, helping to increase the level of cooperation between countries and provide a deeper understanding of global challenges and opportunities; 4) development of e-education, which involves the use of electronic tools, programs, platforms and resources for learning, regardless of place and time; 5) deepening cooperation between HEIs and business, which creates the basis for training competitive specialists, promotes the development and dissemination of innovations, and provides conditions for the growth of HEIs' competitiveness.

The Rule of Law and Criminality in the Republic of Kosovo

The principle of the state of law is undoubtedly one of the most important and essential principles for any state and democratic society. Its fullest realisation in everyday life is the best guarantee for the development of democracy as well as recognition and enforcement of citizensʼ fundamental rights and freedoms. To this end, the general principles of the rule of law today occupy a special place and are fixed explicitly in contemporary constitutions and democratic legislation. However, it should be borne in mind that the existence of the constitutional and legal framework is only a necessary premise for the rule of law. Equally important is the functioning of various control mechanisms for the implementation of constitutional and legal norms, and especially, the creation of a new mentality among both public officials and citizens expressed in the awareness to the needs for the implementation of these norms and in the reaction with legal and democratic means against their violation by anyone. The Balkan Peninsula represents great strategic importance, not only for the surrounding states but also for the criminal groups that interact in this region. Many Balkan states have been through and currently are in deep democratic transition and it is difficult to break away from their historical past. Although many law enforcement agencies in this region stand out for their professionalism, the impact of consecutive wars presents decisive factors for the triumph or failure of law enforcement institutions against various crimes in this European area. The last war was waged in Kosovo, which ceased in June 1999, has a significant importance in the increase of criminality in Kosovo. After 1999, due to poorly controlled borders, lack of legislation, creation of a new police, and the establishment of the justice system, many criminal groups from the field of narco-criminality took advantage of this situation by creating organized criminal networks for the purpose of trafficking narcotic substances and psychotropic substances from the country of origin, transiting through Kosovo, and continuing towards the country of destination which was in Western Europe. The current internal processes that Kosovo is facing are economic and social development, which are still far from regional and European development structures, which as a result of poverty and lack of perspective, for a significant part of Kosovan society, are resulting with a high crime rate. The geostrategic position of the Republic of Kosovo in the Balkans, as well as the created post-war conditions, enables various criminal groups to carry out organised crime activities. High levels of unemployment and poverty, high levels of corruption in state institutions, and lack of free movement outside Kosovo contribute to creating appropriate conditions for the development of criminality in general and organised crime in particular. In support of various analyses conducted during the research, is the author has noticed that the Republic of Kosovo, compared to EU countries, has a lower level of criminality, while compared to countries in the region where the criminality level is higher.

Estimation of sectoral maladjustments linked to the need for innovative transformation of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector

The importance of supporting and promoting entrepreneurship development is due to its positive impact on economic growth, innovation processes, and the population welfare, the ability to contribute to the solution of modern challenges. In Ukraine, the entrepreneurial sector – the totality of large, medium, small, and micro-enterprises that carry out entrepreneurial activities in the country – faces problems of premature deindustrialization, slowing down innovation processes and their consequences in the form of a structurally weak, resource-based economy, which are further exacerbated in wartime conditions, when the country suffers from huge destruction and losses. Solving these problems requires a deep economic restructuring – from raw materials to industrial-innovative economy – in which the entrepreneurial sector will play a key role. The article aims to assess sectoral maladjustments of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector related to the need for innovative transformation as a basis for economic restructuring in modern and post-war conditions. The assessment was performed based on a set of proposed scientific and methodological foundations using indicators reflecting the level of investment in innovation and proving the effectiveness of enterprises' innovative activities, as of the pre-war period, to further (if relevant statistical information is available) compare the obtained estimates with the structural characteristics of the entrepreneurial sector during the war and post-war periods. It has been established that there are sectoral maladjustments linked to enterprises' economic opportunities in the technological sectors of the manufacturing and high-tech knowledge-intensive services, when it comes to implementing innovative transformation. Sectoral maladjustments in the levels of technological intensity of the sold innovative products in the entrepreneurial sector have been identified. It has been revealed that there are sectoral maladjustments in the levels of the entrepreneurial sector innovative effectiveness by types of economic activities (TEA), which vary significantly by industries depending on their specifics, economic status and other conditions. A grouping of TEA according to the level of innovative effectiveness (IE) has been made. It has been revealed that most of them belong to the group with a low level of IE, which indicates the unbalanced investment and innovation development of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector. A comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial sectors of Ukraine, innovatively developed countries, and peer countries in terms of indicators characterizing the state of technology-intensive industries development showed that the national economy lags behind both groups of countries and the need for its restructuring in the direction of increasing the share of gross value added of the manufacturing of high-technology and medium-high-technology industries. This research forms a scientific basis for substantiating and including appropriate actions in state policies to create favorable conditions for the modern and post-war recovery of the Ukrainian economy on a fundamentally new, competitive and innovative, basis.

Penggunaan dan Makna Verba ‘Berubah’ Dalam Ruigigo Bahasa Jepang Tinjauan Semantik

Japanese is a foreign language that has many variations of the lexicon. One of them is the variation of the lexicon in the verb. This article discusses the meaning and use of the verb 'to change' in Japanese ruigigo. This study focuses on sentences used by native Japanese speakers. Data collection was carried out through interviews and note taking techniques. The author conducts interviews directly with Japanese people while recording sentences containing synonyms for the verb 'change' in Japanese. The data were analyzed using a contextual meaning theory approach (Pateda, 2010) by describing them in Japanese sentences. From the data found, in Japanese there are 4 verbs that mean 'change', namely: kawaru, henka suru, hendou suru, and henkou suru. (1) kawaru states changes in terms of (weather, price, facial expression, leaf color, attitude), (2) henka suru states changes in terms of (verb forms, weather, language, post-war conditions, physical/body, patient health), (3) henkou suru stated changes in terms of (gold prices, consumer prices, temperature) and (4) henkou suru stated changes in terms of (stay schedules, regulations, plans, addresses, meeting schedules). The results of the study show that each of these verbs has a different use depending on the context of the situation. In some ways, the verbs kawaru and henka suru can be substituted for each other in the context of changing weather, as well as the verbs kawaru and hendou suru in the context of changing prices

Separate aspects of organizational and legal support of management activities of public administration bodies in war and post-war conditions.

An analysis of certain aspects of the organizational and legal provision of management activities of public administration bodies in war and post-war conditions was carried out, and possible ways of their solution were proposed based on the analysis of modern achievements of administrative and legal science. Attention is focused on the problem of the interaction of military and military-civilian administrations, local self-government bodies, the delimitation of their competence for the introduction and implementation of measures of the legal regime of martial law in the context of the draft Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Improving the Powers of Local Self-Government Bodies and Their Officials persons during the period of martial law» No. 8056. The opinion is supported regarding the need to create a body that would ensure the transfer of Ukraine’s economy to military «rails» – the Military-Industrial Commission headed by the Supreme Commander, the first deputy in the person of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and a deputy who would take care of the entire economic sphere, including the military industry. The primary task of such a Commission should be the approval and implementation of the State Strategy for the Development of the Military Industry, of which the state missile program and the drone program could become important components. Draft laws aimed at expanding exceptions from the scope of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure» are analyzed. The opinion is substantiated that efforts to exclude from the scope of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure» certain spheres traditional for public administration – the administration of taxes, fees and other payments in accordance with the legislation, the control of compliance with which is entrusted to tax authorities; implementation of state financial control; cases on the granting of permits and conclusions on concerted actions, the concentration of business entities – can undermine the integrity and effectiveness of administrativeprocedural legislation, as well as call into question its role in regulating relations between public administration bodies and natural and legal entities. Attention is focused on the actual incompleteness of the administrative-territorial reform, which threatens the growth of institutional disproportions in the relationship between state authorities and local self-government bodies of different levels in Ukraine; unresolved issues of the distribution of management functions between state authorities, local self-government bodies and civil society institutions regarding their exercise of powers in the field of public administration in wartime conditions. Key words: public administration bodies, organizational and legal support, management activity, legal regime of martial law.

ПРОЛОНГИРАНО РАСЕЉЕНИШТВО И КУЛТУРНО ПАМЋЕЊЕ: АНТРОПОЛОШКА СТУДИЈА СЛУЧАЈА РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЈЕ ЖИВОТА СРБА НА КОСОВУ И МЕТОХИЈИ

Given that anthropological work is a collaborative endeavour, this paper focuses on analysing collective memory practices through material gathered during interviews with the interlocutors from the fieldwork on displacement of Serbs from Kosovo and Metohija conducted in Niš, Belgrade, and in the region of Kosovo and Metohija in the period from 2020. to 2022. Through contextual analyses of literature and documentary films about the life of Serbs in Kosovo and Metohija, this case study examines social, political and cultural circumstances which affect the production of chosen works. The amateur documentary films Life Defined by a Loaf (2013), Pristina: Imperfect (Unfinished) Story (2016), Yellow Buss (2018), Vidovdan: One Day of Life (2019) and books Pristina, Pristinians and Time (1999), Kosovo and Metohija: to have and to have not (2004) of one of the main interlocutors, Radmila Todić Vulićević, who is herself a displaced person, are taken as primary material for the case study and compared with narratives collected during fieldwork. Since the paper is covering the fields of visual anthropology and anthropology of literature, the methodology is based on anthropological premises that memory is intersubjecitve. Treatment of memory as a social process therefore allows analysis of imagolocical aspects of the chosen works. The main aim is to contribute to the understanding of how remembering and forgetting intertwine in periods of social and cultural upheavals, and of the effects of post-war conditions on the life of Serbs in Kosovo and Metohija, as well as displaced persons.

Investasi Safe Haven: Dampak Perang Rusia - Ukraina

This research was conducted to determine the impact of the crisis caused by Russia and Ukraine on the condition of various war instrument investments, such as the stock market represented by the JCI and the Nasdaq Index, world gold prices, crypto assets such as bitcoin, Ethereum, ripple as well as against the US dollar. From these results, it is hoped that later the most stable investment instrument can be found when there is a crisis shock, so that it can provide input to investors to be able to make the safest investment. The study was conducted testing the difference between pre- and post-war conditions of Russia-Ukraine. The test uses a Wilcoxon test that is adjusted to the normality test results. Based on the tests carried out, it shows that there is a difference between the Stock Market (JCI); Stock Market (NASDAQ); Dollars; Crypto (Bitcoin); Crypto (Ethereum); Crypto (Ripple); World Gold before (Pre) with after (Post) Russia-Ukraine War.

Фінансово-економічне стимулювання розвитку переробної промисловості на основі природно-ресурсного потенціалу регіонів у повоєнний період

Introduction. Financial and economic stimulation can be considered as one of the most effective ways to support the domestic processing industry as a whole and restore established or create new chains of generation of added value in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. This actualizes the need to deepen the research of predictors and challenges of this process and the formation of approaches to the application of the most appropriate forms and tools of financial and economic stimulation, primarily in the regions of Western and Central Ukraine, which are currently actually a catalyst for the recovery of economic growth. Problem Statement. The sphere of financial and economic stimulation of the development of the processing industry through the prism of deepening the processing of natural resources in war and post-war conditions. The purpose is to determine the priority forms and directions of financial and economic stimulation of the development of the processing industry due to the in-depth processing of natural resources in Ukraine in the war and post-war periods based on the application of promising forms and tools of stimulation, using a natural resource and production potential of the western and central regions of Ukraine, which suffered the least economic losses as a result of Russian full-scale aggression. Methods. The methods of monographic analysis, comparison and analogies, correlation-regression, tabular and graphic analysis, and financial and economic synthesis were used. Results. The trends (both before the war and under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law) towards the growth of the role of the processing industry of the western and central regions, in particular in the context of the implementation of the Plan for the recovery Ukraine from the consequences of the war, have been established. Given the uncertainty of the pace of post-war reconstruction, it is advisable to carry out such regulation in the following directions: 1) improvement of the system of financial and economic stimulation formed before the war, taking into account the achieved adaptation progress of its forms and methods to the reform of decentralization in all its manifestations; 2) prioritization of strategically important spheres of processing, which have a significant potential for further development, capable of meeting the immediate needs of the security and defense forces; 3) integration of foreign financial and investment flows and innovative technologies into the national economic system for its extended recovery in accordance with the best global standards; 4) improvement of the state financial and credit system of support for business entities; 5) implementation of the principles of the concept of sustainable and comprehensive development and/or recovery. It has been proven that the stimulation of clustering processes in general and the formation of a new for Ukraine institute of agricultural and construction clusters in particular, the development of industrial and technological parks, primarily in the regions of Western and Central Ukraine, will contribute to the sustainable and comprehensive ontogenesis of the domestic processing industry. The successful implementation of these tasks requires effective coordination of relevant actions by the state and territorial communities, as well as an active position of medium and large businesses, as well as the creation of a favorable investment climate for attracting foreign investments. Conclusions. Prospective forms of ensuring the accelerated recovery of the processing industry from the consequences of armed aggression include industrial parks. When forming their network, it is important to take into account the natural resource potential and the traditional territorial production and economic specialization of the regions of our country. In particular, in the regions of Western and Central Ukraine, which have large areas of agricultural and forestry land, a significant number of small rivers, it is advisable to promote the creation of specialized industrial parks for the development of in-depth processing in the areas of food, light, woodworking, forest chemical industry, building materials industry, and also to develop a favorable environment for the development of renewable energy technologies (biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, small hydropower plants, etc.).

Analysis of the quality of life in the population living under post-war conditions

Introduction. Biomedical assessment of the quality of life (QOL) is a methodological tool that allows identifying the degree of human adaptation to changing functional states and environmental factors. For the first time we tried to analyze the population’s QOL in post-war conditions. Methods and materials. The study was managed within the framework of scientific project over 2021-2022 (a year after the end of the military events in the region), one hundred eighty Nagorno-Karabakh 16 to 60 years residents of both genders have been tested using a modified version of SF-36 questionnaire. Results. The average values of the population’s QOL indicators for the SF-36 questionnaire scales varies from 59.5 (the vital activity and mental health) to 84.2 points (physical functioning). Gender-age features of the QOL level declined the role-playing emotional functioning in females and a diminished the values of general health, vitality and social functioning by the second adulthood. Having grouped all the scales into two indicators - the physical (PH) and mental (MH) components of health, the latter turned out to be lower than the values of the separate components of these elements. In general, the entire population had a low level of MH (43.7 points), compared with PH (49.7 points). Limitations. The study has age (youthful and middle), regional (Nagorno-Karabakh) and temporary (at the present stage) limitations. Conclusion. The obtained regional population QOL standards in the post-war conditions can be designated as the phenomenon of Nagorno-Karabakh, which can serve as a scientific and practical basis for further research.

DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE IN MARTIAL LAW AND POST-WAR CONDITIONS

Aim: The aim of the research was to determine the risks of telecommunications enterprises in Ukraine in martial law and post-war conditions. Methods: During the writing of the article, scientific research methods were used – namely: dialectical, analysis and synthesis, generalization and specification, monographic; forecasting and abstraction; systematic; factorial, statistical analysis; the abstract method, methods of system analysis, and a systems approach. Results: The authors analyzed the changes and systematized the specific risks of telecommunications enterprises in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author’s definition of the concept of the “activation of risk management of telecommunications enterprises” was proposed, taking into account the specifics of risks in the field of telecommunications. Conclusions: The article builds a triangle of directions of activation of risk management of telecommunications enterprises, which are interconnected and cover the stages of the risk management process that relate to management functions. Based on the obtained results, recommendations were presented for the risk management mechanism of the telecommunications enterprise.

Analyzing the Peculiarities of the Development of IT Companies in the Wartime and Regarding the Post-War Conditions

Economic models of world development are characterized by circularity, digitalization and smartization, the active use of scientific and technological achievements in products and technologies, the focus of entrepreneurs’ attention on the creation of strategic knowledge, the formation of unique competencies, the development of new business ideas and their application to obtain competitive advantages in the market. For IT companies, solving these issues is the most urgent, since the IT industry is the most dynamic, it is developing very rapidly, changing and significantly affecting other industries. Also, it should be noted that for domestic IT companies, the conditions for their development are complicated due to hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, the need to relocate businesses, the risks of losing customers and highly qualified personnel, reduced investment in startups. Despite the fact that in 2022 the IT industry provided foreign exchange earnings to the Ukrainian economy (an increase of 5.8% compared to pre-war 2021), there is a significant slowdown in the growth rate of the IT industry compared, for example, with the period 2015-2021, when exports of computer services grew by an average of 26.8% annually. Therefore, the task of analyzing the features of the development of IT companies in the wartime and regarding the post-war conditions is important and relevant for creating security conditions and substantiating the directions of their sustainable development. The article analyzes changes at the global and international levels of the IT industry; the experience of strengthening and consolidating the largest digital IT companies in the market is considered; the negative impact of the decrease in the activity of foreign venture funds to support startups is studied; the level of the State support for enterprises of high-tech industries is characterized.

До питання про інституціональне забезпечення публічно-приватного партнерства в Україні

In the context of post-war economic recovery, the problem of institutional support for public-private partnership (PPP) acquires strategic importance. The implementation of the principles of «build back better» and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals are becoming the main tasks for which the PPP is a key tool. International organizations and scientists actively support this approach in Ukraine, but the success of its implementation in post-war conditions is conditioned by effective institutional support. The concept of institutional support for public-private partnership consists in creating conditions and mechanisms that regulate the interaction between the public and private sectors for the joint solution of tasks and the achievement of common goals. It includes a strategic block (development of long-term PPP development strategies that take into account the interests of both parties and define common goals and objectives; sectoral plans for the development of public-private partnerships and regional and municipal PPP development plans); normative and legal block (development of clear and stable legislative norms and normative acts that regulate the conditions of participation of public and private partners, their rights and obligations, as well as mechanisms for resolving controversial issues); organizational unit (creation of relevant organizations or committees responsible for planning, management and control of PPP projects); financial block (definition of financing tools for joint PPP projects and mechanisms for the distribution of financial resources between the public and private sectors); information block (creation of communication mechanisms, promotion of trust and cooperation between sectors for effective interaction). The developed concept of institutional support of the PPP includes a system of norms, mechanisms and tools that regulate the interaction of the public and private sectors. Prerequisites, including the state of public finances, political conditions and others, which must be taken into account to ensure the effectiveness of the PPP in the conditions of post-war economic recovery, are specified. These challenges require adequate institutional support for the successful implementation of public-private partnerships in a renewable economic environment.

Теоретичні та практичні рекомендації щодо формування методичного підходу до вибору напрямів просторового розвитку територій України

The functioning of all territories of Ukraine without exception under the current martial law, which, according to public expectations, should eventually move into the post-war period, makes the need to adjust the directions and priorities of both the State and regional policy, as well as the management of local development in close relationship with each other and with all interested subjects of its development and implementation, urgent. The purpose of this is to correct the consequences caused by hostilities, restore all spheres of life of the country and its territories, and form the necessary basis for further sustainable development. The objectives of the article are to analyze the influence of various factors on the spatial development of territories in the regions of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law and post-war recovery, to develop on this basis theoretical and practical recommendations for the formation of the methodological approach to the choice of directions for the spatial development of territorial communities, in particular in the context of post-war recovery of Ukraine. Given the significant differences in the current state of socioeconomic development of different territorial communities, the first order of priorities is also extraordinary, given the urgent problems, especially those that need to be addressed in the conditions of martial law and in the post-war conditions. The methodological approach allows to form priorities and directions for further development of various types of territories, to establish managerial relationships between the authorities at all levels and territorial entities in the process of effective and rapid recovery of territories and future planning of the country’s development. The practical implementation of this approach will make it possible to attract available opportunities and resources to restore losses and will contribute to the creation of conditions for the socioeconomic development of territories and improving the quality of life of the local population, taking into account European and world experience, technologies, values and priorities, as well as using Ukrainian experience and best practices.

Положення концепції трансформації інноваційного розвитку експортно-імпортної діяльності суб’єктів господарювання у воєнних і повоєнних умовах

The article is aimed at forming provisions of the conception of transformation of the innovative development of export-import activity of economic entities (EIAEE), taking into account research by scientists and practitioners, current legislative orders of the State in the sphere of economy, practices of functioning and development of this activity, substantiation of expediency of implementation of these provisions in the wartime and post-war conditions. The article briefly analyzes the state of economy in Ukraine in the current conditions. A grouping of conceptions of innovative development by directions is provided. The concepts of «development» and «innovative development» are closer defined. The following provisions of the conception of transformation of innovative development of export-import activity of economic entities under conditions of limited activity are substantiated: 1) in the conditions of wartime and in the post-war period, the assistance of developed countries and international organizations accelerates the innovative development of the EIAEE in Ukraine; 2) government management of investments promotes innovative development of export-import activities; 3) transformation of innovation development of the EIAEE will take place in several stages; 4) with the help of innovative development of the EIAEE, a systemic economic strategy for the country’s recovery is successfully implemented; 5) government support for the development of entrepreneurial activity contributes to the innovative development of the EIAEE; 6) new signs of innovative development of the EIAEE are the training through export, digitalization of this activity, innovative competitiveness of human capital, increase of innovatively active enterprises, differentiation of the origin of investments and verification of their purity, transition in international trade from off-shoring to friend-shoring, establishment of criteria for determining friendly investments; 7) the results of evaluation, analysis, diagnostics, monitoring of innovative development of the EIAEE create an analytical basis for wartime risk insurance instruments, which is one of the prerequisites for attracting foreign direct investment; 8) formation of a sufficient level of export-import potential ensures innovative development of the EIAEE and its sustainability; 9) in the process of international scientific and technical cooperation, innovative development of the EIAEE is carried out; 10) management of innovation development of the EIAEE consists in choosing the best option for this development; 11) competitiveness ensures the innovative development of the EIAEE. These provisions create a scientific basis for the development of effective management programs, measures at all levels of management both in the war and the post-war situation

Incentives for the Transformation of Innovative Development in Conditions of Limited Activity

The search for incentives for the transformation of innovative development in the context of limited activity is an urgent issue in the conditions of martial law and post-war recovery. Through the government support, grants, tax incentives, and the formation of innovation funds, the State takes an active part in the process of transformation of the economy. Innovation is seen as a direct indicator of the impact on the profitability of an enterprise. Foreign markets remain a priority in export-import activities, especially in the context of a limited activity of the latter. Achieving the indicators of profitability and competitiveness affects the state of export-import activities. The aim of the article is to present the theoretical principles and provide practical recommendations for finding incentives for the transformation of innovative development in conditions of limited activity – taking into account the experience of the EU, research of scholars, legislative norms in the field of economics; substantiation of the feasibility of their implementation during martial law and in post-war conditions with limited activities. In the analysis, systematization, generalization of scientific works of both domestic and foreign scholars, the relevance of views on innovative processes, their significance in the development of the State economy during martial law and prospects for development in the post-war period is considered. The views on «tax incentives of the investment and innovation process», which are constantly being improved in accordance with the requirements of the time, are systematized. It is defined that in Ukraine the State, in comparison with the EU countries, is not an active participant in the innovation and investment process, the indicators of its participation in expenditures on innovation and public investment in relation to GDP are much lower than in the EU. The current approaches of the EU to funding expenditures on innovations, the development of various platforms, the search for mechanisms for intensifying innovation activity, in particular through startups, are considered. The Google-supported assessment of the level of interest in startups showed that the English-speaking audience searches for this topic most often. As for Ukrainian-speaking users, the search trends for startups and innovations coincide. Prospects for further transformation of innovation and investment development are the introduction of mechanisms and forms of the digital economy.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ ПОСТАЧАЛЬНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЗА УМОВ ВІЙНИ ТА У ПОСТ-ВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

The article highlights the main features of supply chain risk management in wartime and post-war periods. The relevance of the study is due to the following issues. The full-scale treacherous invasion of Russian troops in 2022 was a serious test for domestic business. Enterprises faced significant difficulties in cargo transportation, which prompted them to optimize business processes. Given the significant achievements in this area, the problems of forming a risk management system in postconstruction activities in the context of war remain insufficiently studied. The research methods used were analysis and sieve, classification method. The key challenge faced by Ukrainian enterprises was the need to reformat their supply chain activities. The key problems of the supply activities of domestic enterprises in wartime are systematized and characterized. The classification of risks in supply activities is developed. The article analyzes the dynamics of transportation volumes by various modes of transport in Ukraine during 2016–2021. For effective management in wartime, it is necessary to systematize and classify risks in supply chain activities. The risks of supply activities have identified ways to optimize supply chains, taking into account the conditions of prevention, overcoming risks in the implementation of supply operations. For effective management in wartime, it is necessary to systematize and classify risks in supply activities. The risk management system for supply activities should be based on a functional approach, taking into account and fulfilling the general management functions. A scheme of supply chain risk management based on a functional approach in wartime and post-war conditions is proposed. It is the risks of supply activities that have determined the ways to optimize supply chains, taking into account the conditions of prevention, overcoming risks in the implementation of supply operations. The practical application is that the reorganization of storage systems, anticipation of risks, development of new routes, diversification of transportation modes, etc. will be the starting points for the post-war recovery of domestic logistics.

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The article explores investment opportunities available for entrepreneurs who wish to start a business in Ukraine despite the ongoing conflict in the country. The authors discuss the challenges faced by startups and investors in the context of war and the instability of the economic sector, such as access to financing, infrastructure, and talent. The study examines potential investment sectors in Ukraine and key legal aspects relevant to investing in the country. The aim of the research is to highlight and understand the peculiarities, challenges, and opportunities that arise for businesses during a military conflict and in the post-conflict period. To achieve this goal, the authors have formulated the following objectives: to study the characteristics of the war and post-war state and their impact on the business environment, markets, and investment climate; to identify potential investment opportunities for businesses in the context of the war and post-war state, including infrastructure restoration, economic recovery, development of new markets, etc.; to identify key risks and obstacles that affect the investment process and business development in the conditions of war and post-war state. Ukraine offers a range of investment opportunities for both local and international investors. An important factor is its strategic location between Europe and Asia, a market full of potential, and abundant natural resources, which makes it highly attractive for investment. The country also has a robust IT sector and a highly skilled workforce with technical and innovative knowledge to create and develop a favorable economic environment. The Ukrainian startup ecosystem is prepared to address challenges and enhance the opportunities that have been gained. A scientific article on this topic can become a valuable source of knowledge and information for researchers, business leaders, investors, and policymakers who are interested in understanding and utilizing investment opportunities in times of war and post-war conditions. Key words: management, business, investments, opportunities, war state, post-war state.

СУТЬ ПОНЯТТЯ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ КОНКУРЕНТНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ІНДУСТРІЇ

The article interprets the concept of transformation from the standpoints of several approaches to its content characteristics. The emphasis is laid on the process-based, system-based, innovative, evolutionary, institutional, and qualitative approaches. The process approach interprets transformation as a process of qualitative changes and transformations, which leads to the emergence of new characteristics of the system or structure. The system approach considers transformation as a change of elements within the system, the transition of the system from a state of stability to a state of instability and vice versa. In other words, it implies any quantitative and qualitative changes of system elements. According to the innovative approach, transformation is innovation, the transition of the old development model to a more modern one, i.e., an innovative one. The evolutionary approach interprets transformation as any revolutionary or innovative changes that occur over a certain period of time. From the perspective of the institutional approach, transformation refers to the institutional changes that lead to the emergence of a new model or system. A qualitative approach examines transformation from the standpoint of qualitative structural changes or modifications occurring in systems, phenomena, or processes. The features that can be included in the content characteristic of the concept of ‘transformation’ are specified. They include the qualitative and quantitative changes that lead to the emergence of a new system, phenomenon, or process; the innovativeness of changes, i.e., the formation of a new transformational model of development; and the signs of gradual progression from one phase to another. This transition can be either progressive or regressive. The research findings provide basis for interpreting the transformational process as a staged transition of a system, process, or phenomenon from one state to another, which qualitatively and quantitatively changes its characteristics in compliance with the laws of the society (economy) development. One of the content characteristics of the concept of "transformation" is a staged process of changing qualitative and quantitative characteristics (signs) of a phenomenon or system as a whole, which allows for building a new innovative development model considering influencing factors. Transformation of the competitive potential of the subjects of the tourism industry appears as a gradual transition to a new conceptual system of the branch. The basis of such a system is the safety, stability, and competitiveness of its development in the national and international tourist spaces through the formation of a package of tourist services depending on the post-war conditions of the country's development.

ՀՀ երիտասարդների սոցիալական ադապտացիան հետպատերազմյան իրականությունում. սոցիոլոգիական վերլուծություն / Social adaptation of Armenian youth in the post-war reality. Sociological analysis

The problem and features of adaptation of Armenian youth in crisis situations is represented in the article. In the frames of the article the main theoretical concepts on social adaptation are discussed (Piaget, Spencer, Parsons, Merton, Toffler). In the meantime, necessary parallels are drawn between psychological and sociological approaches of social adaptation. The article presents the meaning the definitions of social adaptation. The aim of the article is to point out the level of adaptation of young people in the socio-economic sphere in the post-war reality and to highlight the influence of factors related to post-war conditions on the social adaptation of young people. The sociological understanding of social adaptation makes it possible to discover what adaptation models young people have used in the post-war reality. Deprivation and imitative type adaptations are among the dominant models: deprivation and imitative type adaptations are mostly common among unemployed, war-participating youth. And among students, employed young people, a compensatory type of adaptation is noticeable. The topic can be considered as a base for clarifying and solving a number of current issues on youth in Armenia. It is also helpful for political decision-making process.