Positive Effect Research Articles

Bayesian evidence for the neural dissociation between finger and hand imitation skills

Abstract For limb apraxia—a heterogeneous disorder of higher motor cognition following stroke—an enduring debate has arisen regarding the existence of dissociating neural correlates for finger and hand gestures in the left hemisphere. We re-assessed this question asking whether previous attempts analyzing pooled samples of patients with deficits in only one and patients with deficits in both imitation types might have led to systematically biased results. We conducted frequentist and Bayesian, voxelwise, and regionwise lesion symptom mappings on (i) the full sample (N = 96) in which all patients with hand and/or finger imitation apraxia as well as without apraxia were included and (ii) three sub-samples, which excluded those patients from the full sample showing isolated hand imitation deficits, isolated finger imitation deficits or shared (finger and hand) imitation deficits. Anatomical analyses revealed a cortical dissociation of finger imitation deficits (located more anteriorly) and of hand imitation deficits (located more posteriorly). The presence of patients with shared deficits did, indeed, dilute associations that appeared stronger in the respective isolated samples. Also, brain regions truly associated with hand imitation deficits showed a positive bias for finger imitation deficits, when the sample contained patients with shared deficits. In addition, our frequentist parameters uncovered that some of our Bayesian evidence supported reverse associations (damage protecting from rather than increasing the deficit). Anatomo-behavioral analyses that analyze patients with shared (hand and finger) and isolated (hand or finger) imitation deficits together in one sample do, indeed, lead to undesirable biases. This explains why some earlier studies failed to detect the apparent neural dissociation between hand and finger imitation deficits.

Does agricultural cooperative membership improve farm productive performance? A meta‐regression analysis

AbstractIn this article, we provide a quantitative review of the literature on the effect of cooperative membership on farms productive performance. Based on a dataset composed of 332 estimates from 80 studies, our meta‐regression analysis suggests that the current literature suffers from a severe positive publication bias. After correcting this bias, the overall average effect of cooperative membership on farms' productive performance is positive and statistically significant, but its magnitude is small to negligible. Interestingly, we find that cooperative membership has a stronger effect on yield than on technical efficiency. We also explore how contextual variables and methodological choices affect the reported estimates in the literature.

Symmetrical choices and biased confidence during uncertain personality trait judgments.

While great methodological strides have been made in the area of decision making research, decisions that rely on subjective stimuli, such as personality traits, still pose a challenge for researchers, partly because it is difficult to define a standard of accuracy for such choices-they lack a "ground truth". In studies on value-based decisions, this same problem has been circumvented by comparing uncertain subjective decisions against a separately assessed judgment of value-a "standard". Here we apply this method in a task of verbal personality trait judgment, and show how a separately assessed standard judgment can be used to precisely control stimulus presentation and analyze subjective personality choices via the method of reverse correlation. Per trial, a series of quasi-randomly sampled adjectives was shown, which participants categorized as more descriptive of either themselves of another person well known to them. Participants also indicated their confidence in the response. Each trial's difficulty was controlled based on the previously assessed standard judgment. Analysis of the behavioral data shows several decision-general properties during these personality judgments, such as symmetrical choices, steeper choice functions for confident trials, and a positive evidence bias during confidence judgment. We discuss how these findings can shed light on the cognitive processes involved in personality perception. The task and results together may help bridge the gap between research on complex, social forms of judgment and findings on more basic decision processes.

OJT 및 Off-JT가 일학습병행 효과성에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose is to identify the determining factors by which OJT and Off-JT influence the effective-ness of work-learning dual system and to propose efficient strategies for the operation of OJT and Off-JT. Methods To do this, an analysis was conducted on survey data from 2,061 respondents, who were apprentice workers, based on the 2021 work-based learning performance evaluation data from the Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education & Training. Basic statistical analysis and correlation analysis were performed using STATA 17 version to analyze the determining factors of OJT and Off-JT that affect the effectiveness of Korean Work-Learning Dual Program. Additionally, a Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) analysis model, which is a type of simultaneous equations model, was employed. The independent variables for OJT include the extent to which OJT helps improve job performance ability, the competency of workplace instructors, lecture satisfaction, the level of OJT relative to current ability, and OJT satisfaction. For Off-JT, the independent variables include the extent to which Off-JT helps improve job performance ability, the competency of instructors, lecture satisfaction, the level of Off-JT relative to current ability, and Off-JT satisfaction. The outcome variable is the effectiveness of work-learning dual system. Results According to the analysis, first, OJT was found to have a positive impact on improving job performance ability, which contributes to the effectiveness of work-learning dual system. Second, Off-JT also showed a pos-itive effect on improving job performance ability, which is a key indicator of the effectiveness of work-learning dual system. Third, the determining factors influencing external evaluations of the effectiveness of Korean Work- Learning Dual Program include several Off-JT factors, such as the competency of instructors, lecture satisfaction, the level of Off-JT relative to current ability, and Off-JT satisfaction, as well as educational background (high school or associate degree) and participation types, including the Industry-Academia Integrated Apprenticeship School and IPP-type work-based learning system. Conclusions The conclusions of this study are as follows: First, OJT allows apprentice workers to receive custom-ized training tailored to the company’s needs, creating an environment where they can immediately apply what they have learned to their work. As a result, the more satisfied the workers are with OJT, the more effective the work-learning dual system will be. Second, Off-JT can enhance job performance by providing theoretical supple-mentation and focusing on case studies from other companies, which helps improve the adaptability of apprentice workers to the workplace. Therefore, higher satisfaction with Off-JT will also lead to increased effectiveness of work-based learning programs. Third, since the primary goal of work-based learning is to cultivate talent that meets the needs of companies, it is important to set essential competency units required by the industry and re-flect the demands of the field. Reducing the weight of written exams while increasing the proportion of interviews and practical assessments related to on-the-job learning would positively impact the external evaluation of both OJT and Off-JT within work-learning dual system. Therefore, there is a need to develop NCS materials centered around learning companies, as well as company-specific training materials, and to structure training content ac-cordingly to better align OJT and Off-JT with the practical needs of the companies.

Fabrication of an In-rich IGZO TFT by Co-sputtering of In2O3 and IGZO and Characterization of its Compensated Positive Bias Stress Properties

Fabrication of an In-rich IGZO TFT by Co-sputtering of In2O3 and IGZO and Characterization of its Compensated Positive Bias Stress Properties

Evaluation of Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System (HAFS) Error Statistics Stratified by Internal Structure and Environmental Metrics

Abstract This study quantifies tropical cyclone (TC) error statistics from the Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System (HAFS) across different environmental conditions (e.g., vertical wind shear) and inner core structural metrics. A particular focus is the evolution of poorly understood aspects of internal TC structure, including vortex tilt, and their impact on forecast errors. Although previous studies have demonstrated that vortex tilt, vertical wind shear, and precipitation processes impact TC intensity and track, this is the first known study to stratify these cooperative interactions to gain insights on their relationships with forecast errors. A three-year retrospective sample of forecasts in the North Atlantic basin from two HAFS configurations (-A and -B) demonstrates that TCs with larger tilt magnitudes have larger forecast track errors on average than smaller tilt TCs. Smaller tilt magnitudes have larger absolute intensity errors in short range forecasts, whereas larger tilt magnitudes tend to have larger negative intensity biases at medium range. TCs with a tilted vortex are shown to have both left of shear (maximizing DSL) and left of tilt oriented positional track biases. Furthermore, those cases with greater downshear biases tend to have more convection and larger positive intensity biases, highlighting the importance of the interplay between inner core characteristics and forecast errors.

Another source of error in simulating or predicting Meiyu: a case study

The Meiyu phenomenon in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is a significant characteristic of summer precipitation in China. The successful prediction of Meiyu front intensity and location is highly important for disaster prevention and reduction. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF4.0) model was used to simulate the 2020 extreme Meiyu to find the possible sources of bias in simulating or predicting Meiyu. The results revealed that the simulated Meiyu rain band deviates from the YRB and lingers abnormally in South China from June 15 to July 6. This deviation is termed the “southern lingering bias (SLB)” in this paper. The SLB is closely associated with the excessive sensible heat over the Tibetan Plateau and the large positive latent heat flux bias over the South China Sea. Selecting an appropriate land surface model, surface layer scheme, or planetary boundary layer scheme can reduce the bias of simulated surface heat fluxes and improve Meiyu simulations. These findings can improve our understanding of the source of model bias and enhance the accuracy of Meiyu simulation or prediction via dynamical models.

The relationship between digital development and economic growth in the European Union

AbstractNumerous studies have proven that digital development positively affects economic growth. This study aims to confirm or refute the positive impact of digital evolution on economic growth by applying the dimensions of the International Digital Economy and Society Index (I-DESI). The analysis refers to the period 2015–2020 of the European Union member states. The study's novelty is that the I-DESI index has yet to be used in research to investigate the relationship between the digital transition and GDP production. The present study, therefore, goes one step further than the previous typical DESI-GDP models. The research uses Pearson correlation and F-statistic analysis to show the relationship between the variables. The study confirms that digital development has positively impacted the economic growth of EU member states. This result was confirmed by both Pearson and Spearman correlation. However, the results are ambivalent. The empirical results indicate that the more digitally developed member countries had a higher GDP per capita. However, the positive effect is different. The results confirm that the development of digitalization and GDP increased more dynamically in the more digitally developed EU member states than in the less developed member states. Therefore, an increase in the backwardness of the less developed member countries and not a catch-up can be observed in the period under review.

Ultraviolet extinction correlation with 3D dust maps using white dwarfs

ABSTRACT Accurate astrometric and photometric measurements from Gaia have led to the construction of 3D dust extinction maps which can now be used for estimating the integrated extinctions of Galactic sources located within 5 kpc. These maps based on optical observations may not be reliable for use in the ultraviolet (UV) which is more sensitive to reddening. Past studies have focussed on studying UV extinction using main-sequence stars but lack comparison with 3D dust maps. White dwarfs with well-modelled hydrogen-dominated (DA) atmospheres provide an advantage over main-sequence stars affected by magnetic activity. In this work, we study the variation of UV extinction with 3D dust maps utilizing Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) observations of DA white dwarfs located within 300 pc. We used HST COS spectroscopic data of 76 sightlines to calculate the optical extinction from Si ii column densities and validate our results with the kinematic model predictions of the local interstellar medium. Also, we combined GALEX and Gaia photometric observations of 1158 DA white dwarfs to study UV reddening by comparing observed and modelled colour–colour relations. We calculated GALEX non-linearity corrections and derived reddening coefficients [$R(NUV-G)=6.52\pm 1.53$ and $R(FUV-G)=6.04\pm 2.41$] considering their variations with optical extinction ($\rm{A_{V}}\lt 0.1$ mag), and found them to be in good agreement with known extinction laws. HST analysis suggests a positive bias of 0.01–0.02 mag in the optical extinction from 3D maps depending on the Galactic latitude. These results independently confirm the validity of 3D dust maps to de-redden the optical and UV observations of white dwarfs.

Can satellite products monitor solar brightening in Europe?

Satellite products provide the best way to monitor the solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface on a global scale. However, their capability to monitor solar radiation trends needs to be constantly evaluated. This depends on their temporal stability and the accurate representation of all processes driving solar radiation. This study evaluates these aspects by comparing and cross-comparing different solar radiation products (ERA5, CAMS-RAD 4.6, SARAH-3, CLARA-A3, CERES-EBAF 4.2) against in-situ measurements over Europe.All products show a moderate positive bias over Europe but strong differences in their root mean squared deviation (RMSD) related to their different cloud transmittance models. Geostationary-based products (SARAH-3, CAMS-RAD 4.6) provide the smallest RMSD closely followed by CLARA-A3, whereas ERA5 shows a large RMSD due to random errors in cloud transmittance.All products show an increase in surface solar radiation, or brightening, over the last 40 years over Europe, but the magnitude of the trends and their spatiotemporal variability differ between products. Despite finding temporal inhomogeneities in some products, the different trends are mostly due to different aerosol modeling approaches implemented by each product. Both SARAH-3 (+2.3 W/m2/decade, 2001–22) and CERES-EBAF 4.2 (+2.2 W/m2/decade, 2001–22) provide the most consistent trends compared to in-situ data, showing that after stabilizing in the late 2000s, brightening is particularly recovering in Western Europe. In-situ measurements show a reduction of aerosol optical depth from 2001 to 2022 that has been accentuated in the last 10 years, particularly in Western Europe. This would be consistent with the hypothesis that brightening recovery is driven by an aerosol reduction, though other analyses suggest that clouds also play a role in this recovery. More work is needed to understand the contribution of aerosols to solar radiation trends and the exact aerosol effects represented by each solar radiation product.

Impact of bias stress and endurance switching on electrical characteristics of polycrystalline ZnO-TFTs with Al2O3 gate dielectric

Abstract This study experimentally investigates electrical characteristics and degradation phenomena in polycrystalline zinc oxide thin-film transistors (ZnO-TFTs). ZnO-TFTs with Al2O3 gate dielectric, Al-doped ZnO (AZO) source–drain contacts, and AZO gate electrode are fabricated using remote plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition at a maximum process temperature of 190 °C. We employ positive bias stress (PBS), negative bias stress (NBS), and endurance cycling measurements to evaluate the ZnO-TFT performance and examine carrier dynamics at the channel-dielectric interface and at grain boundaries in the polycrystalline channel. DC transfer measurements yield a threshold voltage of −5.95 V, a field-effect mobility of 53.5 cm2/(V∙s), a subthreshold swing of 136 mV dec−1, and an on-/off-current ratio above 109. PBS and NBS measurements, analysed using stretched-exponential fitting, reveal the dynamics of carrier trapping and de-trapping between the channel layer and the gate insulator. Carrier de-trapping time is 88 s under NBS at −15 V, compared to 1856 s trapping time under PBS at +15 V. Endurance tests across 109 cycles assess switching characteristics and temporal changes in ZnO-TFTs, focusing on threshold voltage and field-effect mobility. The threshold voltage shift observed during endurance cycling is similar to that of NBS due to the contrast in carrier trapping/de-trapping time. A measured mobility hysteresis of 19% between the forward and reverse measurement directions suggests grain boundary effects mediated by the applied gate bias. These findings underscore the electrical resilience of polycrystalline ZnO-TFTs and the aptitude for 3D heterogeneous integration applications.

The retrieval of neutral and positive autobiographical memories: a pilot study

Background Several studies have shown that the retrieval of positive memories may play a role in emotional regulation. However, it is unclear whether the effects of neutral and positive autobiographical memories differ. It is necessary to confirm whether genuinely neutral autobiographical memories can be retrieved without bias when prompted to recall neutral memories. Methods In this pilot study, using “home” and “study” as cue words, we investigated whether participants were able to retrieve appropriate autobiographical memories when asked to recall a limited number of neutral or positive memories. Results Although participants were asked to recall neutral autobiographical memories, they tended to recall positive memories. Conclusions Our results support the concept of positive memory bias and suggest that future work should consider combining neutral and positive autobiographical memories by asking participants to recall neutral–positive memories.

Mechanisms and models of interface trap annealing in positively-biased MOS devices

Abstract We propose a hydrogen anion (H$^-$) passivation mechanism of the interface trap annealing (ITA) in positively-biased metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. It is demonstrated that, the protons (H$^+$) released in SiO$_2$ due to H$_2$ cracking on oxide traps can migrate into Si at relatively high temperature, therefore passivating the interfacial $P_b$ centers by capturing two electrons provided by the positive bias. This new mechanism explains the elimination temperature of about 100$^\circ$C in experiments, which is much lower than temperature above 220$^\circ$C predicted by the traditional H$_2$ passivation mechanism. We also derive analytic models of the ITA, based on the coupling transformation dynamics of oxide and interface traps, as well as the concept of hierarchically constrained dynamics in glassy materials. These models can universally describe a generation-to-elimination transition of $P_b$, and predict the enhanced elimination of $E'_\gamma$ as the annealing temperature is elevated. Moreover, we demonstrate that, the defect annealing models can be applied to analysis the nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the annealing of threshold voltage shift in nMOS devices. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for achieving the low temperature elimination of interface traps, and for setting the high temperature stages of accelerated aging and damage evaluations of MOS devices.

Rectifying behavior of organic electrochemical transistors

In organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), the effective coupling of ionic and electronic charge carriers enables efficient modulation of current flow through an organic channel layer. This charge coupling imparts OECTs with unique properties, including high transconductance and low-voltage operation. Another distinctive characteristic of OECTs is the significant asymmetry observed in output curves at positive and negative drain biases. Despite extensive research on various properties of OECTs, the asymmetry in their output curves has received limited attention. This asymmetry is an inherent property of OECTs, stemming from their operational mechanism, and can be harnessed to create a new type of current rectifiers that can be classified as organic electrochemical rectifiers (OERs). In this study, we investigate the current rectification mechanism in OECTs and demonstrate that single accumulation-mode OECT can function as polarity-switchable rectifier. Utilizing Bernard's model for OECTs, we analyzed the rectification properties of OECTs and tested the rectification behavior of OECTs based on a poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) channel layer. This study provides insight on rectification behavior of OECTs, which allow expanding their functionality.

Investigation of the TaOx unipolar switching memory on high efficiency computing

Memristor has shown great potential application for data storage, neuromorphic computing chip, and memory logic, but its bi-directional operation from setting in positive bias voltage region to resetting in a negative bias voltage region would introduce a complex control circuit. Herein, a memristor with the structure of Au/TaOx/F-doped SnO2 presents unipolar switching behavior, enabling the memristor to operate the set and reset processing in a single voltage direction. By comparison with bipolar switching memristor, using this unipolar switching memristor to operate the logic expression of the letter “D” based on American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) can reduce power consumption by 55.56 % while switching the logic state from “0” to “1” and then back to “0” can save up to 48 % of power consumption. This work provides a feasible method for the low power consumption computing as well as a road to simplify circuit design.

Comparison of five tacrolimus measurement methods underscore the need for a standardized method to improve clinical outcomes

Abstract Tacrolimus is a widely used drug to prevent post-transplantation organ rejection by suppressing host immune response. While its efficacy is well established, tacrolimus is also known for narrow therapeutic index and debilitating adverse effects, rendering accurate measurement for therapeutic drug monitoring essential, to minimize drug toxicity and graft loss, and maximize organ rejection prevention. Tacrolimus can be quantitated by immunoassay (IA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However, previous pairwise studies showed significant inter-assay variabilities between different IA methods, and between IA vs LC-MS/MS, which may be associated with the fact that IA measures parent drug and its metabolites, while LC-MS/MS measures only parent drug. No clear conclusion has been drawn about the optimal method. Transplant patients may also have their tacrolimus levels measured at different laboratories by different methods, causing inter-laboratory and intra-individual variabilities which may affect tacrolimus dose adjustment and monitoring and lead to adverse clinical outcomes. Here we performed a multi-platform comparison of tacrolimus quantification by two IA and 3 LC-MS/MS assays. A total of 216 specimens were analyzed for tacrolimus levels using chemiluminescence immunoassay (ChLIA, ARCHITECT, Abbott Diagnostic) and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA, Elecsys, Roche Diagnostic), and three LC-MS/MS assays (assigned names LC-MS/MS A (Agilent), Q (Waters), and W (Agilent)) in five different laboratories at four institutions. In one laboratory, the same analyses were performed on two different individual instruments (LC-MS/MS W1 and W2). Comparative results using LC-MS/MS A as reference were analyzed using Deming regression analysis, Pearson correlation, Bland Altman plots and bias calculation using GraphPad Prism version 10.1.1. While the correlations between each method with the LC-MS/MS A were good (r value: lowest 0.948 (LC-MS/MS Q), highest 0.988 (LC-MS/MS W2)), the ChLIA and ECLIA showed positive absolute bias of 2.1 and 1.2 ng/mL, respectively, and proportional bias of +26% and +17%, respectively. In comparison, the absolute bias of LC-MS/MS Q, W1 and W2 were -0.7, -0.02, and -0.1 ng/mL, respectively, with proportional bias of -11%, -0.2%, and -0.7%, respectively. The LC-MS/MS platforms showed tight agreement with one another, while IA methods were noticeably different, both from each other and from the LC-MS/MS, with a consistent positive bias, more pronounced with the ChLIA than the ECLIA. Here, our data-driven approach demonstrated that LC-MS/MS is superior to IA, and among IAs, ECLIA showed higher accuracy compared to ChLIA. However, inter-assay differences remain, emphasizing a need for tacrolimus assay standardization as well as prospective clinical trials to identify the most optimal method of tacrolimus measurement and improve patient outcomes.

Investigating the determinants of homestay satisfaction on Airbnb using multiple techniques

Peer-to-peer accommodation has gained prominence in the sharing economy and e-commerce sectors, with big data playing a crucial role in understanding customer preferences and evaluating homestay satisfaction. This study proposes a novel methodology that integrates Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, a Random Forest model, and Geographic Information System (GIS) functionalities to quantify the complex relationship between homestay satisfaction and diverse customer preferences. Notably, this study addresses the positive bias inherent in listing scores by segmenting homestays into three categories (satisfactory, moderate, and dissatisfactory) based on sentiment analysis from online reviews. Furthermore, this study not only identifies eight key determinants of homestay satisfaction but also unveils the nonlinear relationships and interactions between them. More significantly, we identify specific threshold values for geographic determinants, offering actionable recommendations for homestay planning and layout. These findings provide valuable insights that can be leveraged to improve homestay experiences and promote the sustainable development of urban homestays.

Retirement through rose-colored glasses: greater positivity bias in retired relative to working older adults

Abstract Retirement has been associated with declines in memory beyond typical age-related memory decline. This may impact the ability to remember distinct events, as older adults (OA) are susceptible to interference in memory across experiences with overlapping features. Impaired hippocampal pattern separation, a computation that allows for the disambiguation of similar experiences as unique events, is thought to underlie age-related impairment in memory. Furthermore, positive experiences tend to be better remembered than neutral or negative experiences in aging. Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that awareness of a limited remaining lifespan leads OA to prioritize emotionally fulfilling experiences, often leading to a bias towards positive information compared to negative or neutral information. However, the potential role of retirement in contributing to these age-related changes in memory has yet to be examined. Memory measures that tax hippocampal pattern separation may be more sensitive to memory impairment in retirement compared to standard memory measures. Retirement may exacerbate awareness of reduced remaining time, such that retired OA may experience a greater positivity bias in memory than their working peers. Here, we utilized an emotional memory task that taxes hippocampal pattern separation to examine memory in age-matched retired and working OA. We found that retired OA show selective impairments for memories with high interference and a greater positivity bias in memory compared to their working peers. These findings suggest that retirement may accelerate age-related memory changes, including greater susceptibility to interference as well as a bias toward remembering positive relative to neutral information.

Can multiplexing Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1, CD68, and CD3 improve scoring for “Keytruda®” Indication?

Abstract Introduction/Objective FDA-approved companion diagnostics immunohistochemistry scoring for PD-L1 is essential for Keytruda ® treatment in patients with NSCLC. The challenge with PD-L1 testing alone is false positive PD-L1 expression score due to alveolar macrophage infiltration. Multiplexing with PD-L1, CD68, and CD3 could help alleviate this issue. By viewing PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, CD68 expression on macrophages, and the presence of CD3+ T cells on a single slide, pathologists will be able to see the presence of an immune microenvironment (high PD-L1 expression with abundant macrophages) and the potential for response to other types of Immunotherapies (presence of T cells). Methods/Case Report Positive NSCLC FFPE blocks were sectioned and stained using Agilent Dako Omnis. Two combinations of multiplex staining were prepared for each block by staining PD-L1 (brown) alone first followed by CD3 and CD68. First slide: CD3(Vina Green), CD68(Magenta); Second slide: CD3(Magenta), CD68(Vina Green). To prevent wash out, dehydration and clearing occurred with two changes of 100% alcohol and three changes of xylene for manual cover slipping. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Manual scoring of PD-L1 alone vs two different multiplex combinations was compared to Agilent Proscia digital AI scoring using a preliminary study set (9 positives, 2 negatives). CD68-green and CD3-magenta showed better discrimination than CD68-magenta and CD3-green at a glance. This could be due to the staining intensity and nonspecific background staining of CD68-magenta. Manual scoring was higher compared to digital scoring, which could be due to the human error of positive bias. Digital scoring was significantly lower for PD-L1 alone vs both multiplex stains. The digital scoring for the multiplex stains showed a higher scoring percentage by removing false positive macrophages. Conclusion Reflex scoring workflow is being developed to focus on difficult cases using the multiplex triple stain, i.e. clear negative and clear >50% with 3+ intensity. More cases will be collected and studied to further investigate the improved PD-L1 scoring with digital imaging assisted by artificial intelligence and to compare the multiplex color combinations.

Heart Rate Variability During Rapid Eye Movement Sleep is Associated with Reduced Negative Memory Bias.

Emotional memories change over time, but the mechanisms supporting this change are not well understood. Sleep has been identified as one mechanism that supports memory consolidation, with sleep selectively benefitting negative emotional consolidation at the expense of neutral memories, with specific oscillatory events linked to this process. In contrast, the consolidation of neutral and positive memories, compared to negative memories, has been associated with increased vagally-mediated vagal heart rate variability (HRV) during wakefulness. However, how HRV during sleep contributes to emotional memory consolidation remains unexplored. We investigated how sleep oscillations and vagal contributions during sleep contribute to the consolidation of neutral and negative memories. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, cross-over design, we examined the impact of pharmacological vagal suppression using zolpidem on overnight emotional memory consolidation. Thirty-two participants encoded neutral and negative pictures in the morning, followed by picture recognition tests before and after a night of sleep. Zolpidem or placebo was administered in the evening before overnight sleep, and participants were monitored with electroencephalography and electrocardiography. In the placebo condition, greater overnight improvement for neutral pictures was associated with higher vagal HRV in both Non-Rapid Eye Movement Slow Wave Sleep (NREM SWS) and REM. Additionally, the emotional memory tradeoff (i.e., difference between consolidation of neutral versus negative memories) was associated with higher vagal HRV during REM, but in this case, neutral memories were remembered better than negative memories, indicating a potential role for REM vagal HRV in promoting a positive memory bias overnight. Zolpidem, on the other hand, reduced vagal HRV during SWS, increased NREM sigma power, and eliminated the positive memory bias. Lastly, we used a stepwise linear mixed effects regression to determine how NREM sigma power and vagal HRV during REM independently explained the variance in the emotional memory tradeoff effect. We found that the addition of vagal HRV in combination with sleep significantly improved the model's fit. Overall, our results suggest that sleep brain oscillations and vagal signals synergistically interact in the overnight consolidation of emotional memories, with REM vagal HRV critically contributing to the positive memory bias.