Positive Rela Research Articles

The schooling repayment hypothesis for private transfers: evidence from the PROGRESA/Oportunidades experiment

The schooling repayment hypothesis for private transfers predicts a positive rela- tionship between the amount of parental investment in children's education and the amount that adult children transfer to their parents. This paper provides evidence on the repayment motive using data from the Mexican conditional cash transfer pro- gram PROGRESA/Oportunidades. The program pays a transfer to parents for sending their children to school. Thus, if private transfers from adult children to parents are in part repayment for parental schooling investments made in the past, then PRO- GRESA/Oportunidades should decrease these transfers, because parents were already exogenously compensated by the government for sending their kids to school and not to work. Exploiting the exogenous variation in the amount of cash transfers a household receives from the program for sending its children to school, we compare the private transfers received in 2007 by parental households who had children 0-16 in 1997 and started receiving the programs'bene…ts in 1998 with the transfers received by similar parental households who started receiving bene…ts in 1999. Our results suggest that (i) there exists a repayment motive and (ii) that PROGRESA/Oportunidades is causing adult children to transfer less resources to their parents.

7가지 한약재 처방전에 대한 항산화·항균·항암활성에 대한 연구

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities and compared other physiological properties including anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects of several traditional Korean herb-combined remedies such as Gilgyung-tang (GGT), Daihwangmokdan-tang (DHMDT), Sagan-tang (SGT), Socheonryong- tang (SCRT), Sihocheonggan-tang (SHCGT), Sipyukmiyuki-eum (SYMYKE) and Hwangheuk-san (HHS), which were recorded in Dong-eui-bo-gam for Ongjeo. Total phenolic contents of the herb medi- cines were in a rich order of GGT < SYMYKE < SCRT < SHCGT < DHM DT < SGT < HHS. Among them, HHS appeared highest in superoxide dismutase-like activit y, ferric reducing antioxidant power, scavenging of 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cati- onic radical activity. Interestingly, there was a positive rela tionship between their total phenolic con- tents and their antioxidant activities. Although all of them showed anti-proliferative activities in hu- man colon cancer HCT-116 cells, HHS was seven times higher than GGT. Antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori were revealed only on SGT, SCRT, SYMYKE and HHS. Taken together, these findings reveal the potential use of traditional Korean herbal formulas as func- tional ingredients in antioxidant and physiological materials.

Effects of lipid extraction on the isotopic values of sea turtle bone collagen

Many stable isotope analysis (SIA) stud- ies aim to track protein, which is assimilated in animal tissues from their food sources, to assess feeding ecol- ogy, movements, and ontogenetic shifts of marine ani- mals. Lipids are known to be a potential source of bias because they are depleted in 13 C compared to 12 C. Al- though lipids are usually removed before SIA, there is a lack of standardized analytical protocols for this pro- cedure. We tested the effects of lipid extraction with 2 chemical solvents (chloroform-methanol and petro- leum ether) in the humeri of the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta to establish a standard protocol for processing the bone collagen of marine animals and to develop a mathematical cor rection. In both lipid ex- traction treatments, δ 13 C values were higher than the control, but only lipid extraction with chloroform- methanol showed significant differences. By contrast, the δ 15 N values were not affected by lipid extraction treatments with either solvent. The linear regression between the C:Nbulk ratio and Δ 13 C was not significant, which does not support the assumption that there is a predictable relationship between the C:N ratio and lipid content. Nevertheless, a significant positive rela- tionship be tween Δ 13 C and δ 13 Cbulk was observed, but such a model is not recommended as a mathematical lipid correction method because the model efficiency had a negative value, which indicates that the mean value of δ 13 Cle is a better predictor than the model it- self. These results suggest that lipid extraction should be taken into account in SIA of bone collagen tissues for accurate δ 13 C determination.

Developments in Value Creation and Appropriation of Nigerian Non-financial Quoted Companies

This study examines the patterns and trends in the economic value created and appropriated by the Nigerian non - financial quoted companies over the years 1990 - 2012. The study uses panel data, c ollected from the audited annual financial statements of 68 out of 146 non - financial quoted companies in Nigeria. The study uses descriptive and inferential statistics such as percentages, measures of central tendency, graphs and trend analysis techniques to analyze the data. The study finds that employees captured the highest percentage (23.1 percent) of the economic value created by the companies, followed by government and shareholders in that order. In addition, the study finds significant positive rela tionship of time with value creation (β=0.347, P =.067), the value distributed to employees (β=0.656, P< .001) and community (β=0.005, P <.001) and the value retained (β=0.588, P <.001) by the companies. However, significant negative relationship of time with the value distributed to management executives (β= - 0.068, P <.001) and non - significant relationship of time with the value distributed to shareholders (β= - 0.041, P= .62), credit lenders (β=0.016, P= .72) and government (β=0.006, P= .97) were found. The study c oncludes that the companies’ prospects for increased value creation can be realized by distributing more economic value to employees and government and by retaining and engaging economic value in value adding activities.

Organicity and performance in excellent HRM organizations: the importance of organizational learning capability

Organizational learning capability is a key element in organizational performance. This issue spurs interest to discover how to generate environments with high organizational learning capability. In this paper, we analyze the rela- tionship between the degree of organicity of the structure, organizational perfor- mance and organizational learning capability. A total of 251 firms with demonstrated excellence in human resource management took part in the study. Results suggest that the degree of organicity of the structure has a positive rela- tionship with performance perceptions and this relationship is fully mediated by organizational learning capability.

The Relationship between Attachment Lifestyle with Depression and Anxiety of the Political Students

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between attachment lifestyles with depression and Anxiety of the political students. The study's population includes Political students of Payame Noor University in Sanandaj city during the academic year of 2012-2013. A random sample consisting of 100 individuals was used. The measuring instruments were the adult attachment scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Kattel Anxiety Inventory. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient and multivariate regression were used to analyze data. The results showed that there are significant negative relationships be- tween students' secure attachment styles with depression and Anxiety. The results also indicated a positive significant rela- tionship between insecure (avoidant) attachment style and insecure (anxious-ambivalent) with students' depression and Anxiety.

Involvement of Rural Women in Homestead Vegetable Cultivation at Rangpur District in Bangladesh

Ho mestead garden is a traditional agro forestry system and an imperative co mponent in the livelihoods of rural poor, and in the rural economy of Bangladesh. Ho me gardening activit ies are cente red on wo men and it can also increase the inco me of wo men, which may result in the better use of household resources and improved caring practices and empowerment. Th is e m- powerment of wo men also addresses a priority area of poverty alleviation and prov ides important socio-economic returns. The focus of the study was the involvement of rural wo men in homestead vegetable cultivation in Gangachara subdistrict of Rangpur district. Data were collected fro m 120 respondents by using random Samp ling method of Ganga chara subdistrict of Rangpur district. Majority (66%) of the respondent had medium involvement with homestead winter vegetable production. The highest proportion (68%) of the respondents had medium involvement in ho mestead summer vegetable production. Correlation analysis indicated that among the respondents selected characteristics, family size was no relat ion with each of their winter, summer and overall ho mestead vegetable cultivation. Farm size had no relationship with winter vegetable cult ivation but h ad positive rela- tionship with summer and overall vegetable production. Age, education, knowledge on homestead vegetable cultivation, annual family inco me, and farm size and commun ication exposure were positively related with each of their winter, su mmer an d overall homestead vegetable cultivation. The coincident impact of home gardening programs in terms of giv ing wo men a voice and promoting their fu ll involvement in domestic life can make an important contribution to the overall imp rovement of Bangladesh .

Acceleration of Anthraquinone-Type Dye Removal by White-Rot Fungus Under Optimized Environmental Conditions

The decolorization of the recalcitrant dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) by the culture fil- trate of Polyporus sp. S133 and the effect of various environmental factors were investigated. Both biodeg- radation and biosorption were playing an important role in bioremoval mechanisms. The highest biosorp- tion of RBBR in Polyporus sp. S133 was shown by all carbon sources such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch. No biosorption was shown by the addition of aromatic compounds and metal ions; 97.1 % RBBR decolorization was achieved in 120-rpm culture for 96 h, as compared to 49.5 % decolorization in station- ary culture. Increasing the shaking rotation of the culture to more than 120 rpm was proven to give a negative effect on decolorization. The highest produc- tion of laccase was shown at pH 4 and constantly decreases when the pH level increases. The addition of glucose, ammonium tartrate, Cu 2+ , and protocate- chuic acid was the suitable environmental condition for RBBR decolorization. There was a positive rela- tionship between all environmental conditions and laccase production in the decolorization of RBBR.

Impacts of snow conditions on tourism demand in Austrian ski areas

Major research efforts have been devoted to studying the impacts of climate change on snow conditions in ski areas, including snow making as a technical adaptation strategy in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to quantifying past demand changes owing to short- term climate variability. This paper examines the impacts of snow conditions on tourism demand in 185 Austrian ski areas in the period 1972/1973 to 2006/2007. For the majority of areas, a positive rela- tionship is found between overnight stays and snow conditions; however, overnight stays in higher- lying areas typically show no dependency on snow conditions. Instead, some of them negatively depend on average Austrian snow conditions. Overall, a 1 standard deviation change in snow condi- tions led to a change in overnight stays of 0.6 to 1.9%, with estimates from the most reliable panel data models of 0.6 and 1.1%. Impacts were significantly higher for particular regions and for extreme seasons. However, temporal analysis reveals that impacts have decreased in recent years, probably owing to the major increase in snowmaking.

Intellectual Capital and Profitability in the Leather Set Up, Leather Artifacts, Traveling Products and Footwear Sector in Brazil

Empirical studies show that asset returns are non-normal and also time varying. These findings explain why the normality VaR and unconditional VaR perform poorly in market risk measurement and management. In the literature, the bivariate conditional copula function can be used to represent a joint distribution function of correlated asset returns whose marginal distributions can be of any form, and to accommodate time varying behavior of asset returns. This study extends the technique further to be able to measure the risk of a portfolio of any number of assets. The extension is successful because the study can endorse a positive definite correlation matrix of the conditional copula function by applying Semidefinite Programming (SDP). The study applies the method in risk measurement of Thai Government bond portfolios. In principle, the method should show improved performance over previous empirical studies, but the results from the Kupiec test show that the conditional copula method fails to estimate the VaR of these portfolios. This failure may have been caused by the misspecification of marginal distribution. ABSTRACT Once several studies have proved that the market value of the companies has dis- tanced themselves from the book value, researchers have been searching the causes that explain the high discrepancy. One research stream focuses the intangible re- sources, and among these, the impact that the intellectual capital shows on the value creation. This study has tested the model proposed by Professor Ante Pulic in order to verify if the intellectual capital exerts a positive impact on the profitability of the compa- nies. The sample reached the Leather Set Up, Leather Artifacts, Travelling Products, and Footwear Sector in Brazil, of which companies are picked up from the data basis of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) that carries out the Annual Industrial Research (PIA), with the national code of economic industry (CNAE) 19. The hypotheses tested were: (I) a positive relationship between profitability and intellectual capital exists; (II) a positive relationship between profitability and stock of intellectual capital exists; (III) a positive relationship between profitability and efficiency of the capi- tal employed exists; (IV) a positive relationship between profitability and efficiency of the human capital exists; (V) a positive relationship between profitability and efficiency of the structural capital exists. Panel data analysis was used in order to corroborate the hypotheses. The obtained results put forward a statistically significant and positive rela- tionship between (the stock and the flow) the intellectual capital and the profitability, measured by Return on Assets (ROA), in static models based on minimum square er- rors. The dynamic models have not been corroborated. ABSTRACT This paper examines empirically the value of early exercise by testing the ability of two American put valuation models to predict the early exercise premium for the S&P 100 American put options. An accuracy test and a quality test are performed on (1) the MacMillan (1986) & Barone-Adesi and Whaley (1987) model, and (2) the Carr, Jarrow and Myneni (1992) model. The test results show that early exercise premium is significant regardless of moneyness. Moreover, consistent with the theory, the value of early exercise is significantly negatively related to moneyness and interest rates and significantly positively related to time to maturity and to the volatility of the underlying index. Both American put valuation models examined misprice the early exercise premium embedded in American put prices.

Occupational Stress and Family Difficulties of Working Women

Problem statement: Work and family are the two most important aspects in women's lives. Balancing work and family roles has become a key personal and family issue for many societies. There are many facets in working mother's lives that subj ect to stresses. They deal with home and family issues as well as job stress on a daily basis. Imba lance between work and family life arises due to a number of factors. Various factors appear to streng then the brunt of pressure on women. The question was raised whether there is a relationship between occupational stress and family difficulties of working women in Iran. Approach: The purpose of this study was to assess the relati onships between occupational stress and family difficulties in work ing women. A sample of 250 married working women with 2 or more children participated in this study during 2010 in one of the largest city of Ira n, Ahvaz. A non-experimental, cross-sectional survey d esign was conducted using Demographic Information form, The Sources of Work Stress Inventory (SWSI) and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-II (FACES-II). Results: Using correlation and regression analysis, results suggested that there were significant positive rela tionship between levels of occupational stress and family difficulties in working women. Conclusion/Recommendation: Regarding to woman's household tasks and families responsibility, it is important to measure the level of occupational stre ss in working women and assess relation between occupational stress and family difficulties in order to obtain knowledge for health care providers to provi de support to the working women and their families. There is a great need for research on wor king women, especially concerning the impact and occurrence of job stress on children mental health. Longitudinal data on young childbearing families are needed to examine the complex issues of work-fa mily surrounding the family in today's world.

Dynamic comparison between endotoxemia and transforming growth factors after partial hepatectomy in rats

Objective To compare and evaluate the dynamic changes between endotoxemia and transforming growth factors after partial hepatectomy(PH)in rats.Methods One-hundred and two adult male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups:A normal control (NC)group,a partial hepatectomized(PH)group and a sham-operated(SO)group.To study the dynamic changes of endotoxemia and transforming growth factors,the rats were sacrificed before and at different time points after partial hepatectomy(6,12,24,36,48,72,120 and 168 h).NC group was used as 0 h observation time point,namely 0 h group.For each time point indicated,six rats were used in parallel.Level of endotoxin(ET)was determined in serum by using Limulus Lysate test with chromogenie substrate.Levels of TNF-α and TGF-α were determined in serum by using RIA.Level of TGF-β1 was determined in serum by using ELISA.Results Serum ET levels significantly increased during 6-72 h after PH,there were two peak values at 12,48 h,and compared respectively with the ET levels of NC group (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Serum TNF-α levels were transiently increased significantly compared with NC (P＜0.05)at 6 h after PH,then decreased rapidly to the lowest value at 72 h(P＜0.01).Serum TGF-α levels significantly increased during 6 h-72 h after PH.There was positive relationship be tween the dynamic changes of TGF-α and ET in serum(r=0.778,P＜0.05).Serum TGF-β1 levels were increased significantly compared with NC(P＜0.01)at 6 h after PH.There was positive rela tionship between the dynamic changes of TGF-β1 and TNF-α in serum(r=0.757,P＜0.01).Conclusion Endotoxemia and inflammatory mediators induced bv PH can regulate liver regeneration by influencing transforming growth factors which are related to hepatocyte proliferation. Key words: Hepatectomy; Endotoxemia; TGF-α; TGF-β1

Dimensions of diet segregation in grey seals Halichoerus grypus revealed through stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N)

Although many studies have documented diets for terrestrial mammals, much less is known about prey selection in marine mammals. Variation in body size of terrestrial carnivores is cor- related with mass of prey consumed, and predator size often determines dietary overlap. Grey seals Halichoerus grypus are a size-dimorphic phocid seal inhabiting the Northwest Atlantic, with males 1.5× larger than females. Stable isotopes of carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) provide useful tools for estimating trophic positions and carbon flow to consumers in food webs. δ 13 C and δ 15 N were analyzed for individual adult grey seals from Sable Island, Canada, between 1996 and 2001. Samples of skin were taken in May or September and the same animals were re-sampled when they returned to the breeding colony in January. In addition, samples were taken from juveniles (n = 29) in January 2004. δ 13 C and δ 15 N were also analyzed for 12 fish and 3 invertebrate species from the Scotian Shelf. Adult male (n = 36) and female (n = 36) grey seals exhibited significantly different δ 13 C and δ 15 N values (F1, 70 = 22.40; p < 0.001). On average, males were more enriched in both δ 13 C and δ 15 N than females. While there were no differences between sex in juveniles, signatures were significantly different from adults (F2,101 = 28.05; p < 0.001). Comparison of isotope values from potential prey suggests that adult males feed more heavily on benthic prey, whereas adult females appear to feed more on pelagic prey. Juveniles also appear to feed more on pelagic prey. These results are consistent with known dif- ferences in dive patterns and foraging behaviour in this population. In addition, there was a positive effect of body size on both δ 13 C (t = 2.54, p = 0.014) and δ 15 N (t = 2.48, p = 0.016) and a positive rela- tionship between δ 15 N and the rate of fat accumulation (kg d -1 ). These results suggest an underlying energetic basis to diet variation in grey seals. Finally, examination of the variance in stable isotope ratios suggested that while individual grey seals appear to be relative specialists in their diet, niche breadth was 1.5× greater in males than in females. On average, adult grey seals had a 2 × higher niche breadth than juveniles.

Simultaneous Monitoring of Phosphine and of Phosphorus Species in Taihu Lake Sediments and Phosphine Emission from Lake Sediments

Phosphine (PH3) was monitored in the Taihu Lake in China by a GC/NPD method, coupled with cryo-trapping enrichment technology. Results showed that PH3 was universally de- tected in sediments, lake water and atmosphere of the Taihu Lake area. Total phosphorus (TPs) and fractions of different phosphorus species in lake sediments were separately measured as dis- solved phosphate (DP), phosphorus bound to aluminum (Al-P), iron (Fe-P) and calcium (Ca-P), occluded phosphorus (OP), and organic phosphorus (Org-P) by sequential chemical extraction. High PH3 levels were correlated with high TPs values in sediments and with eutrophication at different sites. In addition, a positive linear correlation equation was obtained between the con- centrations of PH3 in lake sediments and of the phosphorus fractions. The resulting multiple linear regression equation is PH3 = � 165 + 63.3 DP + 0.736 Al-P + 2.33 Ca-P + 2.29 Org-P. The flux of PH3 across the sediment-water interface was estimated from sediment core incubation in May and October 2002. The annual average sediment-water flux of PH3 was estimated at ca. 0.0138±0.005 pg dm � 2 h � 1 , the average yearly emission value of PH3 from Taihu Lake sedi- ments to water was calculated to be 28.3±10.2 g year � 1 , which causes a water PH3 concentration of up to 0.178±0.064 pmol dm � 3 . The real importance of PH3 could be higher, because PH3 could be consumed in the oxic sediment-water boundary layer and in the water column. Spatial and temporal distributions of total phosphorus (TPw) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) in the water column of Taihu Lake were measured over the study period. Higher water PH3 has also been found where the TPw content was high. Similarly, high Chl-a was consistent with higher water PH3. Positive rela- tionships between PH3 and TPw (average R 2 = 0.47±0.26) and Chl-a (average R 2 = 0.23±0.31)

Species-area relationships for coral reef fish assemblages of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands

Since the early 1920s, ecologists studying a variety of taxa have observed a positive rela- tionship between the number of species and area sampled. The purpose of this study was to examine species-area relationships in coral reef fish assemblages in a tropical marine ecosystem and to deter- mine what factors influence this relationship on isolated patch and continuous reefs. A positive rela- tionship between the log (species richness of reef fish) and log (coral reef area) was observed, where area explained 66 to 96% of the variation in species richness. At smaller spatial scales patch reefs contained significantly more, approximately 35% more, species than continuous reefs. However, the slope was significantly greater for continuous reefs, and consequently at larger spatial scales the number of species was similar to that of patch reefs. Explanations are given for the observed varia- tion between the slopes of species-area curves reported here and those of other studies. These include an influence from the 3-dimensional nature of reef systems, the lack of quantification at suf- ficient spatial scales and the potential role of habitat richness. Multiple forward stepwise regressions indicated that 80.2% of the variation in species richness on continuous reefs was explained by a suite of microhabitat variables, whereas for patch reefs only 55.7% of the variation was explained by these same variables. Of the variables, microhabitat richness was found to explain the greatest amount of variation in species richness for both continuous and patch reefs even though the species-area rela- tionships differed significantly.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INSECT HERBIVORY AND SAND ACCRETION ON PLANT SUCCESSION ON SAND DUNES

This study examined how long-term insect herbivory, sand accretion, and the interaction of these factors affect patterns of plant succession on sand dunes. Individuals of a common dune species, Salix cordata, were either exposed to insect herbivory (by a specialist flea beetle, Altica subplicata) or protected from insect herbivory with cages from 1990 to 1992. Plant community composition and sand levels were then assessed from 1993 to 1996, during which time natural sand accretion occurred and flea beetles were rare. The goal was to examine how plant species composition and successional patterns were affected by past herbivory on one plant species, sand accretion, and an interaction between past herbivory and sand accretion. Past herbivory on Salix cordata caused a significant decrease in the proportional representation of herbaceous monocots in the plant community, as well as changes in the abundance of four of the 10 most common plant species. Other grasses and Aster/Solidago had greater increases in abundance in plots with past herbivory, Populus tremuloides had lesser decreases in abundance in plots with past herbivory, and Potentilla anserina had greater increases in abundance in plots without past herbivory. Past herbivory did not significantly affect changes in species richness over the study. Over the entire study, herbaceous monocots, herbaceous dicots, and horsetails increased in absolute abundance, but woody plant abundance decreased. Sand accretion significantly decreased the changes in abundance of three categories of plants: herbaceous monocots, herbaceous dicots, and woody plants. Only for horsetails -was there was a positive rela- tionship between change in abundance and sand accretion. As sand levels increased, the percentage of herbaceous dicots increased, whereas the percentage of herbaceous monocots decreased. There was a greater decrease in species richness with increasing amounts of sand deposition. For eight of the 10 most common species, there was a negative relationship between sand level and change in abundance; only beach grasses responded positively to sand accretion. Plant height was a significant factor in explaining which species increased vs. decreased in abundance; species that increased during the study were significantly taller than species that decreased. Clonal and nonclonal species responded similarly to sand accretion. There were very few interactive effects of past herbivory and sand level. Thus, past herbivory on Salix cordata had direct effects on the future composition of the plant community, via changes in plant abundance, but did not appear to modify the response of the plant community to sand accretion.

The Role of Decision Influence and Team Performance in Member Self-Efficacy, Withdrawal, Satisfaction with the Leader, and Willingness to Return

This study examines team performance as a moderator of the relationship between decision influence and outcomes relevant to team effectiveness in hierarchical teams with distributed ex pertise. In this type of team staff members have unique roles and make recommendations to the team leader, who ultimately makes the team's final decisions. It is suggested that the positive rela tionship between decision influence and favorable outcomes (e.g., satisfaction) consistently described in the literature is dependent on team performance in this type of team. Specifically, team effec tiveness outcomes are proposed to be consistently more favorable in higher performing than in lower performing teams. Decision influence is proposed to relate positively to member satisfaction with the leader, willingness to return, and self-efficacy and to relate negatively to withdrawal in higher performing teams. The opposite pattern of relationships is expected in lower performing teams. A laboratory study was conducted with 228 undergradu ates performing a computer task as subordinates in 76 four-person teams with a confederate leader. The results generally support the hypotheses and illustrate a dilemma for leaders attempting to manage team effectiveness.

A naturalistic investigation of eating behavior in bulimia nervosa.

Simon Fraser University Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada Toronto General Hospital, Ontario, Canada This study investigated the parameters of eating behavior in subjects meeting the diagnosis of bu- limia nervosa (BN). Twenty BN and 24 female comparison (FC) subjects monitored hourly over a number of consecutive days their food intake, mood, hunger, social circumstances, and experiences of unpleasant events. Compared with FC subjects, BN subjects reported more positive moods rela- tive to their typical moods in the hour prior to consuming a meal. Within the BN group, subjects reported more negative moods in the hour prior to a binge episode compared with their moods prior to consuming a snack or meal. The BN subjects were also calorie deprived in the hour prior to a binge episode relative to FC subjects at an equivalent time of the day. These results are discussed within the framework of restraint theory. Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a psychogenic disturbance in eating behavior characterized by episodes of uncontrolled overeating, termed

Crime Rates and Police Behavior: A Test of Two Hypotheses

Two hypotheses concerning the relationship between arrest rates for major and minor offenses are tested using 1971 and 1972 arrest data from Florida munic- ipalities. The results of a regression analysis using lagged variables in a system of difference equations support a interpretation of police behavior and discount a -displacement hypothesis. The data further suggest that the relationship between arrest rates for major and minor offenses achieves stability over time. The use of official police statistics in criminological research continues to be controversial. Although many criminologists maintain that such data are too in- accurate to provide meaningful indexes of criminal activity (Beattie; Cressey; Wilson), researchers still use them on the grounds that they reflect those as- pects of criminal activity which are sufficiently important to be of concern to a community, orthatthey are simplythe best available atthetime (Black; Suther- land and Cressey; Tittle). But some sociologists hold that the issue of the accu- racy of police statistics is irrelevant altogether since such data really reflect police behavior rather than criminal activity (Kitsuse and Cicourel). It is there- fore argued that criminal statistics should be used primarilyto study aspects of police organization. Despite such pleas, few studies have actually employed official crime data in an effort to understand the organizational behavior of police. This paper analyzes the relationship of arrest rates for serious and minor crimes in an effort to evaluate two contrasting hypotheses about police con- duct. One hypothesis, herein labeled the displacement hypothesis, postu- lates an inverse relationship between arrest for serious crimes and arrest for minor crimes. This presumably results from a shifting deployment of police personnel. When serious crimes abound, the police ignore or deemphasize minor crimes. But when serious crimes abate or cannot be effectively man- aged, then police concentrate on minor crimes to justify themselves. The dragnet hypothesis, on the other hand, postulates a positive rela- tionship between serious and minor arrests. According to this argument, when police are constrained by legal rules and other contingencies they must rely largely on arrests for minor crimes as a means of managing serious offenses. Since it is easierto establish probable cause for minor crimes, and since minor offenses are more subjectto proactive police work, suspicious individuals are arrested on minor charges in the expectation that the process will turn up evi- dence enabling police to make arrests for major offenses.

英文抄録

Natural killer(NK) cell activity,interleukin-2(IL-2) activity and prolification of interleukin-2 receptor(IL-2)in vitro in patients with shenxu were measured.The results showed that the activities of NK cell,IL-2 and IL-2 in patients were signi- ficantly lower than those in normal controls(P0.01). There was a positive rela- tionship between NK cell activity and IL-2 activity in the controls,but no such relationship in the patients.