Positive Bacterial Pathogens Research Articles

Design and synthesis of magnesium and palladium hybrid nanoparticles using Cyperus rotundus: An assessment of antimicrobial and anticancer applications

Multidrug resistance is an instance of the increased use of traditional drug therapy, which includes the consumption of antibiotics and anticancer drugs. It will take alternative treatments to overcome this obstacle. Nanoparticles that are biosynthesized are extensively used to address a range of illnesses. This study aims to investigate the aqueous extracts of Cyperus rotundus used to biosynthesis hybrid nanoparticles using magnesium (Mg) and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs). Herein, different characterization techniques are used to the reveal desired physiochemical properties and potential biomedical applications of the biosynthesized NPs. With the use of centre composite design (CCD), the most significant parameters and their interactions that are likely to affect nanoparticle synthesis were assessed and identified in order to improve the quality of the experiments. The Mg/Pd NPs exhibit exerting antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial and fungal pathogens. Significant anticancer activity was observed in the biogenic hybrid NPs against the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HuH-7) cell line. In silico molecular docking studies confirmed strong binding interactions of D-Glucose cyclic 1, 2-ethandiylmercaptal pentaacetate compound with the HuH-7 cancer cell line, as well as with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and Bcl2 gene target proteins. The findings also point to intriguing possibilities for incorporating C. rotundus extract-assisted hybrid nano-biosynthesis, which is crucial for developing cutting-edge nanomedicines.

A Temporal Study on Incidence of Bovine Mastitis in Haryana, India

Mastitis affects dairy animal’s productivity and causes financial losses for dairy farmers in India and across the world. In this study, a total of 52,494 quarter milk samples from 14,381 bovines were screened for the primary microorganisms causing mastitis in Hisar and adjoining districts of Haryana and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns were analyzed. The cultural positivity from subclinical form of mastitis was observed as 86.32% and 87.73% from cows and buffaloes, respectively while that from clinical mastitis was 87.36% and 87.57%. The major Gram positive bacterial pathogens associated with mastitis in the entire study period were found as Staphylococcus species with an average incidence rate of 45.53% and 44.1% from cows and buffaloes, respectively. The Streptococcus species were found to be 33.76% and 29.94% of total isolates. Escherichia coli were the most predominant Gram negative bacteria isolated (17.37% and 13.85%), thereafter Klebsiella spp. (5.54% and 5.19%) from both cows and buffaloes. A significant proportion of clinical cases of mastitis were chronic in nature from both the species of bovines. The incidence of mastitis with respect to different lactation number and lactation months was found as significant. The highest incidences of mastitis was observed in the first lactation among buffaloes (20.69%), while the maximum incidences were observed in second and third lactation in cows with 16.59% and 16.99%, respectively. However, in both the species maximum occurrence of mastitis was observed during the first lactational month. The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of most of the isolates had shown higher sensitivity towards enrofloxacin and gentamicin, while the penicillin had shown least sensitivity. The knowledge regarding the mastitis causing pathogens and their sensitivity pattern in Hisar and adjoining districts of Haryana enables the veterinarians to adopt for the proper treatment protocols and dairy farmers to assure optimal health, welfare and productivity of bovines in the State, in turn reducing antimicrobial resistance.

Hydrothermal synthesis of spindle structure copper ferrite-graphene oxide nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic dye degradation and in-vitro antibacterial activity

In this study, a one-step hydrothermal approach was used to make pure magnetic copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) and copper ferrite-graphene oxide (CuFe2O4-rGO) nanocomposites (NCs) and spinel structure CuFe2O4 with a single phase of tetragonal CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs was confirmed by the XRD. Then, characterization of CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs was done using ng Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, TGA-DTA, EDS, SEM, and TEM. The synthesized NCs was exposed to UV light to evaluate its photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) with CuFe2O4 and CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs, respectively. The catalyst CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs provided higher degradation of MB (94%) than for RhB (86%) under UV light irradiation compared to CuFe2O4. Further, the antibacterial activities of CuFe2O4-NPs and CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs were tested against Gram-negative and -positive bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio cholera (V. cholera); Escherichia coli (E. coli); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa); Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis); Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus); and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) by well diffusion method. At 100 μg/mL concentrations of CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs, maximal growth inhibition was shown against E. coli (18 mm) and minimum growth inhibition against S. epidermidis (12 mm). This study suggests that CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs as a high-efficacy antibacterial material and plays an important role in exhibiting higher sensitivity depending on concentrations. The results encourage that the synthesized CuFe2O4-rGO-NCs can be used as a promising material for the antibacterial activity and also for dye degradation in the water/wastewater treatment plants.

CLINCO-MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF RHINOSINUSITIS IN ADULTS

Introduction: Rhinosinusitis is the condition in which sinonasal mucosa inside the paranasal sinuses gets inamed and its clinical manifestation is represented by various sinonasal and extra-nasal symptoms. Hence, the present study was planned with an aim to study the clinic-microbial prole of rhinosinusitis in adults. This cross-sectional analytical study included 300 rhi Methodology: nosinusitis patients. Detailed clinical and demographic data were collected. All the patients underwent plain radiography to assess the sinus involvement. Nasal endoscopy was performed in all the cases. During nasal endoscopy, nasal swabs were collected from all the patients. For all the culture positive cases, antibiotic susceptibility assessment was done. The majority of cultures (61.3%) were negative for pathogens. 34% ha Results: d a positive bacterial pathogen culture, while 4.7% had a positive fungal culture. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most prevalent gramme-positive isolate (55.9%). Simultaneously, Citrobacter spp. (3.9%) was the most prevalent gramme-negative isolate. Candida spp. accounted for 71.4% of the fourteen positive fungal specimens, while Aspergillus avus accounted for the remaining 28.6%. The majority of patients were only administered antibiotics. Cefoperazone-Sulbactam, Linezolid, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Cefritaxeone, Tobramycin, Meropenem, and Clindamycin exhibited one hundred percent sensitivity. The three most resistant antibiotics used in more than half specimen were Tetracycline (60.7%), Erythromycin (17.4%) and Penicillin (13.7%) respectively. The most prevalent organism causing rhinosinusitis was Conclusion: found to be Staphylococcus aureus and most sensitive antibiotics were Cefoperazone-Sulbactam, Linezolid, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Cefritaxeone, Tobramycin, Meropenem, and Clindamycin.

Molecular Identification of Prevalent Streptococcus Pyogenes Serogroup Associated with Respiratory Tract Infections in Children

The current study intends to characterize the respiratory tract infections that have an association with gram positive bacterial pathogens, emm typing, the pattern of antibacterial resistance in isolated pathogens, phenotyping of virulence factor and molecular detection of Macrolide resistance gene. Various samples from patients with respiratory tract infections were collected and identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates was performed as per standard laboratory procedure. Macrolides (Eruthromycin, Clindamycin)-resistant isolates were again subjected to MIC method. Macrolide-inducible resistance to clindamycin (D test) was conducted upon Erythromycin and Clindamycin discs. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the resistance genes in all the three types of macrolide resistance strains. Serum Opacity Factor (SOF) was detected for all the isolates of GAS. Every isolate was checked to produce biofilm through micro titre plate method. Bacterial growth got registered in 156 (36.28%) samples. The most common isolate from URI samples was GAS i.e., 64 (14.9%), only to be followed by GGS 38(8.8%), GCS 29 (6.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus 18 (4.2%). Among GAS, only one isolate was recorded from blood, whereas 8.50% from sputum and the rest. All 71 GAS isolates were found to exhibit sensitivity towards Penicillin and Ceftriazone. GAS exhibited 55% Mtype of resistance whereas 40% were resistant to cMLS and 5% to iMLS. GCS showcased an equal number of cMLS and M type too. GGS portrayed 54.54% resistance to cMLS followed by 36.36% to Mtype and 9.09% to iMLS. The current study found iMLS type with least resistance. The current study identified that Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common bacteria that cause and recur the infection. The prevalence of resistance tends to change geographically and periodically. For this purpose and to achieve a sound public health outcome, periodical screening of antibiotic-resistance pattern becomes inevitable.

Mechanism of high-frequent horizontal gene transfer in Gram positive bacterial pathogens

Horizontal gene transfer through transconjugation and natural transformation plays a major role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Although the phenomenon of genetic element transmission has long been known, the rapid increase in the number of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in recent years and the accompanying accumulation of genomic information have revealed that horizontal gene transfer contributes to genome plasticity in various ways. The author reported the molecular mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of the accessory factor bacteriocin encoded by the junctional transfer plasmid of Enterococcus faecalis, a representative Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that is concerned as highly antimicrobial resistant, and found diversity in the selfimmune system based on epidemiological studies. In addition, the author established a technique to visualize and quantify genomic recombination by natural transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae which is also one of the most concerns for antimicrobial resistance and vaccine escape, at single cells level resolution in real time. Focuses on outcome from these research, this paper introduces the molecular mechanisms that promote horizontal gene transmission and the prospects for their technological application.

Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica

Stingless bees, or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees (about 550 described species), comprising the tribe Meliponini. They belong in the family Apidae, and are closely related to Apis mellifera. Scaptotrigona affinis postica Latreille, 1807 from northeast of Brazil is popularly known as “tubi” in Maranhão State. Flavones di-C-glycosides, and the pyrrolizidine alkaloid 3-methoxy-7-(2-methylbutyryl)-9-echimidinyl retronecine (7) were reported previously in propolis from S. postica and detected only in samples collected in October, November and December. The presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides were reported in honey and pollen. In the present study, the preparative liquid chromatography in reversed-phase column from ethanolic extract of propolis allowed the separation of fractions 40AEP and 40 MEP, which were analyzed by LC-MS. Many pyrrolizidine alkaloids, among them, lithosenine (14), lithosenine arabinoside (19), 7-angeloyl-9-(2,3- dihydroxybutyryl) retronecine (1), 7-(2- methylbutyryl) retronecine (3), 9-sarracinoyl retronecine (13) and viridinatine (8), besides the flavonoids schaftoside (15), aromadendrin-7-O-methyl ether (12), 7- methoxy-5,6,3’,4’,5’,6’-hexahydroxy-flavone-3-O-glucuronide (11), mangiferin (10) and mangiferin-O-methyl ether (17) were detected in these fractions. Fraction 40MEP showed antibacterial effect against gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens with MIC ranging from 62.5 μg/mL to 200 μg/mL, while fractions 40AEP and 40MEP showed antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli D31- streptomycin resistant. The cells were treated with 40MEP and 40AEP at a concentration of 200 μg/mL and were not observed statistical difference between treated and untreated cells. HIGHLIGHTS Propolis from Scaptotrigona aff. postica bees exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli D31- streptomycin resistant. Preparative liquid chromatography in reversed-phase column allowed the separation of fractions rich in alkaloids and flavonoids. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and flavonoids were detected as the main constituents. Flavones di-C-glycosides and flavones C-glycosides were reported in propolis. Cell viability demonstrated that pyrrolizidine alkaloids did not cause cytotoxicity in epithelial cells.

PH-responsive silica nanoparticles for the treatment of skin wound infections

Chronic wounds are not only a burden for patients but also challenging for clinic treatment due to biofilm formation. Here, we utilized the phenomenon that chronic wounds possess an elevated local pH of 8.9 and developed pH-sensitive silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) to achieve a targeted drug release on alkaline wounds and optimized drug utility. Chlorhexidine (CHX), a disinfectant and antiseptic, was loaded into SiNPs as the model drug. The loaded CHX displayed a release 4 - 5 fold higher at pH 8.0 and 8.5 than at pH 6.5, 7.0 and 7.4. CHX-SiNPs furthermore exhibited a distinctive antibacterial activity at pH 8.0 and 8.5 against both Gram-negative and -positive bacterial pathogens, while no cytotoxicity was found according to cell viability analysis. The CHX-SiNPs were further formulated into alginate hydrogels to allow ease of use. The antibacterial efficacy of CHX-SiNPs was then studied with artificial wounds on ex vivo human skin. Treatment with CHX-SiNPs enabled nearly a 4-lg reduction of the viable bacterial cells, and the alginate formulated CHX-SiNPs led to almost a 3-lg reduction compared to the negative controls. The obtained results demonstrated that CHX-SiNPs are capable of efficient pH-triggered drug release, leading to high antibacterial efficacy. Moreover, CHX-SiNPs enlighten clinic potential towards the treatment of chronic wound infections. Statement of significanceA platform for controlled drug release at a relatively high pH value i.e., over 8, was established by tuning the physical structures of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs). Incorporation of chlorhexidine, an antimicrobial agent, into the fabricated SiNPs allowed a distinctive inhibition of bacterial growth at alkaline pHs, but not at acidic pHs. The efficacy of the SiNPs loaded with chlorhexidine in treating wound infections was further validated by utilizing ex vivo human skin samples. The presented work demonstrates clinic potential of employing alkaline pH as a non-invasive stimulus to achieve on-demand delivery of antimicrobials through SiNPs, showcasing a valuable approach to treating bacterial infections on chronic wounds.

Phytochemistry and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Five Plant Species against Nine Common Human Pathogens

Momordica charantia, Senna podocarpa, Senna alata, Ocimum gratissimum, and Sida acuta which have reportedly been used in folklore for the treatment of various diseases were studied for their antimicrobial activity. Crude methanolic extracts of the leaves were screened for phytochemicals after which they were tested in vitro for activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Aspergillus niger, A, flavus and Candida albicans. Phytochemicals present in the extracts included saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. These extracts also showed varying degrees of activity against tested organisms at a concentration range of 15.6 to 500 mg/ml. However, S. acuta showed activity against P. vulgaris, E. aerogenes and As. flavus only. The MIC of the extracts against test organisms ranged from 31.25 to 250 mg/ml. The significant antimicrobial susceptibility of the plant extracts against gram positive bacterial pathogens and some pathogenic yeasts, may not be due to the presence and synergistic interactions of secondary metabolites found in these plant extracts. This would have implications in health, particularly in developing countries where a singnificant percentage of the population are still using traditional plant extracts for health care. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(2): 139-148, 2021 (December)

In vitro and in vivo efficacy of green synthesized AgNPs against Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial pathogens

Global threat of mortality and morbidity increasing due to pathogenic bacterial infection and disease become a significant concern for human population. Development of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens has increased the search of alternative to conventional antibiotics and small molecules. Metallic nanoparticles are rapidly growing in the field of biomedicine, bioremediation, and bioengineering. Metallic nanoparticles synthesized using plant extract gives an upper edge against toxicity and efficacy of the materials. Silver and silver salt is practised in health organization around the world for killing bacterial pathogens. The present study, one-pot synthesized Rubella tuberosa mediated silver nanoparticles (RT-AgNPs) for the inhibition of ESKAPE panel of bacterial pathogens especially Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of RT-AgNPs was determined as 4 μg/mL against both pathogens, while the Biofilm Inhibitory concentration (BIC) was determined as 4 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL against Gram negative (P. aeruginosa) and Gram positive (S. aureus) pathogens. The synergy of RT-AgNPs with conventional antibiotics showed the better efficacy with Vancomycin and Gentamicin against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa respectively. Further haemolytic activity of RT-AgNPs against human red blood cell confirmed the non-toxicity at the higher concentration of 64 μg/mL. Thus, RT-AgNPs prove to be suitable candidate for the inhibition of biofilm and pathogenicity of Gram negative and Gram positive pathogens.

HALOGEN FREE [HNMP]+CH3SO3 - IONIC LIQUID MEDIATED BIFUNCTIONALIZED NAPHTHOQUINONE-DIHYDROPYRIMIDIN-(1H)-ONE HYBRIDS AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL

An efficient halogen free ionic liquid (HFIL) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methane sulfonate [HNMP]+[CH3SO3]- catalyzed Biginelli reaction is reported to synthesize naphthoquinone fused dihydropyrimidin-(1H)-ones (DHPM’s). Diversifying this naphthoquinone constituent provides an access to new and interesting DHPM’s for pharmacological profiling. A series of bifunctionalized naphthoquinone-dihydropyrimidin-(1H)-one conjugates (4a-4l) were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against selected bacterial and fungal pathogenic strains. The resulting naphthoquinone fused dihydropyrimidin-(1H)-one hybrids showed significant activities against all the tested Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial pathogens and fungal strains of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Among the series, the DHPM conjugate 4k>4j>4e>4h samples exhibited highest activities against all the tested strains that proved to be important candidates in the drug development against various life threatening diseases. Presently, one-pot, three-component methodology have been developed for the synthesis of bifunctionalized naphthoquinone linked dihydropyrimidin-(1H)-one are being explored for bio-active asymmetric Biginelli scaffolds.

Silica Supported Synthesis and Quorum Quenching Ability of Isoxazolones Against Both Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens

AbstractIsoxazolones are synthesised using easily available, economical and reusable silica (TLC grade) catalyst. High yields are obtained in aqueous reaction system with substrate tolerance without affecting the yield. This multigram scale, purification free method exhibits prospects for a large scale use in future. These compounds were screened for their potential application as quorum quenchers in pathogenic bacteria. The prepared compounds were analysed for quorum quenching (QQ) activity on Gram negative bioreporter strain Chromobacterium violaceum by inhibiting its pigment production i. e. violacein production in a concentration dependent manner. Some Isoxazolone derivatives showed very good quorum quenching activity. Moreover these derivatives also showed very good antibiofilm activity against both Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) bacterial human pathogens through Quorum Quenching mechanism. Isoxazolones thus have enormous potential to be exploited in the medical field against bacterial infections caused by both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial human pathogens.

Unveiling the photosensitive and magnetic properties of amorphous iron nanoparticles with its application towards decontamination of water and cancer treatment

Amorphous iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) possess manifold applications in biomedical field owing to their unique physiochemical properties. Herein, a feasible green synthesis of Fe NPs is described employing choline chloride (ChCl) and sucrose (SR) based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a stabilizing as well as capping agent. Stabilized Fe NPs were attained using precursors like ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) and ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2.4H2O) via co-precipitation method with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a reducing agent. UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) demonstrated characteristic broad absorption around 400–600 nm which illustrates the emergence of nanoparticles. Micrographs of the prepared material examined by electron microscopies (SEM, TEM), depicts spherical with size ranging from 80 to 180 nm. This was further reinforced with dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Low magnetization value demonstrated the superparamagnetic behaviour of the amorphous Iron nanoparticles which is notable for biomedical applications such as magnetic hyperthermia and localized drug delivery. Additionally; the characterized Fe NPs degrades rhodamine B (Rh B), a carcinogenic dye upto 96.06% within 30 min under UV light illumination, thus evidencing its usage by scientific community as suitable nanomaterial for dye removal from contaminated water samples. Antibacterial studies of the amorphous Fe NPs showed maximum zone of inhibition and activity index against waterborne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. The obtained results showed that the Fe NPs are capable of inhibiting the growth of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, cytotoxic effects of amorphous Fe NPs against HCT 116 and CCL 241 cancer cells exhibit dose dependent antiproliferation. The results proved that the amorphous Fe NPs can endure as a potential entrant for waste water management and treatment of cancer.

Electrospun AgNPs-polylactate nanofibers and their antimicrobial applications

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been one of the most significant nanoparticles due to their interesting characteristics, such as high antimicrobial activity. Thus, they have been applicable for wound dressing, protective textiles and tissue scaffold. In the current study, novel polylactate copolymer was prepared via condensation of lactic acid (LA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) at molar ratio of 95:5, and then the produced copolymer was subjected to free radical polymerization in the presence of N, N-methylene diacrylamide (MDA) as a cross-linking agent. AgNPs were synthesized utilizing chitosan (Cs) as reductive and stabilizing agent. The generation of AgNPs was proved with UV–Vis absorbance spectra, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which displayed different morphologies of AgNPs relying on the heating period. The chemical formula of the polylactate sodium salt (PLS) polymer was verified with FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra. Cs-AgNPs nanohybrid was coated into an electrospun nanofibrous membrane of the cross-linked polylactate calcium salt (PLCS) to create stable polyelectrolyte complex (PEX) nanofiber-based composites with high antimicrobial activity. The produced nanohybrids were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), scan electron microscopy (SEM), elemental mapping and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). AgNPs were effectively immobilized onto the PEX nanofiber-based composite, whilst there was complex generated among the electrospun PLCS and the Cs-AgNPs nanohybrid. The developed nanofibrous mats demonstrated an improved saline absorbance in the presence of AgNPs. AgNPs exhibited a homogeneous dispersion and high deposition density on the surface of nanofibers demonstrating a nanoparticle size of 7–23 nm. In addition, the silver immobilized PLCS fibers showed an improved absorbance of 0.85% (w/v) saline solution compared to blank fibers. PEX displayed high antimicrobial efficiency against gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens with satisfactory permeability of water vapor in the range necessary for treating wounds.

Structural, Optical, Thermal, Magnetic Properties of Zirconia Nano-rods and their Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Properties

Multifunctional Zirconia Nanorods performing photocatalysis, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities are presented in this article. Tetragonal Zirconia is synthesized by simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized Zirconia is characterized by various characterization methods such as XRD, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis, PL, VSM and TG/DTA analysis. Exploration of powder XRD pattern indicates tetragonal phase. SEM image illustrates rod-shaped morphology. UV-Vis spectra reveal that the synthesized catalyst has wide band gap of about 4.6eV. The emission peaks in the PL spectra reveal the presence of oxygen vacancies in the sample. Room Temperature Ferromagnetism (RTFM) is confirmed from VSM measurements. The performance of Zirconia nanorods in various applications such as photocatalysis, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities has been analyzed. t-ZrO2 photo catalyst degrades methylene blue dye with 80% removal efficiency in 180 minutes under UV light irradiation. t-ZrO2 obtained 28mm inhibition zone against Staphaureus for anti-bacterial assessment while Amikacin has 15mm inhibition and obtained 25mm inhibition zone against Candida Albicans for anti-fungal assessment while Nystatin has 20mm inhibition. t-ZrO2 shows superior inhibiting effect against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens. Owing to its high surface area it exhibits greatest inhibiting effect against fungal strain.

Cloning and expression analysis of fused holin-endolysin from RL bacteriophage; Exhibits broad activity against multi drug resistant pathogens

Antibiotic resistance has become a major risk to community health over last few years because of antibiotics overuse around the globe and lack of new antibiotics development. Phages and their lytic enzymes are considered as an effective alternative of antibiotics to control drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Endolysins prove to be a promising class of antibacterials due to their specificity and less chances of resistance development in bacterial pathogens. Though large number of endolysins has been reported against gram positive bacteria, very few reported against gram negative bacteria due to the presence of outer membrane, which acts as physical barrier against endolysin attack to peptidoglycan. In the current study, we have expressed endolysin (RL_Lys) and holin fused at the N terminus of endolysin (RL_Hlys) from RL phage infecting multi drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both endolysin variants were found active against wide range of MDR strains P. aeruginosa, Klebsella pneumonia, Salmonella Sp. and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Broth reduction assay showed that RL_Hlys is more active than RL_Lys due to presence of holin, which assist the endolysin access towards cell wall. The protein ligand docking and molecular dynamic simulation results showed that C- terminus region of endolysin play vital role in cell wall binding and even in the absence of holin, hydrolyze a broad range of gram negative bacterial pathogens. The significant activity of RL-Lys and RL_Hlys against a broad range of MDR gram negative and positive bacterial pathogens makes them good candidates for antibiotic alternatives.

Cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles on Ruellia tuberosa: Photocatalytic degradation properties against crystal violet and coomassie brilliant blue

In the last few decades, nanotechnology-based approaches are emerging in biomedical and environmental applications, which include antimicrobial, anticancer, and photocatalytic applications. Green synthesis is advantageous than the conventional methods since it is environmentally friendly, economically viable and convenient to scale up for commercial production. The present study is aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract. AgNPs was analyzed using UV–visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, FESEM, EDAX, TEM, SAED and DLS analyses.SPR absorbance spectrum of the AgNPs was witnessed at 455 nm. Morphological characterization using AgNPs using FE-SEM with EDX, TEM with SAED and DLS analysis showed that the nanoparticles are in spherical shape with an average size of 55.65 nm. Further, antimicrobial activity of the green fabricated AgNPs was tested against Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial pathogens, which exhibited potential bactericidal activity. Also, the cytotoxic activity of AgNPs in A549 lung cancer cell line showed activity at the IC50 of 68 μg/mL as revealed by MTT assay. Further, apoptosis of A549 cells treated with AgNPs were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of AgNPs was assessed against crystal violet (CV) and Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB). Above-mentioned findings clearly demonstrate that AgNPs exhibited photocatalytic degradation and biomedical application.

Microbial mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles derived from Lactobacillus spp: Characterizations, antimicrobial and biocompatibility efficiencies

The present study reported that the green protocols for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with Lactobacillus spp extract are cost-effective and eco-friendly and the reports say that green ZnO nanoparticles have better antimicrobial and biocompatibility analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet absorption spectrum (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the ZnO nanoparticles. XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of a pure ZnO phase. The antimicrobial efficiencies have been conducted using ZnO nanoparticles against microbial strains such as Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus using the agar well method. The biocompatibility of the human colon cancer cell line (HT-29) was performed by MTT assay. Results of this study, MTT test measurements on cell viability studies have demonstrated the excellent biocompatibility activity against HT 29 cancer cell line. The effective antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles against different Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial and fungal pathogens was demonstrated by the amazing inhibition zones (mm). In this research, we concluded that bio-mediated ZnO nanostructures proved to be an excellent new antimicrobial and anticancer material.

Biosynthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Activity and Anticancer Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Using Anethum Graveolens Leaf Extract

Nanoparticles are used in various fields of science, especially medicine. Advent of nanotechnology has led to significant development in disease diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) play an important role in medical application, which makes them a viable alternative to common antibiotics. Amongst various methods, synthesis of Ag-NPs via green method has the advantage of being cost effective with no toxic agent. In this study, Spherical shape Ag-NPs with average size of 30 nm were synthetized using Anethum graveolens leaf extract as a green, cost-effective, non-toxic and environment-friendly source. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis (PSA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were performed to characterize synthesized Ag-NPs. The antibacterial activity of the synthetized Ag-NPs was evaluated against gram positive and negative bacterial pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at different concentrations of Ag-NPs were used to evaluate their antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogens. The results exhibited a desirable antibacterial property of Ag-NPs, suggested its usage as putative antibacterial agents. Moreover, the anticancer effect of green synthesized Ag-NPs was evaluated against MCF-7 lines and results showed that the cell viability is depended on the concentration of Ag-NPs. In short, this method provides a simple, cost effective and eco-friendly way to synthesis Ag-NPs which can be used as a suitable alternative to common antibiotics that use hazardous chemical agents, additionally, with anticancer effects against MCF-7 cells.

Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Solanum trilobatum extract for cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic studies

Biological methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials have been suggested as an ecofriendly alternative for chemical and physical methods. The synthesis of Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) is reported in this paper using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract as the fuel and nickel nitrate as the precursor through hot plate combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies exhibited a face centered cubic phase with high crytallinity and an average crystallite size of 23.21 nm. A cylindrical and rod like surface morphology was confirmed from morphological studies, and the average particle size calculated from High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) matches well with XRD results. The NiO formation with high purity phase was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used to study the optical properties, where a band gap of 3.59 eV and intense emission peaks near UV and visible region was observed. Magnetization studies of the synthesized nanomaterial exhibited ferromagnetic nature. The as-synthesized NiO nanomaterial was investigated towards A549 cell culture for cytotoxic activity, antibacterial activity against various gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens and Photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP), an effective endocrine disrupting chemical. The synthesized NiO nanoparticles exhibited superior performance towards A549 cells and effective antibacterial activity against gram positive pathogens than gram negative pathogens. It also proved to be a photo catalytically active material through effective degradation of 4-Chlorophenol under UV light, which is well evident from TOC experimental results.