Positive Agglutination Reaction Research Articles

Determination of Nonspecific Serological Reactions to Avian Mycoplasma Antigens

BOYER et al. (1960) reported serums from chickens and turkeys that were vaccinated with erysipelas bacterin (Duovax- Cynamid) subcutaneously would cause a positive plate agglutination reaction with PPLO antigen (A.S.L.) beginning by the eight day, and almost completely disappeared by the 29th day post vaccination. A similar trial with fowl cholera bacterin (Glandolac Company) in turkeys did not produce PPLO plate reactions.Olson et al. (1964) reported that serums from Mycoplasma synoviae-iniected birds would cause a serological reaction to Mycoplasma gallisepUcum serum plate antigen.Roberts and Olesuik (1967) reported that serums from birds inoculated with M. synoviae, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacterin, and avian Mycoplasma serotype P produced a rapid serum plate agglutination reaction with M. gallisepUcum antigen, but all were negative to the HI and tube agglutination test for M. gallisepticum. They reported this nonspecific reaction was due to a rheumatoid factor activity in the serum.Roberts (1969) reported on the…

The Nature of a Latex-Reacting Compound in Amniotic Fluid

Employing several methods, we investigated the identity of a substance in human amniotic fluid which gives a positive agglutination reaction with latex-albumin. It was shown that the substance was particulate and originated from the vernix caseosa.

The Latex Agglutination Test Applied to Liquor Amnii

Previous studies have suggested the possibility of diagnosing post-maturity by the demonstration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in amniotic fluid by latex agglutination tests. In our study we found that 72 of 75 samples of amniotic fluid obtained from mothers at varying times of gestation gave a positive latex agglutination reaction. The latex agglutination test, therefore, appears to be of no value for the diagnosis of post-maturity.

Detection of Fibrinogen Degradation Products by Use of Antibody Coated Latex Particles

SummaryA method for rapid determination of fibrinogen split products in human blood basing on agglutination of antibody coated latex particles is described. It’s sensitivity corresponds to that of Ouchterlony plates (17 μg/ml plasma). The result is available within 1 hr after drawing of blood. The method is semiquantitative with a at least as good reproducibility as the haemagglutination inhibition method. The reaction kinetics follow the principle of optimal proportion in a precipitin system.46 healthy people and 36 patients with various diseases were tested with the described method. 3 controls and 12 patients gave positive agglutination reactions that could not be attributed to the presence of split products. The mechanism of these side reactions which could be distinguished from the reactions due to fibrinogen degradation products is discussed. In the plasma of 10 patients split products could be demonstrated by the latex agglutination technic which was also successfully used to control the course of chronic intravascular coagulation in a patient with disseminated cancer of stomach. On account of the obtained results the method can be recommended as a fairly sensitive screening test for rapid bedside detection of fibrinogen degradation products.

らい性結節性紅斑の研究

Latex agglutination tests were made on leprosy sera using cardiolipin, sphingo- myelin, nucleoprotein, human gamma-globulin and thyroglobulin as antigens res- pectively. The tests were made on 24 lepromatous cases with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), 46 lepromatous cases without clinical evidence of ENL and 12 tuberculoid cases. In the cases with ENL, there were marked positive agglutination reactions of high antibody titers. These serum antibodies in cases of ENL could be detected in 100 per cent against cardiolipin, in 75 per cent against sphingomyelin, in 54 per cent against thyroglobulin and in 42 per cent against human gamma-globulin. However the antibody against nucleoprotein was found only in 4 per cent. In lepro- matous leprosy cases without ENL, positive results were observed in 46 per cent against cardiolipin, in 35 per cent against sphingomyelin and in l l per cent against human gamma-globulin. The antibody titers were of lower levels in lepromatous leprosy cases without. ENL than in those with ENL. In tuberculoid leprosy cases, the antibody against cardiolipin was found only in 10 per cent, and the antibody against sphingomyelin was found in 30 per cent. The titers of these antibodies were very low. The nucleoprotein and thyroglobulin antibodies have never been found either in lepro- matous cases without ENL or in tuberculoid cases.Those antibodies in serum from lepromatous leprosy cases, especially from those with ENL were heat-labile. On heating at 63°C for 10 min. latex agglutination became non-visible. These antibodies were found to he sensitive to the treatment with mercaptoethanol as indicated by the complete loss of latex agglutinating activity. In addition, it was found that the circulating antibodies is present in a rM-immuno- globulin. Repeated examination revealed the gradual decline of the antibody titers in ENL cases which are at convalescent stage. From the results, it is suggested that the clinical occurrences of arthritis, arthralgia, vasculitis, peripheral neuritis and/or neuralgia in addition to the skin eruptions in ENL of at the later stage of lepromatous leprosy is due to the antigen-antibody reac- tions against cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, human gamma-globulin or nucleoprotein.

An Evaluation of Immunologic Factors of Infertility

This paper reviews earlier studies identifying 3 possible immunologic causes of infertility: autoimmunity, ABO blood group incompatibility, and isoagglutination, and presents results of recent studies, including an analysis of the incidence of isoagglutinations, autoagglutinations, and ABO incompatibility in a group of couples with unexplained primary or secondary infertility and couples with an organic cause of infertility; incidence of antibodies in postpartum women, women in early pregnancy, unmarried women, and prostitutes; the relationship between ABO incompatibility and/or sperm-agglutinating antibodies to postcoital testing of cervical mucus; results of condom therapy in couples with positive isoagglutinins; a comparison of hemagglutination test with the microagglutination test; and preliminary studies of the immunoglobulin responsible for a positive microagglutination reaction. Results obtained from 292 women and 176 men indicated that in the 64 couples with primary unexplained infertility, 24 wives had isoagglutinins and 5 of the husbands had autoagglutinins. Among 32 couples with secondary unexplained infertility, 16 wives had isoagglutinins and only 1 husband had autogglutinins. 50 couples with organic causes of infertility and 25 unmarried women had a 20% incidence of isoagglutinins. Positive serologic reactions were found in 35 of 48 prostitutes. 15 of 44 women in the 1st trimester of pregnancy had isoagglutinins to at least 1 of 3-5 donor semen specimens, but serums of 7 of the women gave negative reactions when tested against the husband's ejaculate. The 2 women in the group who aborted had negative antibody titers. Only 1 of 29 serums from postpartum women gave positive agglutination reaction. Among 68 couples, 19 subjects had positive microagglutination test reactions but only 7 had positive hemagglutination reactions. No specific relationship was found between ABO incompatibility and the results of postcoital testing of cervical mucus in 58 women tested or positive circulating issoagglutinins in 62 women tested. 27 of 68 couples with primary unexplained infertility, 18 of 33 with secondary unexplained infertility, and 13 of 46 with organic causes of infertility had ABO incompatiblity. Autoagglutination, unless massive, was not incompatible with pregnancy. Circulating antisperm antibodies fell to undetectable levels after 2-12 months of condom therapy. Careful timing of ovulation is essential because of the increase in antibodies after reexposure. Results of condom therapy in terms of pregnancies were disappointing.

ひな白痢の非特異反応鶏に対する加熱抗原の野外応用試験成績

Recently, observation was made on some chickens which belonged to a group of birds showing normal rates of laying eggs with regular hatchability and manifesting no abnormal clinical signs, and which gave positive rapid agglutination reactions, although no organisms of Salmonella pullorum had been isolated from them. Then, investigation was carried out on them to clarify the presence of any antigen in them. It was the final purposes of the present study to eliminate such nonspecific reaction and make a more accurate diagnosis.1. Antigen was prepared from the 9-25 strain of Sal. pullorum. The organisms of this strain were suspended in buffer saline solution containing 0.5 per cent of phenol and 0.1 per cent of malachite green, so that a turbidity of ×100 of MacFarland tube 2 might be produced. Then they were heated at 80°C for 15 to 30 minutes.2. In the field, the heated antigen of Sal. pullorum was compared with the commercial antigen in rapid agglutination tests on 119 diseased chickens from which Sal. pullorum had been isolated, and 187 chickens showing nonspecific reactions. As a result, the heated antigen gave rise to reactions not so different from those given by the commercial antigen when the sera of the diseased chickens were examined.3. Of 2, 640 birds collected from 31 poultry farms and showing nonspecific reactions, 892 (34%) gave positive agglutination tests with the commercial antigen. On the other hand, 39 (1.7%) showed positive agglutination tests with the heated antigen. None of them, however, reacted within 30 seconds. In this procedure, the positive rate of nonspecific reaction against the heated antigen was quite different from that against the commercial antigen among the chickens which had manifested nonspecific reactions.

Human leptospirosis in Thailand

The results are reported of a serological investigation into the occurrence of leptospirosis in the general population throughout Thailand. Positive agglutination reactions for various serotypes of pathogenic leptospires were found in 22–35% of the 3746 people examined. The highest incidence occurred in south Thailand. The most common serotypes were L. grippotyphosa, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. bataviae. In two-thirds of these infections no symptoms were admitted.

SERONEGATIVE AND SEROPOSITIVE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: CLINICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES.

Article1 January 1964Seronegative and Seropositive Rheumatoid ArthritisClinical, Radiological, and Biochemical DifferencesJOHN H. BLAND, M.D., F.A.C.P., ESTELLE W. BROWN, B.S.JOHN H. BLAND, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, ESTELLE W. BROWN, B.S.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-1-88 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed according to the American Rheumatism Association criteria (1) have positive latex or sensitized sheep cell agglutination tests (seropositive); the remainder have negative tests (seronegative). There are certain characteristics and correlations in respect to seropositivity (2, 3). Most patients with subcutaneous nodules are in the seropositive group. Vasculitis is more common in patients with strongly positive agglutination reactions; positive reactors more frequently exhibit positive lupus erythematosus cell preparations. Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy are more frequent in seropositive patients. Latex or sheep cell agglutination tests, positive when rheumatoid arthritis is first diagnosed, usually remain positive....

The occurrence of rheumatoid factor in synovial fluid

The concentration of gamma globulin and the latex agglutination reaction of synovial fluid have been compared to serum values in eighty-three patients with various forms of rheumatic disease. In the majority of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and a positive agglutination reaction in serum, the reaction of synovial fluid also was positive, usually in a somewhat lower titer. This discrepancy may be related to the lower protein content of synovial fluid compared to serum. There were a number of cases, however, in which the agglutination reaction of synovial fluid was negative despite strongly positive agglutination reactions of the serum. It is possible that in some cases this may have been the result of recent intra-articular steroid treatment. There were several patients with suspected (possible or probable) rheumatoid arthritis in whom the agglutination reactions of the serum were negative and of the synovial fluid positive. The course of these subjects must be carefully followed before any conclusions can be drawn concerning the possible value of this observation in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is compatible, however, with the belief that production of the rheumatoid factor in such cases may be confined to the tissues of one or a few joints. The synovial fluid from a small group of patients with a variety of other rheumatic diseases showed negative reactions with the exception of two patients with ankylosing spondylitis and peripheral arthritis. The study of synovial fluid samples, which have a strong positive agglutination reaction, by means of immunoelectrophoresis and ultra-centrifugationand the effects of mercaptoethanol treatment indicate that the factor responsible for latex agglutination is a macroglobulin.

The Occurrence of Rheumatoid Factor in Synovial Fluid.

s1 April 1963The Occurrence of Rheumatoid Factor in Synovial Fluid.G. P. Rodnan, M.D., F.A.C.P., C. H. Eisenbeis, M.D. (Associate), A. S. Creighton, B.S.G. P. Rodnan, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, C. H. Eisenbeis, M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this author, A. S. Creighton, B.S.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-58-4-738_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAlthough the presence of rheumatoid factor in the blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis has now been well studied, comparatively little information is available concerning the occurrence of this material in synovial fluid. In the present investigation the concentrations of rheumatoid factor and gamma globulin in synovial fluid have been compared to the values found in simultaneous samples of serum from 68 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 15 patients with other forms of joint disease.In the majority of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and a positive serum agglutination reaction, the synovial fluid reaction was also positive, usually in... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Pittsburgh, Pa. (CI) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1963Volume 58, Issue 4Page: 738-738KeywordsAttentionBloodGlobulinsRheumatoid arthritisSynovial fluid Issue Published: 1 April 1963 PDF DownloadLoading ...

Comparison between serological reactions in hyaluronidase treated joint exudate and whole sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

SummaryAnalysis of the material consisting of joint exudate and sera from 62 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis has shown a difference between the number of positive streptococcal agglutination reactions in the joint exudate and sera. The hemagglutination test gave no difference in the number of positive reactions in sera and joint exudate treated with hyaluronidase.The streptococcal agglutination tests — L- and O-agglutination reactions — were thus positive in 64.5 % (L-aggl.) 69.4 % (O-aggl.) in hyaluronidase-treated joint exudate against only 51.6 % (L-aggl.) and 40.3 % (O-aggl.) of the sera.The author suggests that the difference can be due to the appearance of inhibitors in sera directed against streptococcal agglutination reactions during development of R.A. 10 cases of R.A. were followed for 2 years with repeated control of the serological reactions during the development of the R.A. This material suggests that the streptococcal agglutination reactions can temporarily disappear to recur later and be positive.The discrepancy between hemagglutination test and streptococcal agglutination reactions might be partly explained by the occurrence of inhibitors against streptococcal agglutination reactions in association with temporary improvement of the patients with a decrease in the activity in the individual cases.The investigations hitherto performed have thus shown a discrepancy between the character of the agglutinating factors in joint exudate and in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This difference argues against the assumption that the streptococcal agglutination reactions should be a manifestation of the same agglutinating factor as the hemagglutination test, for example. The streptococcal agglutination reactions should therefore be conceived as not being identical with other serological reactions and therefore as having a different diagnostic and prognostic value.

The FII agglutinating factors in serums of patients with non-rheumatic diseases

C UMULATIVE studies on the rheumatoid agglutinating factor (RAF) suggest an immunologic disturbance and a possible linkage of the factor to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis [I]. An important unanswered question is whether RAF is produced primarily in the abnormal metabolic processes of rheumatoid arthritis and closely related disorders or whether RAF may be evoked more broadly by various unrelated diseases. $ Positive agglutination reactions measured by various serologic methods have been reported at incidence levels of 70 to 95 per cent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Z--7], whereas only 1 to 3 per cent levels of positivity have been found in the majority of control populations [8]. However, by selection of patients for tests, based on a diagnosis of certain non-rheumatic diseases, the frequency of false positive agglutinating serums is greatly increased. Thus Kunkel, Simon and Fudenberg [9] found positive tests for RAF in six of sixty-one patients with disseminated sarcoidosis and Peltier and Christian [70] noted 11 per cent positive Cohn’s fraction II (Fn) tanned sheep cell tests in 140 patients with syphilis. In febrile illnesses [II] and virus infections [72] positive serologic reactions for RAF were encountered. Cobb, Lincoln and Lincoln [73] observed a surprisingly high number of positive euglobulin latex tests in patients with peptic ulcer and essential hypertension during a population survey. The over-all frequency of positive reactions for

Medical mission to the Yemen, Southwest Arabia, 1951. III. A serological and bacteriological survey.

Summary Bacteriological studies, carried out on 358 single fecal samples from persons residing in three geographically different locations in the Yemen, indicate that both Salmonella and Shigella infections occur commonly at all these locations. Scrological studies, using Salmonella nonspecific H and S. typhi O antigens, suggest that both typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are highly endemic. Brucella melitensis agglutination reactions on the serum of 260 persons in Ta'izz and San'a show that brucellosis is fairly prevalent in these localities, over 3 per cent having serum agglutinin titers of 1:40 or greater. Standard Kahn tests were done on 260 sera collected at Ta'izz and San'a. Over 50 per cent of the sera were positive in all age groups included in the survey series. Weil-Felix and complement fixation reactions on sera collected from persons residing in the mountainous districts of the Yemen indicate that both murine and epidemic forms of typhus are highly endemic in this section of the country. Positive OX-K agglutination reactions on the sera collected at Ta'izz raise the possibility that some form of mite typhus may be present.

Sulfamerazine Against Salmonella Pullorum in Adult Chickens

Several investigators report that certain sulfa drugs effectively reduce mortality from pullorum disease in baby chicks or turkey poults. This naturally gives rise to the speculation that perhaps some of the sulfas may be effective in eradicating localized Salmonella pullorum infection in adult breeding stock. Severen et al. (1945) report “at 9 months of age, female survivors which had been treated when 1 day old with sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine gave negative reactions to pullorum agglutination tests.” Cooper et al. (1947) report that sulfamerazine fed to pullorum reactor hens for 2 weeks was helpful in reducing markedly the number of positive agglutination reactions. Further, from 21 pullorum reactors treated, no pullorum organisms were recovered from 17 of the birds. In contrast to this, Gwatkin (1946), after using sulfamerazine in a natural infection among chicks, reports “Twenty-two of the survivors were examined bacteriologically 1 or 2 months later and S. pullorum was .

Collodion Particle Adsorption of Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

ConclusionsOnly a small amount of the virus of western equine encephalomyelitis is adsorbed upon collodion particles from the clear supernates of virus-containing tissue suspensions during an overnight period in the icebox. This amount is not sufficient to give a positive agglutination reaction with specific antiserum. Experiments with collodion particles sensitized with protein mixtures indicate that it will probably be necessary to concentrate and partially purify the W.E.E. virus in order to obtain collodion particles adequately sensitized for agglutination with virus antisera.

Comparison of Modified Antigens for the Avoidance of Cloudy Reactions in Agglutination Tests on Fowl Blood Serum

Various studies have been published suggesting modifications of technique for the avoidance of the cloudy reaction in conducting agglutination tests for carriers of Bacillary White Diarrhea. It therefore seemed desirable to undertake comparative tests of the modified antigens suggested to determine which would most regularly give clear cut positive or negative agglutination reactions without the interference of nonspecific precipitations. This paper gives the results of these studies.According to Hektoen1 some of the earliest reported observations regarding non-specific precipitations when fowl serum is used in sereologic tests were made by Sutherland and Mitra in 1914. These men were using fowl serum in the precipitin reaction and arrived at the opinion that avoiding freezing of the serum would serve as a means of preventing such non-specific precipitations.Hektoen (1918) doing similar work found the freezing of fowl serum was not wholly responsible for the non-specific precipitation, but he also suggests avoidance .

THE WILD RAT AS A CARRIER OF ORGANISMS OF THE PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS GROUP

SPONTANEOUS infections among laboratory rats due to organisms of the paratyphoid-enteritidis group are not uncommon.' It is important to determine the frequency of occurrence and local distribution of this group in wild rats because of the association of the organisms with food poisoning outbreaks. Savage and Read 2 report the isolation of true Gaertner bacilli (B. enteritidis) from 5 out of 41 rats all of which were probably infected about a year previous with rat virus. Later Savage and White 3 isolated 6 virulent strains of B. enteritidis from 96 rats obtained from two slaughter houses where bacterial bait had not been used for over a year. They also found that the blood of about 30 per cent of the rats gave positive agglutination reactions with B. enteritidis but not with B. aertrycke or B. suipestifer. It is desirable to know the distribution of the organisms in other localities. No investigations in this country have been reported. Since October, 1923, I have examined 114 wild rats caught in various parts of Chicago; 100 of these rats were obtained from three Chicago packing houses and 14 from a dog kennel. No rat viruses had ever been used around the packing houses; as far as I could determine none had been used in the neighborhood of the dog kennel. All rats were examined within 24 hours after death; most of them were killed in steel traps the night previous to the examination of their bodies. Immediately after cutting through the abdominal wall the viscera were examined for disease lesions but no characteristic gross pathology marked the organs of the rats from which organisms were isolated. A small piece of the liver; onethird to one-half of the spleen, and sections, 1 cm. in length, of both the large and small intestine with their contents were removed and placed in 1 per cent dextrose broth. Brilliant green was added to the broth into which the intestinal tis-sue and contents were placed. After 12 to 18 hours incubation four plates of each culture were made with Endo medium. Suspected colonies were picked from the plates after 24 hours incubation into Russell's medium. Ten organisms belonging to the paratyphoid-enteritidis group were isolated from six of the rats obtained from the packing houses. In four rats the liver and spleen were found infected with B. enteritidis,4 but only the spleen of a fifth. B. aertrycke 4 was isolated only once; it was found in the spleen in pure culture but in no other organ examined. In no instance were the organisms isolated from the intestinal tract of the infected rats.

PARATYPHOID FEVER: A SEROLOGIC STUDY IN RELATION TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY

During the course of epidemiologic investigations of typhoid fever the importance of the variability of clinical manifestations, the frequent failure of physicians to establish a diagnosis satisfactory to themselves, and the large percentage of cases in which positive agglutination reactions with the<i>Bacillus typhosus</i>were absent, particularly in water-borne epidemics, led to the observations herewith presented. It is the purpose of this paper to offer as a contribution the facts developed by serologic studies in certain epidemics to which I was assigned in charge under the direction of Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, Pennsylvania State Commissioner of Health. <h3>GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS</h3> By means of careful observations of the biochemistry and the agglutination properties of micro-organisms of the typho-colon type, it has been found that certain forms have characteristics which group them together; further, that their pathogenicity bears a somewhat definite relation to the grouping. For the purpose of study and

The Cause of a Positive Agglutination Reaction in Icterus

The Cause of a Positive Agglutination Reaction in Icterus