Population In Emergency Situations Research Articles

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕХАНИЗМОВ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ДОСТУПНОСТИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОМОЩИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The article considers the issues of availability of reserves of medicinal products intended to provide medicinal supplies to victims in the elimination of the medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies, taking into account the internal risks for territories with complex climatic and geographical characteristics. The purpose of the study was to develop approaches to increase the territorial availability of medicinal products in the Tomsk Region reserve in emergency situations. In the course of the research, content analysis of data from regulatory documents and scientific publications on the medicinal provision of the population in emergency situations was used; correlation analysis of geo-information, spatial-geographical and natural-climatic indicators characterizing the territorial availability of medicinal products. The typologization of the Tomsk region according to the degree of transport accessibility was performed using cluster analysis algorithms. It has been established that the main climatic and geographic factors creating the internal risks for the drug supply system of the disaster medicine service of the Tomsk region include dangerous hydrological phenomena, forest and peat fires, frosts and hurricanes. More than 85% of the territory of the Tomsk region belongs to hard-to-reach areas equated by climatic conditions to those of the Far North, which poses risks for the drug supply system. Based on the data of the geo-information services, the road accessibility of the Tomsk region districts in relation to the regional center has been considered, two directions «Eastern» and « Northern» have been identified including 5 and 11 respectively. It was established that direct interaction between the districts belonging to these areas bypassing the regional center is extremely difficult. In the process of typologization of the districts according to the degree of transport accessibility in the direction "East", one group with a high degree of transport accessibility between 3 districts that are remote from the regional center has been identified. Two groups of districts have been identified in the North direction. The first group, characterized by high transport accessibility, included 5 districts, including the regional center. The second group with low transport accessibility included 6 districts. The optimal area for the placement of an additional point of medicines of the Tomsk region reserve has been justified, taking into account the transport infrastructure of the districts, natural and climatic risks, socio-demographic factors and the standard time for the organization of drug provision in an emergency situation. With the use of geo-information technologies, a model of decentralization of the reserve has been developed to increase the availability of drug care by the regional disaster medicine service of the Tomsk region in the context of internal risks.

CIVIL PROTECTION IN EMERGENCIES. A CASE STUDY OF THE POMERANIAN VOIVODESHIP

The author of the article adopts a comprehensive approach to the issue of protection and safety of the population in emergency situations using the example of emergency management during the 2017 storm in Pomeranian Voivodeship. The main objective of the presented research is to identify threats to the safety of the population, as well as to propose measures to increase the level of security in emergency situations. A special role in this regard is played by the involve-ment of Volunteer Fire Departments, which provide assistance to residents and protect property and the environment from the negative effects of natural disasters. The study proposes organiza-tional and legal changes, training programs and recommendations for the reorganization of the civil protection system in Poland.

Expanding the functionality of IoT devices in conditions of emergency situations

The article is devoted to the expansion of functional devices of the Internet of Things (IoT) in order to increase the safety of the population in emergency situations, in particular in the context of natural disasters and military threats. After analyzing the latest research and publications, a conclusion was made about the relevance of the development of IoT technologies in the context of modern challenges for the safety of citizens. Special emphasis is placed on the use of innovative approaches to solving public safety problems, particularly for persons with disabilities, such as the hearing impaired or the elderly. The article describes the implementation of software in the Python programming language to visually display the status of a missile threat or artillery fire using Yeelight smart lamps, which use colored light to convey information about the presence or absence of danger messages. The proposed solutions include synchronous operation of devices in real time, connection to reliable sources of messages and provision of stable communication between devices and the server. The project demonstrated an innovative approach to solving security problems in crisis situations, in particular martial law, promoting a quick and accurate response to valuable threats and protecting the population.

Անձի պատրաստվածության գնահատումը տարհանման և պատսպարման նախապատրաստական փուլում / Assessment of Human Readiness at the Preparatory Stage of Evacuation and Shelter

In emergency situations and during military operations, the preparedness of people is of particular importance. Education and preparation of the population for emergency situations and civil defense issues is carried out in advance in peaceful and regular conditions. However, people always need practical, concrete tools that will allow them to collect necessary information in emergency situations in a concise and practical form. In this regard, the authors of the present paper propose the use of the “Personal Readiness Assessment Checklist” they have developed, which indicates clear stages in the preparation of forms for protecting the population in emergency situations. The authors advise all readers to complete the application and use it to increase their own and others’ protection.

Analysis of regulatory and legal support in the sphere of population protection under military state

The article analyzes the regulatory framework of Ukraine to ensure the protection of the population under martial law. The main attention is focused on the Constitution of Ukraine, as well as the Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine, defining its advantages. The conclusion is made about the duplication of the Laws of Ukraine "On the Civil Defense of Ukraine" and "On the Legal Basis for Civil Protection" in terms of terminology. An attempt was made to divide the formation of civil protection of Ukraine into three stages. An important step in the development of the system of protection of the population in emergency situations was the Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Emergencies of a Man-made and Natural Character", which fixed the organizational and legal foundations for the protection of citizens of Ukraine, foreigners, stateless persons located on the territory of Ukraine. protection of industrial and socаial facilities of the environment, from man-made and natural emergencies It is proved that in today's conditions in Ukraine, the regulatory and legal mechanism in the field of civil protection, in particular, regarding the risks of occurrence and development of emergency situations, needs to be improved. Within the framework of the current regulatory and legal mechanism for protecting the population during emergencies, there are no clear approved instructions for the implementation of the provisions of legislative and subordinate regulations to prevent the risks of occurrence and development of emergencies, and there is also no effective mechanism for monitoring the prevention of emergencies.

ОХРАНА ЗДОРОВЬЯ ДЕТЕЙ В БАШКИРИИ В 1920-е ГОДЫ: ПОИСК ПУТЕЙ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The article is devoted to the consequences of the disaster that befell Bashkiria: the famine of 1921-1922, the developed epidemics and mass diseases that negatively affected the demographic situation in the region, the health of residents, especially children. Demographic indicators, including birth and death rates, have deteriorated significantly, and the rate of reproduction has declined. The author examines the formation of the health authorities in the Bashkir ASSR in the 1920s on the basis of archival documents and published sources. She analyzes the activities of local governments with the assistance of central authorities and departments to take the necessary measures to support the population in emergency situations of famine and epidemics, and the organize medical care for the population. Particular attention is paid to the organization of medical care for children, especially orphans, and the influence of objective and subjective factors on the promotion of social help. Particular attention is paid to the organization of medical care for children, especially orphans, the influence of objective and subjective factors on the provision of social assistance. The author reveals difficulties and omissions that influenced the solution of a social problem of national importance.

Current requirements for self-rescuers – small filtering respiratory protection devices for the population in emergency situations

Relevance.Among the many problems to be solved for ensuring the safety of the population, safety in overcrowded facilities in emergency situations (ES) is of great importance; here, self-rescuers – portable personal respiratory protection equipment (RPE), can help.Intention:To analyze organizational problems associated with the use of civilian self-rescuers, including self-rescuers for children.Methodology.We studied arrays of domestic publications in the Russian Science Citation Index, patents for inventions and utility models of the Federal Institute of Industrial Property of Rospatent, catalogs of RPEs from manufacturing companies.Results and Discussion.Modern domestic filtering civilian self-rescuers, including self-rescuers for children are described. Analysis of the protective properties of domestic self-rescuers shows that they can differ significantly from each other, and sometimes have different purposes. It is necessary to develop and introduce cheaper small self-rescuers for easy use in emergencies. A number of general requirements can be imposed on self-rescuers for children: these should be relatively universal and provide protection from the main possible emergencies; ensure the greatest efficiency in protecting the respiratory system from toxic vapors / gases, highly dispersed and finely dispersed aerosols; be lightweight, small and easily accessible.Conclusion.A number of the problems considered in the article are of a complex nature, even in the sphere of responsibility of the EMERCOM of Russia; therefore, their solution is possible only with an appropriate attitude towards them.

Основные итоги деятельности Всероссийского центра медицины катастроф «Защита» ФМБА России в 2020 г. и задачи на 2021 год

The objective of the study based on the analysis and evaluation of key performance indicators of the all-Russian center for disaster medicine "Zaschita" FMBA Rossii (WCMC "Protection" in the Center) and disaster medical Service (QMS), Russian Ministry of health to develop proposals and to identify priority areas for further development and improvement of the system of medical support of the population in emergency situations (es). Materials and methods of research. Materials research: normative and methodical documents governing the organization and operation of the all-Russian service for disaster medicine (VSMK), medical aid to victims in emergency and medical evacuation; records of the regional centers of emergency medical care and disaster medicine (SMP RC and IC), the territorial centers of emergency medicine (TSMC) and WCMC "Protection" on the activity of the elimination of the health consequences of emergencies in 2020 etc. Research methods: analytical, statistical, direct observation method, logical and information modeling. The results of the study and their analysis. In 2020, 2108 emergencies with health consequences occurred in the Russian Federation, excluding the COVID-19 pandemic, which is almost 25% less than in 2019. This situation can be explained by a decrease in the intensity of transport operations and the activity of the population during the pandemic. In order to further develop the system of medical support for the population in emergencies, the main tasks for 2021 are formulated.

Expediency, features of development and activities of pharmacy places with the production of medicines in the area of emergency situations

The article analyzes the legislative and regulatory acts that relate to pharmaceutical assistance to the population in emergency situations of civil and military time. The expediency of the development and operation of pharmacies in adapted premises with the right of extemporal manufacture of medicines in emergency situations is justified. The need for the development and implementation of a set of normative and methodological solutions aimed at improving the material and technical base of pharmacies and preparing pharmaceutical personnel for sustainable operation in extreme emergency situations is substantiated.

Requirements Justification for the Systems Providing Rapid Information to the Population in Emergency Situations in Special Conditions

Раскрыта актуальность обоснования требований к системе оперативного информирования населения о ЧС в особых условиях. Приведены основные научные результаты исследований по обоснованию требований к системам, обеспечивающим оперативное информирование о ЧС в целях защиты населения в особых условиях.

ABOUT OBLIGATIONS OF TEACHING OF LABOR SAFETY DISCIPLINES, LIFE SAFETY AND CIVIL PROTECTION IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The growing trend in the number of natural and man-made emergencies and the significance of the consequences objectively force us to consider them as a serious threat to the security of an individual, society and the environment, as well as to the stability of the country's economy. Therefore, it is obvious that training on labor protection, life safety and protecting the population at work and in everyday life is relevant and compulsory. Despite this, there is an attempt to exclude from the curriculum of higher educational institutions disciplines on labor protection, life safety and the protection of the population and territories. The purpose of the work is to analyze the legislation of Ukraine on the compulsory education students of higher educational institutions in the disciplines: “Life safety”, “Fundamentals of labor protection”, “Labor protection in the industry”, “Civil protection”. The main legislative and regulatory acts, which indicate the mandatory study of these disciplines, include: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Labor Protection”, the Civil Protection Code of Ukraine, and the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On Approving the Procedure for Training the Population in Emergency Situations”, State Standard of Ukraine DSTU 5058: 2008. Safety in emergency situations. Emergency training. Key Points, letters of the Ministry Education of Ukraine “On standard programs of educational disciplines “Life Safety”, “Civil Protection”, “On standard programs of educational disciplines “Fundamentals of labor protection”, “Labor protection in the industry”, “On training students in life safety issues”. The necessity of the section “Labor Protection” in graduation work of bachelors and masters or passing a comprehensive state exam with labor protection issues for bachelors was also noted. Therefore, the exclusion of the above disciplines and the relevant sections in the graduate work of bachelors and masters is in general contrary to the legislation of Ukraine, including legislation on higher education, which is unacceptable.

Variation in accessibility of the population to an Emergency Medical Communication Centre: a multicentre observational study

BackgroundAccess to an Emergency Medical Communication Centre is essential for the population in emergency situations. Handling inbound calls without delay requires managing activity, process and outcome measures of the Emergency Medical Communication Centre to improve the workforce management and the level of service. France is facing political decisions on the evolution of the organisation of Emergency Medical Communication Centres to improve accessibility for the population. First, we aim to describe the variation in activity between Emergency Medical Communication Centres, and second, to explore the correlation between process measures and outcome measures.MethodsUsing telephone activity data extraction, we conducted an observational multicentre study of six French Emergency Medical Communication Centres from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017. We described the activity (number of incoming calls, call rate per 1000 inhabitants), process measure (agent occupation rate), and outcome measure (number of calls answered within 20 s) by hourly range and estimated the correlation between them according to the structural equation methods.ResultsA total of 52,542 h of activity were analysed, during which 2,544,254 calls were received. The annual Emergency Medical Communication Centre call rate was 285.5 [95% CI: 285.2–285.8] per 1000 inhabitants. The average hourly number of calls ranged from 29 to 61 and the call-handled rate from 75 to 98%. There are variations in activity between Emergency Medical Communication Centres. The mean agent occupation rate was correlated with the quality of service at 20 s (coefficient at − 0.54). The number of incoming calls per agent was correlated with the mean occupation rate (coefficient at 0.67). Correlation coefficients varied according to the centres and existed between different process measures.ConclusionsThe activity dynamics of the six Emergency Medical Communication Centres are not identical. This variability, illustrating the particularity of each centre, must be accurately assessed and should be taken into account in managerial considerations. The call taker occupation rate is the leverage in the workforce management to improve the population accessibility.

Software products for prevention and elimination of fires and emergencies in order to reduce material damage, the number of dead and injured people

Relevance. Professional activity of firefighters and rescuers refers to dangerous, stressful and heavy types of work associated with significant risk to life and health. Injuries, disability and mortality among the personnel of the Ministry of emergency situations directly depend on working conditions, occupational activities, the nature of the functions performed.Intention. To demonstrate effects of software products in the field of fire safety on meeting the information needs of managers and employees performing the tasks of prevention, extinguishing and elimination of consequences of fires and emergencies. Timely prevention and mitigation of fire and emergency consequences reduces material damage as well as the number of dead and injured people.Methodology. The article presents a brief description of the software products available in the Fund of computerized algorithms and programs of EMERCOM of Russia in the field of fire safety, which are designed to help in solving social and psychological problems of safety of the population and territories in emergency situations. The software products are designed to provide the heads of the subjects of the Russian Federation with the possibility of automating the planning of measures for the prevention and elimination of fires and emergencies. Software products contain information and references on prevention and elimination of fires and emergencies as well as guidance on the actions of officials and the population in emergency situations, both natural and man-made, and also regulatory and methodological documents for making decisions in the field of safety of the population and territories in emergency situations.Results and Discussion. Software products actually increase effectiveness of safety measures in emergency situations, preparedness of units of he State fire service, as well as help to make informed decisions in the field of social protection of employees. Based on one of the software products, the possibility of automating the presentation and analysis of statistical data on the number of fires, the number of fire fatalities, injuries and related direct material damage is shown.Conclusion. The use of software products in the field of fire safety ultimately reduces the risk of injury and death, the level of material losses from fires and other emergencies.

MODERN STRATEGY OF HEALTH PROTECTION AND MEDICAL MEASURES IN RADIATION ACCIDENTS

A review of the complex of health protection and medical measures ensuring the prevention of deterministic and reducing the probability of stochastic effects of irradiation during radiation accidents is presented. It is shown that the most effective methods of ensuring radiation safety at radiation accidents are protection by time, protection by distance and shielding of the irradiated object. Medical means of anti-radiation protection are used in addition to collective and individual technical means when it is impossible to avoid over-standard radiation exposure. Classification of antiradiation medicines, including radioprotectors, means for stimulating the radioresistance of the organism, means for preventing and stopping the primary reaction to irradiation, means for preventing and treating injures from irradiation by incorporated radionuclides, means for treating acute bone marrow syndrome, and means for treating local radiation injures of the skin and mucous are given. The list of medical means of antiradiation protection registered in the Russian Federation is presented. Characteristics of first-aid kits, medical bags, medical equipment kits, medical evacuation devices intended for the first aid and medical assistance in the outbreak of a radiation accident and at the stages of medical evacuation are given. The nomenclature of medicines and volumes of the reserve of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation intended for liquidation of consequences of emergency situations of radiation nature are given. It is concluded that the Russian Federation has developed and implemented a modern strategy to protect personnel, rescuers and the population in emergency situations of radiation nature, including organizational, technical, hygienic and medical measures in the outbreak of a radiation accident and at the stages of medical evacuation.

Работа в структурах медицинских служб гражданской обороны и чрезвычайных ситуаций как составная часть квалификационной категории врача-психиатра

Introduction : the predicted increase in anthropogenic, technogenic, social, military, possible space disasters and emergencies attracts the attention of health organizers, doctors of specialists and especially psychologists and psychiatrists in connection with the need to provide assistance to the victims, as well as to develop principles, strategies and tactics, methods and means of providing timely psycho-psychiatric care. The aim of the work: was to justify the need for the psychiatrist to prepare for work in emergency situations of catastrophes, natural disasters and terrorist acts. Materials and methods : five qualifying works of a psychiatrist of the highest category are analyzed: 1997 (analysis of work for 1994–1996); 2002 (1999–2001); 2008 (2005–2007); 2013 (2010–2012) and 2018 (2015–2017) for the work of the Medical Service of Civil Defense (MSCD) and emergency situations as an integral part of the mandatory requirements for the execution of documents when they are submitted to the Attestation Commission for the assignment of qualification medical category in psychiatry. The depth of the study was 24 years. Methodical approaches were used: system, complex, dynamic, normative, quantitative and situational. Methods of analysis included: historical, analytical and comparison. Methods were used: groupings, continuous and selective observations. Results : the work of a psychiatrist in the structure of MSCD and ES is analyzed from the standpoint of: 1. Personal participation in the development of educational and methodological and lecture materials for the preparation of the population for action in the context of civil defense and emergencies; 2. The actions of the doctor in the workplace in a medical institution with possible «everyday» emergencies; 3. Work in the medical-nursing brigade of the civil defense system; 4. Participation in the structure of psycho-psychiatric care for the population in emergencies. Conclusions 1. In accordance with normative legal documents and official duties, a psychiatrist must provide psychiatric assistance to the population in emergency situations and know the organization and activities of the medical service of civil defense. 2. A psychiatrist for successful work should undergo special training in the basic modules of the Psychological and Psychiatric Service of the Emergency Situations: 1) The Department of Anonymous Psychological and Psychiatric Assistance by telephone; 2) an advisory visiting team of psycho-psychiatric care; 3) Department of psychological and psychiatric care; 4) Cabinet of psychological and psychiatric care. 3. Medical workers who survived emergencies should be treated as victims, who need comprehensive psycho-psychiatric care and careful corporate support, with a gradual return to normal occupational loads. 4. The contingent of professional rescuers under conditions of emergencies is exposed to the extreme factors of the current situation and is a risk group for the development of affective spectrum disorders. They may experience psycho-pathological disorders of exogenous organic origin with a tendency to gradually formulate variants of psycho-organic syndrome and polysystemic psychosomatic disorders. 5. The multifaceted work of a psychiatrist in the MSCD system and the emergency situation should be a weighty additional argument in favor of a positive decision on awarding the qualification category declared by him.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF NATURAL CHARACTER

The epidemiologists of the whole world today special attention is paid to a relatively new direction of research is the epidemiology of emergency situations, studying features of manifestation of epidemic process in areas of catastrophes of natural and technogenic character. The article, based on a brief literature review of the epidemiology of emergency situations, the basic epidemiological features of infectious diseases of the population in emergency situations of natural character, allowing you to more effectively plan and carry out sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures

Преимущества и недостатки существующих оконечных средств автоматизированной системы централизованного оповещения

Проведен обзор существующих технических средств передачи сигналов и экстренной информации об угрозе или возникновении чрезвычайных ситуаций, рассмотрены преимущества и недостатки существующих оконечных средств оповещения, а также вопросы, касающиеся озвучивания территории техническими средствами речевого доведения информации. В результате сравнительного анализа используемых оконечных средств оповещения предложены способы их совершенствования.

Управление организацией первоочередного жизнеобеспечения населения, пострадавшего в чрезвычайных ситуациях

Управление организацией первоочередного жизнеобеспечения населения, пострадавшего в чрезвычайных ситуациях

Insurance of natural and technological risks in the interest of social support of population in emergency situations

The article presents data on the prospects for the insurance of natural and man-made risks for social support of the population in the elimination of large-scale emergencies. Critically analyzed the basic position maintained in this occasion of discussion. On the basis of the analysis of the practice of emergency management determined the possible consequences of strengthening the role of insurance in addressing issues of social support of the population during liquidation of emergency situations. The authors justified the conclusion that the establishment of a transparent institutional environment in this area is possible only with the support of the state.

The psychological and psychiatric services in emergencies

The department of psychological and psychiatric care in emergencies is functioning more than 20 years. The department organized emergency care in 22 emergency situations for last 10 years. There are air crashes, fire, acts of terrorism, natural disasters, technological disasters, accidents in transport, military operations. In air crashes is an important work with families, assisting in the formal procedures (identification of dead bodies), social issues. Support of the psychiatrist is necessary at all stages of the identification dead bodies and completion of the different forms. In case of fire are emergency concerns relatives of victims and injured in clinics. Burns is the cause of intoxication and changing the behavior of patients. The main help is an ensure bed rest and medication help to correct the behavior. Specialized help is diverse in the terrorist attacks. Psychiatrists serve as a link between the injured and relatives. Psychiatrists help investigators during questioning injured. Help is organized in hospitals, ambulances, telephone and interaction with the media. Natural disasters are of special character. They are always sudden and incorrect organization help can bring a lot of casualties. Psychiatrists decide health issues and are in involved social issues injured. Helping to refugees is a special character. Medical care is complicated. They are citizens of another country. Organization of psychological and psychiatric care to the population in emergency situations involves the creation of psychological and psychiatric services, which provide the necessary measures at the federal, regional and local levels and in epicenter of emergency.