Polysaccharide Peptide Research Articles

Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Peptide Attenuates Skin Flap Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Thioredoxin-Dependent Manner.

Thioredoxin-1 plays an important role in protecting the skin flap from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide is the major component of G. lucidum, which possesses potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity. This study aims to determine whether G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide could attenuate skin flap ischemia-reperfusion injury and to investigate possible mechanisms involved. G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide was administered to mice and epidermal cells before ischemia-reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation, respectively. The thioredoxin-1 inhibitor PX-12 was introduced in the counterevidence group. The flap tissues and cells were tested by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUDP end-labeling assay, superoxide dismutase and malonic dialdehyde measurement, and Western blot. The survival rates of ischemia-reperfusion flaps and hypoxia/reoxygenation cells increased significantly following G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide treatment. Mitigated tissue damage, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced antioxidant activity were observed in ischemia-reperfusion flaps replenishing G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide. Western blot analysis revealed thioredoxin-1 depletion and a remarkable increase in ASK-1, phospho-p38, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP abundance in ischemia-reperfusion flaps and hypoxia/reoxygenation cells, whereas G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide dramatically up-regulated thioredoxin-1 and reduced the apoptosis-related protein expression. However, the rescue effect of G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide was notably blunted by supplementation with PX-12. The current investigation highlights the protective role of G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide in skin flap ischemia-reperfusion injury through a thioredoxin-1-dependent antioxidant and antiapoptotic pathway. This initial foray demonstrates the therapeutic value of G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide against ischemia-reperfusion and facilitates the understanding of its dermoprotective mechanism.

Polysaccharide peptide isolated from grass-cultured Ganoderma lucidum induces anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in the human U251 glioma cell line.

The Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) mushroom is one of the most extensively studied functional foods, known for its numerous health benefits, including the inhibition of tumor cell growth. The present study assessed the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of a novel G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GL-PP) in human glioma U251 cells, which was purified from grass-cultured G. lucidum. GL-PP is a glycopeptide with an average molecular weight of 42,635 Da and a polysaccharide-to-peptide ratio of 88.70:11.30. The polysaccharides were composed of l-arabinose, d-mannose and d-glucose at a molar ratio of 1.329:0.372:2.953 and a total of 17 amino acids were detected. The results of the current study demonstrated that GL-PP significantly inhibited U251 cellular proliferation. The proportion of G0/G1 phase cells and sub-G1 phase cells significantly increased as the concentration of GL-PP increased, as did the activity of caspase-3. These results indicate that GL-PP directly inhibited human glioma U251 proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis.

Effect of Ganoderma Polysaccharide Peptide on Tumor Growth and Metastasis of Tumor-bearing Mice with Sleep Fragmentation

Effect of Ganoderma Polysaccharide Peptide on Tumor Growth and Metastasis of Tumor-bearing Mice with Sleep Fragmentation

Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide Peptide Alleviates Hepatoteatosis via Modulating Bile Acid Metabolism Dependent on FXR-SHP/FGF

Background/Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a series of pathologic changes ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis, which may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) has therapeutic effect on NAFLD. Methods: Ob/ ob mouse model and ApoC3 transgenic mouse model were used for exploring the effect of GLPP on NAFLD. Key metabolic pathways and enzymes were identified by metabolomics combining with KEGG and PIUmet analyses and key enzymes were detected by Western blot. Hepatosteatosis models of HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes were used to further confirm the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD. Results: GLPP administrated for a month alleviated hepatosteatosis, dyslipidemia, liver dysfunction and liver insulin resistance. Pathways of glycerophospholipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis were involved in the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD. Detection of key enzymes revealed that GLPP reversed low expression of CYP7A1, CYP8B1, FXR, SHP and high expression of FGFR4 in ob/ob mice and ApoC3 mice. Besides, GLPP inhibited fatty acid synthesis by reducing the expression of SREBP1c, FAS and ACC via a FXR-SHP dependent mechanism. Additionally, GLPP reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and the content of TG in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes induced by oleic acid and palmitic acid. Conclusion: GLPP significantly improves NAFLD via regulating bile acid synthesis dependent on FXR-SHP/FGF pathway, which finally inhibits fatty acid synthesis, indicating that GLPP might be developed as a therapeutic drug for NAFLD.

Polysaccharide peptides from Coriolus versicolor: A multi-targeted approach for the protection or prevention of alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this paper, we investigated the preventive effect of polysaccharide peptide (PSP), isolated from JNPF-CV05 strain of Coriolus versicolor, on alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Our data demonstrated that PSP supplementation attenuated ethanol-induced aspartate transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and microscale malondialdehyde (MDA). Pre-treatment with PSP also significantly decreased ethanol-induced plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), and endotoxin concentration. Mechanistically, PSP treatment upregulated ethanol stimulated the hepatic expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) to inhibit hepatic lipid accumulation. In addition, PSP markedly reduced ethanol stimulated inflammation via inhibiting Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediated nuclear transcription factor- kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In conclusion, PSP is effective in ameliorating ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and injury through reducing lipid accumulation during the development of fatty liver and alleviating endotoxin-mediated inflammation. Our findings strengthen that PSP has potential as a dietary supplement or prescription for ALD.

The role of polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum as a potent antioxidant against atherosclerosis in high risk and stable angina patients

ObjectivesAntioxidants can reduce oxidative radicals that affect the early phase of atherogenesis, that is endothelial dysfunction. Polysaccharide Peptide (PsP) derived from Ganoderma lucidum has an active substance in the form of β-glucan. Previous studies have proven the PsP of Ganoderma lucidum as an effective antioxidant in atherosclerotic rats and shows no toxicity in animal model. This study aims to prove the effect of PsP as potent antioxidant in high risk and stable angina patients. MethodThis is a clinical trial conducted to 37 high risk and 34 stable angina patients, which were determined based on ESC Stable CAD Guidelines and Framingham risk score, with pre and post test design without control group. The parameters are superoxide dimustase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, circulating endothelial cell (CEC) and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) counts. The patients were given PsP 750mg/day in 3 divided dose for 90days. Paired t-test was performed for normally distributed data, and Wilcoxon test for not normally distributed data, and significant level of p≤0,05. ResultsSOD level in high risk patients slightly increased but not statistically significant with p=0,22. Level of SOD in stable angina group significantly increased with p=0,001. MDA concentration significantly reduced in high risk and stable angina patients with p=0.000. CEC significantly reduced both in high risk and stable angina patients, with p=0.000 in both groups. EPC count significantly reduced in high risk and stable angina with p=0.000. ConclusionPsP of Ganoderma lucidum is a potent antioxidant against pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in stable angina and high risk patients

Polysaccharide Peptide-Induced Virus Resistance Depends on Ca2+ Influx by Increasing the Salicylic Acid Content and Upregulating the Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plant viral diseases cause severe economic losses in agricultural production. The development of biosource-derived antiviral agents provides an alternative strategy to efficiently control plant viral diseases. We previously reported that the exogenous application of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) exerts significant inhibitive effects on Tobacco mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana tabacum. In this study, we studied in additional detail the mechanism by which PSP can induce virus resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that PSP significantly induced Ca2+ influx and increased the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid (SA) in the A. thaliana cells. A gene with a toll interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) was obtained by RNA sequencing in combination with the screening of the gene-deletion mutants of A. thaliana. The LRR gene was deleted, and the inductive response of A. thaliana to PSP was significantly attenuated after mutation. After the heterologous overexpression of the LRR gene in N. benthamiana, the SA content and PR1 gene expression in N. benthamiana were significantly increased. Through analyses of the LRR gene expression and the ability of A. thaliana to resist Cucumber mosaic virus following the treatments of PSP and PSP + ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, it was shown that PSP enhanced the virus resistance of A. thaliana by inducing Ca2+ influx and subsequently improving expression of the LRR gene, which further increased the SA content.

The inhibitory effects of polysaccharide peptides (PsP) of Ganoderma lucidum against atherosclerosis in rats with dyslipidemia.

Atherosclerosis occurs as a result of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposits oxidation. Endothelial dysfunction is an early process of atherosclerosis. Restoring endothelial lining back to normal by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is critical for slowing or reversing vascular disease progression. Oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is increased in dyslipidemia so that antioxidant agent is required to prevent destruction of blood vessels. This study aims to report Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (PsP) effects in atherogenic process by measuring H2O2 level, IL-10 level, and EPC number in blood serum, and also intima-media thickness of aorta in dyslipidemia Wistar rat model by giving them a hypercholesterol diet (HCD). The study was an experimental in vivo post-test with control group design. Thirty-five Wistar rats (Rattus norwegicus) were divided into five groups (normal diet group, HCD group, and hypercholesterol groups that received 50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg bodyweight PsP). Each treatment group showed significant results for the administration of PsP using the one-way analysis of variance test (p<0.050) for the reduction of H2O2 (p = 0.003), levels of IL-10 (p = 0.027), number of EPC in the blood serum (p = 0.011), and the intima-media thickness of the aorta (p = 0.000). PsP from G. lucidum is a potent antioxidant and may prevent atherogenesis process in patients with dyslipidemia. The optimum doses of PsP in this study is 300 mg/kg bodyweight. Further studies are required to determine the antioxidant effects of PsP G. lucidum and its benefits in the management of dyslipidemia.

Emerging Roles of Ganoderma Lucidum in Anti-Aging.

Ganoderma lucidum is a white-rot fungus that has been viewed as a traditional Chinese tonic for promoting health and longevity. It has been revealed that several extractions from Ganoderma lucidum, such as Ethanol extract, aqueous extract, mycelia extract, water soluble extract of the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia, Ganodermasides A, B, C, D, and some bioactive components of Ganoderma lucidum, including Reishi Polysaccharide Fraction 3, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides I, II, III, IV, Ganoderma lucidum peptide, Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide, total G. lucidum triterpenes and Ganoderic acid C1 could exert lifespan elongation or related activities. Although the use of Ganoderma lucidum as an elixir has been around for thousands of years, studies revealing its effect of lifespan extension are only the tip of the iceberg. Besides which, the kinds of extractions or components being comfrimed to be anti-aging are too few compared with the large amounts of Ganoderma lucidum extractions or constituients being discovered. This review aims to lay the ground for fully elucidating the potential mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum underlying anti-aging effect and its clinical application.

Evaluation subchronic toxic effect of polysaccharide peptide on lipid and hematologic profile in Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar

Objective: There are many unknown safety for consumption in a compound of medicinal plants, one of them is polysaccharide peptide (PSP) of the extract of Ganoderma lucidum. Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract is a bioactive substances found in the mushroom that is expected to be a drug that is safe for consumption. It is an antioxidant that has been used in the wider community as a chronic hepatopathic medicine, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. PSP cannot be circulated to the public before passing some toxicity tests to obtain information about its safety and to investigate the effect. There are many things that can be assessed from this toxicity test, some of them are lipid profile that includes (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and TG) and blood profile (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).Materials and Methods: This study used experimental post test only control group design. The sample consisted of 80 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain (40 males and 40 females) were divided into normal group, the group with the administration of a dose PSP 300, 600, 1200 mg/kg/hr) for 90 days. Parameters measured were lipid and hematological profile.Results and Discussion: The result of the analysis using ANOVA showed no significant effect on the administration of PSP on the level lipid and hematologic profile. The examination showed not significant at the lipid profile (cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL) and leukocytes. It is same as platelet and erythrocytes profile whereas there is only PCT, MCV, MCH, RBC, and RDW changed significantly, but still within normal limits.Conclusion: Administration Polysaccharide peptide in subchronic study mostly showed no significant effect on the levels of lipid profiles and hematology even though there is significant effect in some parameters but it still within the normal limit. Findings from this study suggest that Polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum is safe and can be exploited in healthcare delivery systems.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.409-415

Effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide on phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells from rat peripheral blood

Objective To investigate the effects of ganoderma (GL-PP) lucidum polysaccharide peptide on the phenotype and function of rat dendritic cells (DC). Methods Monocytes isolated from rat peripheral blood were induced into DC by being cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4. Flow cytometry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and mixed lymphocyte response were used to determine the effect of GL-PP on DC. Results The ratio of cell uptake fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC)- dextran (FITC-dextran) in GL-PP group [(35.33±4.62)%, (28.18±3.84)%, (26.52±2.01)%] was significantly lower than the control group [(58.42±3.84)%, P<0.01]; The expression of surface molecules major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-Ⅱ, CD40, CD80 and CD86[(92.6±1.42)%, (33.90±1.25)%, (89.97±1.19)%, (88.93±0.66)%] in GL-PP group (12.5 μg/ml) was significantly higher than the control group [(79.43±0.80)%, (5.47±0.21)%, (76.63±0.51)%, (68.63±0.78)%, P<0.01]. The allogeneic T cell-stimulatory capacity of DC in GL-PP group [(110.77±3.53)%, (112.14±4.33)%, (110.77±3.56)%] was enhanced compare with the control group [(100.00±1.78)%, P<0.01]. In addition, GL-PP could promote secretion of interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-10 from DC. Conclusion These data suggest that GL-PP promotes the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs. Key words: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide; Dendritic cells; Immunomodulatory

LBPS 01–05 GANODERMA LUCIDUM POLYSACCHARIDE PEPTIDES AS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATION, ANTI-HYPERTENSION AND ANTI-LIPID IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Objective: Ganoderma lucidum is a type of mushroom that has been used for thousands years throughout Asia. It is known to demonstrate numerous health benefiting properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticancer effects, hypoglycemic and blood cholesterol reducing properties. This research was conducted to determine the efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides (PSP) as anti-inflammation and antioxidant in cardiovascular disease Design and Method: This is a prospective study with pre-test and post-test design of 37 high-risk patients of cardiovascular disease based on the Framingham Risk Score that was conducted for 3 months. Patients were advised to consume PSP 3×250 mg as an adjuvant to their previous medications. The primary endpoint was the change in cholesterol levels, blood pressure and antioxidant markers. Results: The administration of PSP 3x250 mg could reduce total cholesterol level by 3.48 ± 46.9 mg/dl (p = 0.672). Both pre- and post-test of total cholesterol are significantly correlated (r = 0.618, p = 0.000). PSP administration, however, increased the level of HDL cholesterol by 7.84 ± 10.79 (p = 0.000). The systolic blood pressure decreased from 130.14 ± 43.37 mmHg to 118.24 ± 55.68 (p = 0.109), and the diastolic blood pressure decreased from 80 ± 25.74 mmHg to 73.24 ± 33.85 mmHg (p = 0.102). Despite a great reduction of blood pressure to normal range, it was not statistically significant. The reduction of anti-inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), from 279.75 ± 120.76 to 29.32 ± 26.44 (p = 0.000) and TNF alpha, from 13447.84 ± 2199.46 to 544.85 ± 292.06 (p = 0.000) were significant. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level also decreased significantly with PSP treatment for 3 months (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The administration of polysaccharide peptides of Ganoderma lucidum for three months in high-risk patients with hypertension can reduce the blood pressure within normal range, improve total cholesterol level and significantly play role as anti-inflammation and antioxidant in cardiovascular disease.

LBPS 01-04 SUB CHRONIC TOXICITY EVALUATION OF POLYSACCHARIDE PEPTIDE GANODERMA LUCIDUM IN AORTA

Objective: Atherosclerosis as bakbone of Cardiovascular disease have increase burdenly in world wide. Dyslipidemia, oxidative process and inflammation either free radical were cornerstone to advancing atherosclerotic process. Ganoderma Lucidum has acceptance and widely use since 2000 years ago in asia. Polysaccharide peptide Ganoderma Lucidum have numerous effect as anti inflammation, anti oxidant, anti lipidemia, and anti diabetic. The aim for this study is to determined and examined sub chronic toxicity of Polysaccharide peptide administration in aorta rattus novergicus strain wistar. Design and Method: This study design as animal experimental study with control in 4 group of rattus novergicus strain wistar both male and female rats and give Polysaccharide peptide with dose of 0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg once daily for 90 days. Parameter measured were clinical symptoms of toxicity, evaluation of histopathological structure and blood chemistry with descriptive statistic with t-test and non parametric with ANOVA One way with p < 0.05 was significant. Furthermore Tuckey test is used to determine between 2 groups. Results: Polysaccharide Peptide Ganoderma Lucidum affect in physical obervation clinical symptoms of toxixity and gross organ were no significant toxicity symptoms and from gross examination found that condition of aortic organ remain unchanged and from organ pathology found no change in histopathological aortic organ even after a dose of 1200 mg/kg. Conclusions: Polysaccharide peptide ganoderma lucidum has negatve toxicity in sub chronic test and there are not found any changes in morphology of both group. Polysaccharide peptide has good safety profile to next use in human trial.

PS 02-02 Effect Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Peptides as Anti-hypertension, Anti-lipid, Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammation in High Risk Patients of Atherosclerosis

Objective: Ganoderma lucidum is a type of mushroom that has been used for thousand years throughout Asia. It is known to demonstrate numerous health benefiting properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticancer effects, hypoglycemic and blood cholesterol reducing properties. This research was conducted to determine the efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides (PSP) as anti-inflammation and antioxidant in cardiovascular disease. Design and Method: This is a true experimental study with pre- and post-test design of 37high-risk patients of cardiovascular disease based on the Framingham Risk Score that was conducted for 3 months. They were advised to consume PSP 3x250 mg as adjuvant to their previous medications, and they did some examination. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-test for parametric data and Wilcoxon test for non-parametric data. Results: From 37 patients we found that the administration of PSP 3x250 mg could reduce total cholesterol level by 3.48 ± 46.9 mg/dl (p = 0.672). Both pre- and post-test of total cholesterol are significantly correlated (r = 0.618, p = 0.000). PSP administration, however, increased HDL cholesterol levels by 7.84 ± 10.79 (p = 0.000). The systolic blood pressure decreased from 130.14 ± 43.37 mmHg to 118.24 ± 55.68 (p = 0.109), and the diastolic blood pressure decreased from 80 ± 25.74 mmHg to 73.24 ± 33.85 mmHg (p = 0.102). Despite a great reduction of blood pressure to normal range, it was not statistically significant. The reduction of anti-inflammatory markers interleukin-6, from 279.75 ± 120.76 to 29.32 ± 26.44 (p = 0.000) and TNF alpha, from 13447.84 ± 2199.46 to 544.85 ± 292.06 (p = 0.000) were significant. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level also decreased significantly with PSP for 3 months (114.13 ± 24.56 to 36.84 ± 28.39, p = 0.000). Conclusions: The administration of polysaccharide peptides Ganoderma lucidum for three months in high-risk patients with hypertension can reduce the blood pressure within normal range, improve total cholesterol level and significantly play role as anti-inflammation and antioxidant in cardiovascular disease.

Polysaccharide peptides from Coriolus versicolor exert differential immunomodulatory effects on blood lymphocytes and breast cancer cell line MCF-7 in vitro

The protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP), isolated from Coriolus versicolor (CV) fungus, are considered as natural compounds with potential therapeutic applications. The immunopotentiating and antitumor activity of polysaccharopeptides has been previously examined, however similar findings could not be achieved. The source of PBP, variations in extraction process as well as environmental factors seems to affect the biological properties of these active CV components. Since further analysis are needed to draw more definite conclusion, the present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of the PBP extract, isolated from commercially available capsules of C. versicolor. Our results revealed that the effect mediated by PBP extract depends on the target cells. We reported that the polysaccharopeptides induced a significant decrease in breast cancer MCF-7 cells growth, which was TNF-α-dependent phenomenon. Interestingly, the level of two others cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6 was not affected. On the other hand, in this study we noticed that protein-bound polysaccharides extracted from CV significantly augmented the proliferative response of blood lymphocytes in a time-dependent manner, which was associated with IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA upregulation. Moreover we found that the cells response to PBP stimuli might be inversely related to its concentration.

Young Investigator AwardThe Efficacy of polysaccharide peptides ofGanoderma lucidumto reduce endothelial dysfunction and dyslipidemia in high risk and stable angina pectoris patientsHarapan Kita Score as predictor of in-hospital mortality and morbidity after heart valve surgeryCardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Profile in Controlled and Un-controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Exercise Treadmill TestingThe difference of blood pressure and arterial stiffness after intake of

Young Investigator AwardThe Efficacy of polysaccharide peptides of<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>to reduce endothelial dysfunction and dyslipidemia in high risk and stable angina pectoris patientsHarapan Kita Score as predictor of in-hospital mortality and morbidity after heart valve surgeryCardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Profile in Controlled and Un-controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Exercise Treadmill TestingThe difference of blood pressure and arterial stiffness after intake of

Polysaccharide Peptide: A promising Anti Inflammation and Anti Oxidant in Atherosclerosis

Background : Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women, but heart disease is preventable and controllable. Ganoderma lucidum is widely used as traditional medicine for centuries particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. Previous study showed antioxidative activity of polysaccharide peptide (PsP) from Genoderma lucidum.Objective : This study was aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of polysaccharide peptide (PsP) from Ganoderma lucidum in atherosclerotic rats.Methods : The atherosclerotic rats were randomly divided into four groups (5 rats each group) : atherosclerotic model with high-fat diet, low dose PsP treated group (50 mg/kgBW), medium dose PsP treated group (150 mg/kgBW), high dose PsP treated group (300 mg/kgBW), with normal mice used as a control group. Parameters measured were the level of MDA, SOD, IL - 6 , IL - 10, hsCRP, TNF - ?, lipid profile and foam cell.Results : After PsP therapy for 5 weeks, the levels of MDA (p=0.01), hsCRP (p=0.018) in rats model of atherosclerosis decrease significantly. PsSP can reduce levels of IL - 6 (p=0.933) and increase levels of SOD (p=0.28) descriptively at PsP doses 150 mg/kgBW. While the levels of TNF-? (p=0.894) and IL-10 (p=0.98) was not affected by administration of PsP. PsP improve the lipid profile by increasing HDL (p=0.002) and lowering total cholesterol (p=0.04). The formation of foam cells (p=0.024) as a marker of atherogenesis significantly decreased by administration of PsP .Conclusion : PSP can be useful to reduce inflammatory processes and oxidative stress to prevent the process of atherogenesis.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide prevents renal ischemia reperfusion injury via counteracting oxidative stress.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) scavenges oxygen free radicals that are a key factor in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (RIRI). The aim of this study was to determine whether GLPP could attenuate RIRI by counteracting the oxidative stress. The mechanism involved was assessed by an in vivo mouse RIRI model and an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation model, and tunicamycin-stimulated NRK-52E cells were used to explore the GLPP-mediated alleviation of ER stress. Experimental results showed that renal dysfunction and morphological damage were reduced in GLPP-treated group. The imbalance of redox status was reversed and production of ROS was reduced by GLPP. RIRI-induced mitochondrial- and ER stress-dependent apoptosis were dramatically inhibited in GLPP-treated group. Intriguingly, JNK activation in the kidney with RIRI or hypoxia/reoxygenation was inhibited by GLPP. These results suggest that the protective effect of GLPP against RIRI may be due to reducing oxidative stress, alleviating the mitochondrial and ER stress-dependent apoptosis caused by excessive ROS.

Purification and characterization of a novel polysaccharide–peptide complex from Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves

A novel polysaccharide–peptide complex CNP-1-2 with molecular weight of 9.17×104Da was obtained from Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and purification with Superdex 200 and DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography. CNP-1-2 exhibited the highest growth inhibitory effect on human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 with inhibition ratio of 92.34% and stimulated activation of macrophages with NO secretion level of 47.53μmol/L among the polysaccharide fractions. CNP-1-2 comprised approximately 87.25% carbohydrate and 9.37% protein. Monosaccharide analysis suggested that CNP-1-2 was composed of l-rhamnose, l-arabinose, d-mannose, d-glucose and d-galactose with a molar ratio of 1.30:1.00:2.56:4.95:5.09. Methylation analysis, FT-IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that CNP-1-2 might have a backbone consisting of 1,4-linked Glcp, 1,3-linked Glcp, 1,3-linked Manp, 1,4-linked Galp, 1,2,6-linked Galp and 1,2,6-linked Galp. Its side chain might be composed of 1-linked Araf, 1,6-linked Galp and 1-linked Rhap residues. AFM (atomic force micrograph) analysis revealed that CNP-1-2 had the molecular aggregation along with branched and entangled structure.

Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effect through regulation of local inflammatory response in atherosclerosis

Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effect through regulation of local inflammatory response in atherosclerosis