Polymer Nano Research Articles

A kinetic study of CO2 sorption improvement in the CA-CNTs mixed matrix membrane

Greenhouse emission notably carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have been increasing significantly over the last century. Hence, there is a need to address this issue to minimize the adverse environmental effects. Membrane separation is one solution that could potentially help in this endeavour. Among the many types of membranes available, mixed matrix membrane (MMM) is the most promising with the potential to surpass the many deficiencies present in both inorganic and polymeric membranes. In this study, results confirmed that incorporation of functionalized CNTs increases CO2 permeance. Hence, the different loadings of MWCNTs-F were investigated to find the optimum gas separation performance. From this optimization study, excellent MMM performances in terms of CO2 permeance were shown in 0.1wt% loading of MWCNTs-F. This superior performance was attributed to a good homogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs-F in the CA matrix which consequently enlarged the free volumes between the polymer chains and improved the polymer nano particulate interface. Apart from this, a kinetic sorption study showed improvements in the CO2 solubility coefficient over previous related work at 14.9601 × 1013 cm3(STP)/cm4.cmHg. Hence, the usage of lower acetyl content is proven to be capable of increasing the CO2 solubility coefficient.

Fabrication and Characterization of Piezoelectric Polymer Nano Composites for Humidity Sensors Applications

Piezoelectric polymer nano compositesfor humidity sensors applications are manufactured in this work by adding nano Yttrium oxides (Y2O3) in three ratios (3,6and 9 wt.%) to the polymeric blend consist of (1:9) poly vinyl difluoride (PVDF) and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). FTIR results showed that PVDF addition to PMMA causes shifting in the blue direction and there is no chemical bonding between the prepared composites components,butthere is a significant increase in the rate of permeabilityat higherY2O3 ratio. This addition causes the hardness to be increased linearly. Morphology results showed, that the lower ratios of Y2O3 causes the surface became smoother and homogeneous, while higher ratios increase the roughness of the surface. These compositesgive piezoelectric behavior where the electrical resistance decreases by increasing the pressure. With regard to the dielectric properties the losses coefficient increase by increasing the frequency while dielectric constant decreases. The composites showed to be more hydrophilic by increasing theY2O3 ratio,which suggests these composites for water storage applications. The results show possibility of using these composites as humidity sensorsin relative humidity less than 70%, where the electrical resistivity decreases as the relative humidity increasing.

Bio Pharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class IV Drug Nanoparticles: Quantum Leap to Improve Their Therapeutic Index

Purpose: Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV compounds, exhibits least oral bioavailability, low solubility and intestinal permeability among all pharmaceutical classes of drugs. Thus, these drugs need more compatible and efficient delivery system. Since, their solubility in various medium, remains a limitation so, polymeric nano coacervates based drug loading with modified approach for them may prove to be a solution ahead. Therefore, in present study Chitosan is opted for encapsulating the BCS class IV drug (Hydrochlorothiazide) to attain better stability, enhanced permeability and lower toxicity.Methods: For this study, Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) was opted for formulating chitosan based nano-coacervate system.Results: Optimized HCTZ nanocoacervates exhibited the average particle size of 91.39 ± 0.75 nm with Poly-dispersity index score of 0.159 ± 0.01, indicating homogeneity of colloidal solution. Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of HCTZ nanocoacervates were recorded as -18.9 ± 0.8 mV and 76.69 ± 0.82 % respectively. Further, from TEM and SEM evaluation the average particle size for the same were found in conformity (35-50 nm), with almost spherical morphology. Also, the EDX (Electron Dispersive X-ray) spectrometry and FT – IR analysis of optimized formulation indicated the balanced chemical composition and interaction between the polymeric molecules. The HCTZ nano coacervates showed the linear diffusion profile through the dialysis membrane.Conclusion: We can conclude from the present study that the optimized HCTZ nano coacervates may prove to be a suitable potential option for effective delivery of BCS class IV drugs.

The Positive Fate of Biochar Addition to Soil in the Degradation of PHBV-Silver Nanoparticle Composites.

The environmental contamination of soils by polymeric and nanomaterials is an increasing global concern. Polymeric composites containing silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are collectively one of the most important products of nanotechnology due to their remarkable antimicrobial activity. Biochars are a promising resource for environmental technologies for remediation of soils considering their high inorganic and organic pollutant adsorption capacity and microbial soil consortium stimulation. In this work we report, for the first time, the use of biochar material as a tool to accelerate the degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate- co-valerate (PHBV) and PHBV composites containing AgNP in a tropical soil system, under laboratory conditions. This positive effect is associated with microbial community improvement, which increased the degradation rate of the polymeric materials, as confirmed by integrated techniques for advanced materials characterization. The addition of 5-10% of sugarcane bagasse biochar into soil has increased the degradation of these polymeric materials 2 to 3 times after 30 days of soil incubation. However, the presence of silver nanoparticles in the PHBV significantly reduced the degradability potential of this nanocomposite by the soil microbial community. These results provide evidence that AgNP or Ag+ ions caused a decline in the total number of bacteria and fungi, which diminished the polymer degradation rate in soil. Finally, this work highlights the great potential of biochar resources for application in soil remediation technologies, such as polymeric (nano)material biodegradation.

Improvement of the magnesium battery electrolyte properties through gamma irradiation of nano polymer electrolytes doped with magnesium oxide nanoparticles

Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPE) were prepared using nano polyethylene oxide PEO doped with Magnesium (Mg) salts. Gamma irradiation was utilized to improve the PEO‐Mg salts particle sizes. Consequently, Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis and incorporated into PEO‐Mg salts to improve their properties toward magnesium battery electrolyte applications. The prepared samples were examined before and after exposures to the radiation doses. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicated the particles size of the synthesized nano polymer‐Mg salts and MgO nanoparticles. Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrical conductivity, electrochemical properties, and thermal stability of the samples were determined. FTIR indicated the interaction between PEO with Mg salts and MgO nanoparticles which confirmed the structure. The TEM results showed a spherical nanoparticles of MgO and a good dispersion of MgO in PEO matrix. It was found that the irradiation dose 70 kGy gave the best results for the nano polymer‐Mg salts (13 nm). The electrical conductivity (σ) evaluated for NCPE, was more than three orders of magnitude of pure PEO. The liquid NCPE of 20 mL MgO NPs at 100 kGy exhibited a maximum conductivity of 3.63 × 10–3 Scm−1 at room temperature. The increase in temperature caused a slight effect on conductivity, 4.85 × 10–3 Scm−1 at temperature 250°C, at the same concentration. While un‐irradiated sample of 30 mL MgO NPs (σ) reached to 3.8 × 10−3 Scm−1 then became 5.03 × 10−3 Scm−1 by increasing temperature. From the cyclic voltammetry results, the polymer electrolytes containing MgO filler, 20 and 30 mL, for irradiated and un‐irradiated samples, respectively exhibited wider electrochemical stability window than the others due to the appearance of Mg deposition/desolution peak in CV curve showed that magnesium effectively migrating through electrolytes. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was enhanced by adding Mg salts electrolyte and also MgO nanoparticles to PEO. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:243–254, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Removal of brilliant blue pollution from the environment using nano polyaniline hazelnut skin composite and evaluation of effective parameters

The entrance of household wastewater to rivers has not only brought about numerous environmental problems, which have resulted in a huge problem in the society, but also led to undesirable mental and psychological effects in the society. The removal of dye from these wastewaters before entrance to rivers is of great importance. In this research, it was discovered that by depositing a layer of polyaniline-based conductive nano polymer on hazelnut skin, a nano composite was produced which helps in removing brilliant blue (BB) dye from aqueous environments. The aim of this study was to deposit a layer of polyaniline nano polymer on the surface of hazelnut skin and produce polyaniline/hazelnut skin (Pan/Hz) composite through chemical polymerization of aniline in aqueous environments and adsorption of BB dye from aqueous environments. In this stage, polyaniline was synthesized using ammonium persulfate. In order to find the optimal conditions for the removal of the dye, the effect of a number of important parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of the dye, and temperature was examined. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used for adsorption studies. Furthermore, thermodynamic and kinetic studies were also conducted. This dye has the greatest adsorption at pH 2 and by optimizing other mentioned parameters, the best state has been presented for maximum adsorption. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the adsorption has been spontaneous, endothermic, and chemical, following the second order kinetics. The introduced adsorbent is a very effective one for the adsorption of BB and by using a layer of conductive nano polymer on hazelnut skin, it is possible to absorb BB dye from aqueous environments with a very high percentage.

Preparation And Characterization of Bio-\\Polymeric Nano Feed Incorporating Silage-Derived Organic -Acids And The Polar Fraction of Papaya Leaf Extract

This research has aimed to incorporate the fermented organic acids and papaya leaf extract into chitosan-alginate composites using an ionic -gelation method. The concentration of chitosan was 35 mg/7.5 mL, sodium alginate was 20 mg/7.5 mL, and cross-linking the CaCl2 cross linker was 20 mM. Variations in the formula Different formulations, are carried out on organic acids with the code of referred to as kumpai-ZnO, legum-ZnO, and kumpai-legum-ZnO. These sample using various organic acids, and the formulations contained as much as 50 mg/7.5 mL of the organic acid. The results of the identification of the chemical contents of the fermented product was lactic acid derivatives as a major component, and there were no alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and or poly phenols content present. The particle characterization results showed they were a homogeneously distributed in size with PDIs from 0.199 to 0.218 with a sizes between of 253.6 to and 286.8 nm. The potential Zeta potential is was found to be -20 to -15 mV by using a particles size analyzer (PSA). Particles were spherical based on the images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The best formula formulation was is the formula 3, containing with the kumpai-legum-ZnO content, which was demonstrated by to be 85% encapsulation percentage encapsulated (%EE). The anti-E. coli activity test showed an increase of the particles were 40% of activity the particles compare to more active than the same substances not in particle. The ionic -gelation method successfully created a homogenous particle suspension loading loaded with the active compounds, such as the fermented organic acids and the papaya leaf extract. This system could deliver the active compounds to the bacterial cell of E. coli and S. typimurium bacterial cells.

Nanoscale and Macroscale Scaffolds with Controlled-Release Polymeric Systems for Dental Craniomaxillofacial Tissue Engineering.

Tremendous progress in stem cell biology has resulted in a major current focus on effective modalities to promote directed cellular behavior for clinical therapy. The fundamental principles of tissue engineering are aimed at providing soluble and insoluble biological cues to promote these directed biological responses. Better understanding of extracellular matrix functions is ensuring optimal adhesive substrates to promote cell mobility and a suitable physical niche to direct stem cell responses. Further, appreciation of the roles of matrix constituents as morphogen cues, termed matrikines or matricryptins, are also now being directly exploited in biomaterial design. These insoluble topological cues can be presented at both micro- and nanoscales with specific fabrication techniques. Progress in development and molecular biology has described key roles for a range of biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to serve as morphogens promoting directed behavior in stem cells. Controlled-release systems involving encapsulation of bioactive agents within polymeric carriers are enabling utilization of soluble cues. Using our efforts at dental craniofacial tissue engineering, this narrative review focuses on outlining specific biomaterial fabrication techniques, such as electrospinning, gas foaming, and 3D printing used in combination with polymeric nano- or microspheres. These avenues are providing unprecedented therapeutic opportunities for precision bioengineering for regenerative applications.

Preparation of novel tissue acidosis-responsive chitosan drug nanoparticles: Characterization and in vitro release properties of Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine drug molecules

The pH-responsive intelligent drug release facility of hydrophobically modified chitosan nanoparticles (Chit NPs) (d = 5.2 ± 1.1 nm) was presented in the case of poorly water soluble Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine (NIMO) drug molecules. The adequate pH-sensitivity, i.e. the suitable drug carrier properties of the initial hydrophilic Chit were achieved by reductive amination of Chit with hexanal (C6-) and dodecanal (C12-) aldehydes. The successful modifications of the macromolecule were evidenced via FTIR measurements: the band appearing at 1412 cm−1 (CN stretching in aliphatic amines) in the cases of the hydrophobically modified Chit samples shows that the CN bond successfully formed between the Chit and the aldehydes. Hydrophobization of the polymer unambiguously led to lower water contents with lower intermolecular interactions in the prepared hydrogel matrix: the initial hydrophilic Chit has the highest water content (78.6 wt%) and the increasing hydrophobicity of the polymer resulted in decreasing water content (C6-chit.: 74.2 wt% and C12-chit.: 47.1 wt%). Furthermore, it was established that the length of the side chain of the aldehyde influences the pH-dependent solubility properties of the Chit. Transparent homogenous polymer solution was obtained at lower pH, while at higher pH the formation of polymer (nano)particles was determined and the corresponding cut-off pH values showed decreasing tendency with increasing hydrophobic feature (pH = 7.47, 6.73 and 2.49 for initial Chit, C6-chit and C12-chit, respectively).Next the poorly water soluble NIMO drug was encapsulated with the C6-chit with adequate pH-sensitive properties. The polymer-stabilized NIMO particles with 10 wt% NIMO content resulted in stable dispersion in aqueous phase, the formation of polymer shell increased in the water solubility/dispersibility of the initial hydrophobic drug. According to the drug release experiments, we clearly confirmed that the encapsulated low crystallinity NIMO drug remained closed in the polymer NPs at normal tissue pH (pH = 7.4, PBS buffer, physiological condition) but at pH < 6.5 which is typical for seriously ischemic brain tissue, 93.6% of the available 0.14 mg/ml NIMO was released into the buffer solution under 8 h release time. According to this in vitro study, the presented pH-sensitive drug carrier system could be useful to selectively target ischemic brain regions characterized by acidosis, to achieve neuroprotection at tissue zones at risk of injury, without any undesirable side effects caused by systemic drug administration.

A facile and efficient strategy for the functionalization of multiple-walled carbon nanotubes using well-defined polypropylene-grafted polystyrene

An alternative and efficient strategy for the synthesis of polymer-modified multiple-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using ‘‘grafting to’’ technique was demonstrated successfully. For this purpose, maleic anhydride was grafted onto polypropylene (PP) followed by opening of anhydride ring with ethanolamine to produce hydroxylated polypropylene (PP-OH). The hydroxyl groups were esterified using α-phenyl chloroacetyl chloride to obtain PP-Cl macroinitiator. Afterward, styrene (St) monomer was grafted onto PP through atom transfer radical polymerization technique to afford PP-g-PSt graft copolymer. The chloride-end-caped PP-g-PSt copolymer was then attached to the oxidized MWCNTs in the presence of CuBr as the catalyst to produce MWCNTs-g-(PP-g-PSt) nanocomposite. The chemical structures of all samples as representatives were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chemical attaching of PP-g-PSt to the MWCNTs was approved by thermal property study using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, as well as morphology studies using transmission electron and scanning electron microscopies. The synthesized MWCNTs-g-(PP-g-PSt) nanocomposite can be applied as a reinforcement for polymeric (nano-)composites due to superior features of MWCNTs as well as their compatibility with polymeric materials after functionalization processes.

Nano Polymer Composites: Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Fractography of Date Seed Ash Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Nano Polymer Composites: Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Fractography of Date Seed Ash Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Fabrication of a nano polymer wrapping Meg3 ShRNA plasmid for the treatment of cerebral infarction

Cerebral infarction is with poorer prognosis and high rates of mortality. After cerebral infarction, the promoting angiogenesis can accelerate the recovery of neurological function. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (Meg3) was overexpressed in cerebral infarction area and the knockdown of Meg3 promotes neovascularization and improves nerve function. In this study, we fabricated a nano-polymer wrapped Meg3 short hairpin RNA (ShRNA) plasmid to knockdown Meg3 and conjugated with OX26 antibody (MPO) to realize the brain targeting for the treatment of cerebral infarction. The MPO particle size was 103 ± 11 nm (PDI = 0.27) detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the zeta potential of MPO was −32 mV. MPO achieved brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) targeting and enhanced endothelial cells migration (p < .05), and tube formation (p < .05) in vitro. MPO realized brain tissue target, reduced the volume of cerebral infarction (p < .05) detected by TTC staining, increased capillary density through the HE staining and increased cerebral cortex micro-vessel through immunofluorescence method in vivo. The angiogenesis associated genes Vegfa, and Vegfr2 were upregulated after the treatment of MPO, compared with Meg3 or control plasmid treated group. This study suggested that MPO could achieve brain target and significantly promoted angiogenesis and became a new treatment method for cerebral infarction.

Studies on gallium nitride doped ferrite-polypyrrole nanocomposites

This communication reports the synthesis and characterisation of two novel Intrinsic conducting polymer nano composites (ICPN s) with the formulae Ga (2x+2) N Fe 2(49-x) O3—PPY synthesized using Impregnation technique. The Gallium nitride ferrite nano particles were synthesized for x = 1 and x = 5 using the above stichiometric equation earlier by Sol—Gel route. The chemical composition in the assembly of the ICPNs were Ga4NFe96O3-3%,10%,30% Polypyrrole, Ga12NFe88O3-3%,10%,30% Polypyrrole by weight. The Sci-Finder software failed to trace any earlier articles or reviews related to these ICNPs synthesised by us in the literature. X-ray Diffractometric (Structural), Morphological, EDAX SAED, IR spectroscopic characterizations were done on the synthesized nanocomposites. Structural studies reveal the semi-crystalline nature of composites. The average crystallite size of nano composites is decreased when compared with nano ferrites. SEM findings reveal that the shape for higher percentage of PPY is nano rods; for lower percentage it is globular. TEM reveals good dispersion and average particle size from histograms are calculated. The FT- IR bands of PPY and GaNFe2O3 are observed which show strong interaction between PPY- GaNFe2O3. Also there is a shift of bands in GaNFe2O3-PPY nano composites when compared to the bands of PPY.

"Palauamine and Olympiadane Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as Molecular Enzymes and Drug Targets for Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Treatment under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations"

In the current editorial, we study Palau’amine and Olympiadane Nano molecules (Figures 1 & 2) incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. In this regard, the development of Chemical Modified Electrodes (CEMs) is at present an area of great interest. CEMs can be divided broadly into two main categories; namely, surface modified and bulk modified electrodes. Methods of surface modification include adsorption, covalent bonding, attachment of polymer Nano films, etc. Polymer Nano film coated electrodes can be differentiated from other modification methods such as adsorption and covalent bonding in that they usually involve multilayer as opposed to monolayer frequently encountered for the latter methods. The thicker Nano films imply more active sites which lead to larger analytical signals. This advantage coupled with other, their versatility and wide applicability, makes polymer Nano film modified electrodes particularly suitable for analytical applications [1–27].

Methacrylate copolymers and their composites with nano-CdS: synthesis, characterization, thermal behavior, and antimicrobial properties

Homo- and copolymers of 2-(N-phthalimido)ethyl methacrylate (NPEMA) and p-chlorophenyl methacrylate (PCPMA) were prepared in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) solution at 70 °C using 2,2-azo-bisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. The nano-CdS-doped polymer composite of NPEMA and PCPMA was prepared via in situ technique. The homo- and copolymers of NPEMA and PCPMA were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The polymer nano composites were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The reactivity ratios (r1 and r2) were obtained from the various linear graphical methods. The values of r1 (NPEMA) = 0.55 and r2 (PCPMA) = 1.30 were found from the same graphical methods. The copolymer microstructures were found from the mean sequence length, run number, and dyad fraction. Thermal behavior of polymers and polymer nano composites under nitrogen atmosphere was studied. The activation energies of neat polymers were varied in the range of 56–85 kJ/mol, while 28–56 kJ/mol energies were found for nano-CdS-doped polymer composites. The thermodynamic parameters of thermal degradation were also obtained. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were confirming the stability of the neat polymers than polymer nano composites. The polymers were assessed on different microorganisms for obtaining the antimicrobial properties. Overall, the polymers permit 10–52, 20–58, and 18–56% growth of bacteria, fungi, and yeast, respectively.

A graphene oxide-Ag co-dispersing nanosystem: Dual synergistic effects on antibacterial activities and mechanical properties of polymer scaffolds

It is highly desired to own antibacterial function and sufficient mechanical properties for bone scaffolds. Introducing graphene oxide (GO) could increase the mechanical properties while nano Ag could impart antibacterial function for polymer scaffolds, but either GO or nano Ag easily forms aggregates, hindering the full play of the efficiency. In this study, we proposed a co-dispersing GO-Ag nanosystem where GO nanosheets loaded Ag nanoparticles while Ag nanoparticles intercalated into the interlayers of GO nanosheets, in which GO nanosheets and Ag nanoparticles supported each other, hence achieving a co-dispersion. The co-dispersing GO-Ag nanosystem was introduced into polymer scaffolds, prepared by additive manufacturing technology. The results indicated that the GO-Ag nanosystem showed a synergistic effect on antibacterial action via combining the capturing effects of GO nanosheets and the killing effects of Ag; the scaffold containing 1 wt% GO–1 wt% Ag showed a bacterial inhibition rate more than 95%. Moreover, GO and Ag showed another synergistic effect on mechanically enhancing the scaffolds as the co-dispersing nanosystem increased the efficiency of the stress transfer in the matrix; the compressive strength and modulus were increased by 102 and 82%, respectively. Besides, the scaffold showed good cytocompatibility. This study suggested that the antibacterial and mechanically reinforced scaffolds may have potential applications in bone tissue engineering.

Mixed Micelles as Nano Polymer Therapeutics of Docetaxel: Increased In vitro Cytotoxicity and Decreased In vivo Toxicity.

Docetaxel (DTX) has been used to treat several types of cancers, but it has provided pharmaceutical challenges due to its poor water solubility and toxicities associated with the co-solvents (tween-80 and ethanol). Nanopolymer therapeutics can be engineered to deliver anticancer agent specifically to cancer cells, thereby leaving normal healthy cells unaffected by toxic drugs such as DTX. The objective of the present study was to synthesize the polyacrylic acid (PAA)-DTX conjugate (PAADC) and preparation of nanopolymer therapeutics such as PAADC/DSPE-mPEG2000 mixed micelles (PAADC-DP MMs). The prepared PAADC-DP MMs were characterized for mean particle size and zeta potential, in vitro release profile using dialysis technique, hemolytic behavior against human blood, and cytotoxicity against human cancer cell line (A549) using MTT assay. In vivo acute toxicity of PAADC-DP MMs was determined in albino mice at intravenous single dose of 40 mg/kg. PAADC-DP MMs showed mean particle size of 443±9nm. PAADC-DP MMs showed maximum DTX loading (DTX equivalent; 90.5±2.7%) with minimum DSPE-mPEG2000 molecules (1:1 ratio), while to load 77.9±2.2% of plain DTX, more DSPE-mPEG2000 is required(1:10 ratio). The developed PAADC-DP MMs system showed significantly lower CMC (5 ng/mL), sustained release profile (28.6±1.9% after 48 h of study), lower hemolytic behavior (13.7±1.3% of hemolysis ratio at 40 µg/mL concentration and after 1 h incubation), higher in vitro cytotoxicity (IC50 of 0.0064±0.001 nM after 48 h study) and remarkably reduced in vivo toxicity (9.9±2.1% body weight loss) in mice when compared to marketed Taxotere®. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the developed PAADC-DP MMs system is a promising approach for cancer chemotherapy with reduced toxicity.

Mixed Micelles as Nano Polymer Therapeutics of Docetaxel: Increased In vitro Cytotoxicity and Decreased In vivo Toxicity

Mixed Micelles as Nano Polymer Therapeutics of Docetaxel: Increased In vitro Cytotoxicity and Decreased In vivo Toxicity

Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Nano Bio Composite for Orthopedic Implants

The bio-based polymer composites have been the focus of many scientific and research projects, as well as many commercial programs. In recent years, scientists and engineers have been working together to use the inherent strength and performance of the new class of bio-based composites which is compactable with human body and can act as a substitute for living cells. In this stage the polymer composites also stepped into human bone implants as a replacement for metallic implants which was problems like corrosion resistance and high cost. The polymer composite have the advantage that it can be molded to the required shape, the polymers have high corrosion resistance, less weight and low cost. The aim of this research is to develop and analyze the suitable bio compactable polymer composite for human implants. The nano particles reinforced polymer composites provides good mechanical properties and shows good tribological properties especially in the total hip and knee replacements. The graphene oxide powders are bio compactable and acts as anti biotic. GO nano powder where reinforced into High-density polyethylene in various weight percentage of 0.5% to 2%. The performance of GO nano powder shows better tribological properties. The material produced does not cause any pollution to the environment and at the same time it can be bio compactable and sustainable. The product will act environmentally friendly.

Assessment of Strength Development in Stabilized Soil with CBR Plus and Silica Sand

This paper investigates the potential use of a nano polymer stabilizer, namely CBR PLUS for stabilization of soft clay and formulation of an optimal mix design of stabilized soil with CBR PLUS and silica sand. The highway settlements induced by the soft clay are problematic due to serious damages in the form of cracks and deformation. With respect to this, soil compaction and stabilization is regarded as a viable method to treat shallow soft clayey ground for supporting highway embankment. The suitability of stabilized soil was examined on the basis of standard Proctor compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compression, direct shear and permeability falling head tests. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of the materials were determined using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) test. The objectives of this paper are (i) to stabilize the compacted soil with CBR PLUS and silica sand in the laboratory; and (ii) to evaluate the strength and CBR of the untreated and stabilized soil specimens. It was found that the optimal mix design of the stabilized soil is 90% clay, 1% CBR PLUS, 9% silica sand. It is further revealed that, stabilization increases the CBR and unconfined compressive strength of the combinations by almost 6-fold and 1.8-fold respectively. In summary, a notable discovery is that the optimum mix design can be sustainably applied to stabilize the shallow clay without failure.