Polymer Nano Research Articles

Synthesis, characterization, morphology and adsorption performance towards Cu+2 ions of nano-sized copolymers of anthranilic acid and o-phenylenediamine poly(AA-co-o-PD)

Nanorodes, nanosheets, nanospheres and nano-amorphous shape with different particles size of copolymer of anthranilic acid with o-phenylenediamine poly(AA-co-o-PD) were synthesized by redox polymerization initiated by FeSO4.7H2O as redox initiator and ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as oxidant in different concentrations of aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid. The influence of synthetic parameters such as acid concentration and the presence of redox initiator were investigated. The morphology and particles size were studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the morphology and average particle size of polymeric nano particles according to SEM and TEM analyses were different based upon the conditions of the copolymerization. The physico-chemical characterization of the prepared nanoparticles was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Which FT-IR confirmed the structure of poly(AA-co-o-PD) nanoparticles in emeraldine form. The molecular weight was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The surface area of nanocopolymer particles was determined also by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The competition of the prepared nano-sized copolymers particles towards the adsorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The results showed that the adsorption capacity was based on particle size of nanocopolymers and their surface area. The adsorption capacity increased with decreasing the particle size. On the other hand the adsorption capacity increased with increasing the surface area of the prepared nano-sized copolymers of poly(AA-co-o-PD).

Synthesis of core-crosslinked zwitterionic polymer nano aggregates and pH/Redox responsiveness in drug controlled release.

A new kind of core-crosslinked zwitterionic polymer nano aggregates was prepared by two steps: (1) terpolymers of lipoic acid, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and l-lysine were prepared, forming nano aggregates with hydrodynamic radius of 80 nm-183 nm by self-assembly; (2) the crosslinking of the nano aggregates took place through a reaction of side chain group in lipoic acid structural unit with 1,4-dimercaptothreotol, producing zwitterionic polymer core-crosslinked nano aggregates. The aggregates were stable against dilution and protein adsorption, and they demonstrated good pH/redox dual-responsiveness due to the introduction of disulfide bonds and zwitterionic groups to the nano aggregates. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into the nano aggregates for controlled release. The drug-loaded nano aggregates exhibited obvious pH and reduction sensitivities in response to the environmental conditions in tumor cells. The nano aggregates were biocompatible and could be potentially applied as anticancer drug vehicles for enhancement of cellular uptake of anticancer drugs.

Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy Nano composites

In aerospace applications research efforts are focusing on the design of advanced composite materials reinforced with nano fillers. Such advanced materials combine weight saving with multifunctional properties, including mechanical. In the present investigation, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles were dispersed individually by different size percentages into epoxy-based polymeric nano composites. MWCNTs of 20 and 30 nm inner and outer diameters were reinforced with contents of 0.3, 0.6,and 0.9 % into epoxy matrix. Mechanical properties of Epoxy/MWCNTs such as tensile strength, strain at break, impact energy, and Vickers micro hardness .The design was done using design of experiments (DOE) using mixed full .The mechanical results revealed declining in tensile strength, strain at break and impact energy. While the micro hardness values enhanced with addition of nano fillers into the epoxy matrix. Frequency response and shock absorption ratios have been severely affected by increasing ratios of nanometer materials. Where the results of mechanical tests showed a decrease in the rate of shock absorption. It is noticeable that the damping factor follows the same trend as the mechanical properties of epoxy nanoparticles.

Electrochemical study of perlite-barium ferrite/conductive polymer nano composite for super capacitor applications

Polyaniline/perlite-barium ferrite nanoparticles (PANI/PBF-NPs) composite electrodes were studied in here for super capacitor applications. The PBF-NPs synthesized using hydrothermal technique and then the composite electrode was fabricated electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET) and fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to study the morphological and structural properties of the prepared electrodes. Furthermore, various electrochemical techniques were used such as CV, Galvano static charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate their electrochemical performance as well. SEM graphs show uniform distribution of 60-nm PBF-NPs in the PANI filaments. The specific capacitance of PANI and composite electrodes was obtained to be 225 and 330 F/g, respectively. In addition, inclusion of PBF-NPs in the structure of PANI electrode had significantly increased the conductivity of composite electrodes. Continuous charge-discharge cycles test illustrated the good capability of this nano composite material for use as a charge storage device.

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF ATR SPECTRA OF POLYANILINE/GRA NANOCOMPOSITES

Nano composites are a particular class of materials resulting from combinations of two or more compounds by an appropriate method, which results in materials having unique physicochemical properties and large potential for application in diverse areas. Some of the distinctive properties of polymeric Nano composites can be derived from the successful combination of the uniqueness of the parent constituents into a particular polymer. These composites vary from the pure polymers in respect to some of the physical and chemical properties and hence are useful for many different applications. We synthesized Polyaniline (PANI) in Emeraldine form by chemical oxidation method using Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) as a catalyst and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an oxidant. Simultaneous synthesis of polyaniline (PANI)/ GRA Nano composites was also done by the same chemical oxidation method. The characteristic absorption peaks of Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) spectra for GRA, PANI and PANI/GRA provide information about the changes in the chemical structure of PANI. ATR spectra also give indication that the incorporation of GRA in the matrix of PANI seems to be effective for the improvement of the physicochemical properties of the Polyaniline.

Improvement of Electrical Insulation in Silicone Rubber by Adding Al2O3

Polymer Nano composite in recent time has shown high improvement in mechanical, chemical and electrical properties. Granting all these, the use of polymer nano-composites has only recently begun starting explorer. In recent times, polymer materials has shown remarkable improvement in electrical insulation because of their numerous advantages in out-door insulation systems because of their negligible weight, better pollution performance, low cost, good dielectric properties with easy processing. In polymer materials, silicone rubber is one of the lead polymer currently used and has high ending properties like high voltage insulator, thermal stability, excellent UV resistance and hydrophobicity. Therefore, Silicone rubber with fillers can overcome few drawbacks such as low strength and insulating properties.Oxides with different properties can help silicone rubber to enhance its properties. Oxides such as alumina, zirconia are being widely used in silicone rubber. Alumina which has strong thermal conductive and compressive strength with good electrical is used in silicone rubber. Here Silicone rubber nano composites are prepared by incorporating Al2O3 nano partic les. Electrical, Chemical properties like NaCl, HCl, and corrosion tests were conducted to know the performance of silicone rubber insulation at pollutant conditions. Dielectric tests were also done to know whether Al2O3 has made any effect with silicone rubber. Tensile strength and Hardness test were carried out to determine mechanical strength of the rubber.

Improved Thermal and Fire Retardant Behavior of Polyvinyl Alcohol Matrix Using Nanocomposites

This report discusses in detail about the Fire retardant (FR) characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix fabricated by impregnating zinc borate nanoparticles (ZB Nps) as FR with trace amounts of copper chloride/aluminum chloride by solvent casting method. ZB Nps prepared by co-precipitation method are characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, etc. XRD pattern revealed the crystal geometry of ZB Nps and SEM and TEM micrographs depict a rod-like structure with 300–400[Formula: see text]nm size. Appropriate amount of ZB Nps and transition metal salts are mixed with PVA in aqueous medium and thin film samples are obtained by solvent casting method. The vibrational spectra, thermal stability and flammability of the polymeric composites are characterized using FTIR, TG/DTA and Flammability tester, respectively. FTIR spectra confirm the existence of ZB Nps in the prepared polymer composites. TG/DTA studies revealed higher degradation temperature and thermal stability of polymer composite over pure PVA. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) test presented a convincing account about the improved FR nature of obtained polymer nano composite with a significant LOI of 56% compared to virgin polymer which have LOI of 19.6%.

Development of cellulose nanofibers coating incorporated with ginger essential oil and citric acid to extend the shelf life of ready‐to‐cook barbecue chicken

This study was aimed to assess the impact of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) edible coating incorporated with ginger essential oil (GEO) and citric acid (CA) on the shelf life of the ready‐to‐cook barbecue chicken meat. The treatments containing ginger essential oil and citric acid significantly reduced the microbial population compared with the control and cellulose nanofibers. The most effective treatment was the CNF + GEO 2% + CA 1%, which increased the meat shelf life up to 6 days. The highest chemical changes were seen in the control and the CNF treatments. The combined use of GEO and CA revealed to have a better impact on spoilage control. The sensory analysis also showed that the GEO improved taste, odor, texture, and overall acceptability of the samples. Based on the results of this research, the CNF coating is recommended as a basic edible coating method for incorporating other antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds in meat products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Food coating with novel techniques is developing to extend the food shelf life. Cellulose nanofibers as a natural nano polymer are not only able to coat the food well, but also with the sustained release of plant essential oils, to preserve the food. The ready‐to‐cook barbecue chicken is a highly perishable product with a generally short shelf life. Its shelf life could be increased using cellulose nanofibers coating containing ginger essential oil and citric acid.

ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF A NOVEL NANO POLYMER OF THYMOL IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and thymol nano polymer on the blood biochemical parameters and anti-diabetic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
 Methods: The synthesized nano polymer (NP) was characterized by using different spectroscopy methods, such as IR, HNMR and CNMR. Loading and releasing of thymol were investigated by HPLC. Eleven groups of the Streptozotocin-induced diabetic and normal rats (overall 110 males) were tested through various biochemical factors such as: serum glucose, insulin, liver function-related enzymes including ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin by ELISA kit methods.
 Results: It has shown that thymol nano polymer is desirable for transferring drug. The amount of thymol loaded on NP estimated at 43±2.5 %. Then, 65% of the loaded drug was released. LD50 for thymol and thymol nano polymer were 435 and 583 mg/kg, respectively. thymol nano polymer at doses of 30, 60 and 90 mg/kg, in a dose-dependent manner, reduced blood glucose, increased insulin levels, and controlled liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.
 Conclusion: The use of thymol nano polymer appears to be a new aspect concerning to protect diabetes-induced damage in the animal model.

Synthesis and characteristics of gold nanoparticles/Epoxy polymer Nano composite material

Gold nanoparticles were prepared by Turkevich method. These nanoparticles were capped with type of Epoxy polymer. Gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible absorption spectrophotometer to determine the location and the intensity of the SPR absorption package of the uncapped gold Nano composite and those capped with the drugs. It was found that the SPR of the uncapped nanoparticle with Epoxy polymer was at (526 nm), while when capped with the Epoxy polymer was at (670 nm). Characterizing of the shape and size of pure Gold nanoparticles and that capped with Epoxy polymer were done using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).It was found that the uncapped Nano composite spherical shape and diameter range between (5-15)nm and these nanoparticles form the micrographs of transmission electron microscopy) showed that Nanocomposit Epoxy polymer has a fluffy aggregation and the form of Nano composite Epoxy polymer as a flakes or Nano-sheets and Particles Size diameter range between (10-20)nm. Gold nanoparticles were characterized using Atomic force microscopy (AFM), For the purpose of determining the gold nanoparticles structure, X-ray diffraction was used

Dual Role of Lanthanum Oxide Nanoparticles Functionalized Co‐Polymeric Micelle for Extended Anti‐Cancer Drug Delivery

AbstractIn this study, the paclitaxel (PTX) ‐ loaded A−B type di‐block polymeric micelles poly xylitol sebacate‐poly methylmethacrylic acid/Lanthanum Oxide/paclitaxel (PXS‐PMAA/LO/PTX) were designed and Lanthanum oxide nanoparticles were tagged on the surface of the micelle for the improvement of the antitumor drug efficiency in the cancer cells. LO nanoparticles influence the formation of sphere‐shaped micelles and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibite the cancer.Then, in‐vitro drug release of PTX was carried out by UV‐Vis spectroscopy and it was examined for pH depended drug releases. Cell uptake of the PTX‐loaded micelles was investigated in human norml cell VERO and A549 cell line. The cytotoxicity study reveals that the PTX‐loaded polymeric nano micelle has higher efficacy compared to free PTX. Living cell, cell apoptosis, ROS production and nuclear morphological changes were analyzed through Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide dual stain, cationic probe rhodamine 123, 2,7‐dichlorofluorescene and Hoechst 33342 staining respectively. Hence, the PTX‐loaded PXS‐PMAA/LO carrier can act as potential drug carrier for cancer treatment.

Origanum majorana L. Essential Oil-Associated Polymeric Nano Dendrimer for Antifungal Activity against Phytophthora infestans.

In this study, the introduction of Origanum majorana L. essential oil into a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) G4.0 dendrimer was performed for creation of a potential nanocide against Phytophthora infestans. The characteristics of marjoram oil and PAMAM G4.0 was analyzed using transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The success of combining marjoram oil with PAMAM G4.0 was evaluated by FT-IR, TGA analysis, and the antifungal activity of this system was also investigated. The results showed that the antifungal activity of oil/PAMAM G4.0 was high and significantly higher than only PAMAM G4.0 or marjoram essential oil. These results indicated that the nanocide oil/PAMAM G4.0 helped strengthen and prolong the antifungal properties of the oil.

Statistical Point of View on Polymer (Nano) Composite Preparation

The purpose of this article is to add knowledge about the influence of preparation conditions on the resulting properties of polymeric (Nano) composites by a statistical view of the results.Most of the work on the preparation of (Nano) composites only deals with the description of the improvement or deterioration of properties without a more in-depth assessment of the statistical significance of the obtained results. In the article on the above name, the primary objective of the statistical proof of change in the strength of the tested materials will be the nanoplane content. The Yakima’s (polynomial interpolation method) will be used for the basic part of the evidence, which, by smooth interpolation, will enhance the functional dependence of the tensile strength of the modified and unmodified mixture on temperature and time.As a further one and for key evidence presented, application of cluster analysis methodology, namely the finding of a suitable calculation method based on the basic correlation matrix, will be used. The resulting evidence will then be confirmed using a further methodology, specifically cluster analysis.This article has proved to be able to prove that the obtained improvements in the properties of the prepared systems are also statistically significant.

Immobilized Peptide on the Surface of Poly l-DOPA/Silica for Targeted Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil to Breast Tumor

Chemotherapy using drug delivery systems can target tumor cells selectively and do not affect normal cells. In this paper, a specific drug delivery system with immobilized NL2 peptide on the surface of polymeric nano drug was designed for treatment of breast tumor. The tertiary structure of NL2 peptide (AEGEFIHNRYNRFFYWYGDPAK) was selected from the database and synthesized. After that, it was coupled to the synthesized poly 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (DOPA)/SiO2 nano-composite and examined for targeted 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) delivery in nude mice bearing MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells. Investigation of drug deposition in different tissue and in vivo experiments showed drug in combination with functionalized nano-composite with peptide (DPP) improve targeting properties of drug and 5-FU concentration was significantly increased in tumor rather than other tissues. In addition, this functionalization increases antitumor and targeting efficacy than the free 5-FU and non-functionalized nanocomposite.The poly DOPA functionalized peptide is a powerful agent for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs such as 5FU to tumor cells.

Mechanical and physical properties of carbon nano tubes with kevlar fiber reinforced with polyester resin

In this research study Hardness (shore D), Water absorption,Flexural, Impact Test, and Fracture Toughness of polymer nanocomposites. The polymer nano composites based on unsaturatedpolyester resin reinforced with Kevlar fibers (K.F). The samples areattended by hand lay – up method according to (Rule mixture) forvarious volume fractions of unsaturated polyester resin, fiber andcarbon nanotube. The polyester resin was matrix strengthened with3% volume fraction from Kevlar fiber and (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%)volume fractions of carbon nanotube. The water absorption, hardness(shore D), flexural test, impact test and toughness fracture propertieswere studied. Results showed that the water absorption increase withvolume fraction increase of fiber with Carbon Nanotube, the sample(polyester+3%K.F+0.5% CNTs) has lower water absorption thanother samples. The hardness (shore D), flexural test, impact test andtoughness fracture for the sample (polyester+3%C.F+0.5% CNTs)has higher value for Nano- composites.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Fiber Reinforced Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) Composite Doped with CuO, MgO and ZnO Nanoparticles

In the present study, the mechanical properties of nano-metal oxides on styrene-ethylene-butylenestyrene (SEBS) fiber nanocomposites fabricated using thermal compression method. SEBS reinforced fiber nanocomposites exhibit better mechanical properties to develop a polymeric composite which shows various prospective applications in construction of buildings, automotive, aerospace and packaging industries. The mechanical properties of composites are influenced by the adhesion between polymer matrix, fiber and nano filler. It is found that the addition of CuO metal oxides on SEBSepoxy resin-fiber composite improves the tensile strength whereas it decreases with ZnO nano-phase system.

Mechanical Characteristics and Terminological Behavior Study on Natural Fiber Nano reinforced Polymer Composite – A Review

Abstract In recent years, natural fibers with nano polymer composites are useful in the field of research, Engineering and Science as well it is used as an alternative reinforcement for conventional composite. Natural fibers are not only strong and light weight, but also relatively cheap and have properties like high specific strength, low weight, non-abrasive, eco-friendly and biodegradable. Generally used natural fibers like Jute, Sisal, Banana, Hemp, etc…, The reuse of waste natural fiber reinforcement of polymer is a sustainable option for the environment. The polymeric matrix materials along with suitable and proper filler and better filler/matrix create strong interaction between advanced and new methods or approaches. This enable to develop polymeric composites which shows great prospective applications in the construction of buildings, automotive, aerospace and packaging industries. Nano polymer composite shows considerable applications in different fields because of larger surface area, and greater aspect ratio, with fascinating properties. Being environmentally friendly, applications of nano polymer composites offer new technology and business opportunities for several sectors, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biotechnology industries. Hybrid nano-polymer composites exploit the synergy between natural fibers in a nano-reinforced polymer-based composites. This leads to improve the properties along with the environmental appeal. The mechanical properties of a natural fiber reinforced nano polymer composite depend on parameters like fiber strength, fiber length, chemical treatment and orientation in addition to fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength. This review article aims at the clarification of the research and development in the improvement of mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites along with end applications.

An experimental investigation on mechanical properties of hybrid polymer nanocomposites

The need to purse an environmentally safer future has promoted the researchers to look beyond the polymer composite materials. This paper presents the fabrication of mould, preparation of composition materials and the results of an experimental investigation aiming at determining the mechanical properties of polymer hybrid nano polymer composite material specimens to classify it for suitable applications. The Hand lay-up method is used for preparation of composition material and the experiment consists of different testing with standards of ASTM D638-4 for tensile testing, ASTM D7264 for flexural testing, and ASTM D256 for impact testing of polymer based composites. A fairly extensive experimental program was carried out to cover both stiffness and strength parameters of the specimens. Based on the obtained results by comparing polyester and epoxy materials, it was possible to conclude that the polymer hybrid nano composite material specimen displays the classification compatible to mechanical requirement of material.

Agglomeration effects of carbon nanotube on residual stresses in polymer nano composite using experimental and analytical method

Since, mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced polymers and their composites are affected by poor dispersion of CNTs, the present study has been done to investigate the effect of CNT agglomerates on the residual stresses in a fiber reinforced Nano composite using experimental measurements and analytical method. CNTs are incorporated into an epoxy matrix with two weight fractions of 0.1% and 0.5% and are reinforced by unidirectional carbon fibers (CFs) to fabricate laminated composites with [02/902]s layup. The hole-drilling method is employed to measure the residual stresses in cross-ply CNT/CF/epoxy composite laminates. The CNT/epoxy sample is produced where the degree of agglomeration is changed from perfectly dispersed state up to fully agglomerated one. Based on the classical laminate theory, analytical solution is used to calculate the residual stress caused by thermal treatment. The residual stresses measured by incremental hole-drilling method are in good agreement with the theoretical residual stresses calculated by each layer of the laminates. The results show that dispersed samples perfectly are produced lower residual stresses compared to poor dispersed samples and this phenomenon is more significant in case of Nano composite with higher weight fractions of CNTs.

Polymer–spinel ferrite composite containing nickel, magnesium, and nickel–magnesium ions: Structural, magnetic, electrical, and thermal stability properties

AbstractFirstly, three different nano ferrites (MgFe2O4, NiFe2O4, and Ni0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4) were synthesized using a combustion method. Secondly, polyaniline composites containing small amounts of those nano ferrites were prepared using in situ chemical polymerization method. Ferrite samples were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) analyses. XRD analysis of ferrites exhibited well‐resolved broad peaks, which confirm the polycrystalline and mono‐phasic nature. FT‐IR confirmed the spinel structure of these ferrites. Polymer nano ferrites composites were also characterized using XRD, FT‐IR, thermal analysis (TG and DTA), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Also, electrical (AC conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and complex impedance) and magnetic properties were investigated for all nano composite samples. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of polymer nano composites. Moreover, the absorption bands of polyaniline were shifted in the presence of the three different ferrites, confirming the presence of interactions between the different phases in all composites. Additionally, different thermal stability behavior of nano composite samples was observed, which may be attributed to the nano ferrite type and the physical interactions nature with polymer matrix. The sample containing nano magnesium ferrite showed the core–shell structure by TEM. The same sample exhibited the highest values of both AC conductivity (1.01 × 10−4 ohm−1 cm−1) and magnetization saturation (3.38 emu/g) at room temperature. In comparison with other similar composites containing large amounts of the same ferrite, the investigated sample showed a good magnetization saturation value and thermal stability behavior.