Abstract
Tremendous progress in stem cell biology has resulted in a major current focus on effective modalities to promote directed cellular behavior for clinical therapy. The fundamental principles of tissue engineering are aimed at providing soluble and insoluble biological cues to promote these directed biological responses. Better understanding of extracellular matrix functions is ensuring optimal adhesive substrates to promote cell mobility and a suitable physical niche to direct stem cell responses. Further, appreciation of the roles of matrix constituents as morphogen cues, termed matrikines or matricryptins, are also now being directly exploited in biomaterial design. These insoluble topological cues can be presented at both micro- and nanoscales with specific fabrication techniques. Progress in development and molecular biology has described key roles for a range of biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to serve as morphogens promoting directed behavior in stem cells. Controlled-release systems involving encapsulation of bioactive agents within polymeric carriers are enabling utilization of soluble cues. Using our efforts at dental craniofacial tissue engineering, this narrative review focuses on outlining specific biomaterial fabrication techniques, such as electrospinning, gas foaming, and 3D printing used in combination with polymeric nano- or microspheres. These avenues are providing unprecedented therapeutic opportunities for precision bioengineering for regenerative applications.
Highlights
The field of regenerative medicine has banked on the significant advancements in various disciplines in science from engineering, biology, and medicine
It is well known that soluble we demonstrated the use of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres generated by solvent evaporation method using factors, including growth factors, small molecules, and cytokines, can exert robust effects on cell fate
The in these approaches have varied from whilepolymers others have used polymeric microspheres forpayloads encapsulation that are admixed with polymers growth factors to small molecules that have specific clinical applications
Summary
The field of regenerative medicine has banked on the significant advancements in various disciplines in science from engineering, biology, and medicine. Biomaterial scaffold systems have been extensively utilized for these purposes for various tissues and organs, such as the cornea, skin, bone, muscle, neural, and dental tissues. Craniofacial tissue engineering has focused on generating biomaterial systems to promote development of specific oral and dental tissues, such as bone, dentin, cementum, periodontal ligaments, mucosa, and salivary glands [4]. Efforts have focused on generating scaffold systems that mimic the native physical environment, as well as provide instructional biochemical cues to promote optimal functions. The complexity of as well as provide instructional biochemical cues to promote optimal functions. The exquisite roles of regulatory soluble regulatory biomolecules these processes enabled their applications in specific clinical clinical contexts. Outlineof ofdirected directed differentiation differentiation strategies that utilize precisionFigure strategiesfor fortissue tissueengineering engineering that utilize precisionengineered physical (insoluble) biochemical (soluble).
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