Political Pressure Research Articles

The political origins of corporate transparency: forging strange coalitions through information rules and policy entrepreneurship

When does business support corporate transparency laws, and how do they succeed despite opposition from other powerful business groups? Existing research converges on a common causal pathway: Crises increase public issue salience and open windows of opportunity for policy entrepreneurs to pressure politicians into adopting transparency laws. Examining the case of beneficial ownership transparency (BOT) laws, I theorize an alternative causal pathway where past policy decisions mandating information collection by certain industries produce inter-industry divergence in their policy preferences and undermine opposition business lobbying. Civil society groups can then engage in policy entrepreneurship to integrate supportive regulated industries into new coalitions. Large, organizationally diverse ‘strange coalitions’ increase political pressure on policymakers, leading to the adoption of corporate transparency laws. I conduct a structured, focused comparison of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia as parallel demonstrations of this causal pathway. I combine primary and secondary source documentation with 44 semi-structured interviews to trace failed and successful attempts to adopt BOT laws during the 2010s and early 2020s. I center endogenous feedback processes as a primary cause of transparency, provide further evidence of when firms prefer stronger regulation, and highlight the continued importance of domestic interests in transnational policy issues.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE BOYCOTT PRODUCTS SUSPECTED OF SUPPORTING GENOCIDE

This jurnal explores the significance of boycotting products suspected of supporting genocide within the framework of international law. The complex relationship between human rights, state responsibility to prevent genocide, and the international community's response to violations of international norms is at the heart of this investigation. The study defines boycott as a form of isolation undertaken by individuals or groups against an entity, encompassing actions like blacklisting, embargoes, and blockades, targeting various products from consumer goods to academic and sports products. Governments, either individually or collectively, issue boycott resolutions, as exemplified by Arab countries' historic boycott against Israel. The paper also introduces other forms of boycotts, such as investment withdrawal, divestment, and sanctions, citing examples like Sudan. Framing the discussion within the context of the United Nations Genocide Convention, the jurnal argues that product boycotts can serve as tools for enforcing compliance with the convention, holding states accountable for preventing genocide. Moreover, product boycotts play a vital role in the international public sphere, mobilizing global public opinion and exerting social, economic, and political pressure on perpetrators of genocide. The study addresses critical questions, focusing on the role of product boycotts as sanctions in international law and their impact on garnering global support and pressuring perpetrators, while providing a voice to victims. The research methodology employed is normative legal research, relying on literature review and secondary legal sources, including journals, articles, and news related to the international legal analysis of the boycott of products suspected of supporting genocide. The jurnal concludes by emphasizing the importance of boycotting products suspected of supporting genocide within the international legal framework, not only as a form of protest but as a

Prambors Radio Strategy Optimization: Expanding Broadcast Covering to Reach the Target Audience of Young People

In today's very tight competition in radio media, especially in big cities like Jakarta, radio stations compete to dominate the listener segment and optimize revenue from advertising. However, Law Number 32 of 2002 concerning Broadcasting sets limits on the reach of local radio broadcasts, limiting the ability of radio stations to reach a limited area with listeners. This article discusses the strategic efforts of PT Radionet Cipta Karya (RCK), a holding company, as the owner of Prambors radio, to focus on increasing the number of listeners without violating applicable regulations. The research uses qualitative analysis methods and a case study approach, with interviews with the Directors and Manager of Prambors radio as the main source. The Mediamorphosis Theory by Roger Fidler (1997) was adopted in this research by highlighting media transformation as a result of the interaction of interests, political pressure, and technological and social innovation. The research results show that since 2000, Prambors radio adopted networked radio broadcasts and broadcast centralization in 2009/2010 succeeded in expanding its reach to several cities and converging with social media. The use of streaming radio also opens up access to broadcasts throughout the world for listeners with an internet connection.

PARTICIPATION OF UKRAINE IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PROCESSES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

The acceleration of migration processes in the modern globalized world is taking place against the background of population growth, aggravation of climatic and economic crises and geopolitical conflicts, which forces the international community to take decisive steps in the direction of overcoming the consequences of using refugees for the purpose of political pressure on countries, providing assistance to forced migrants. The beginning of the large-scale invasion radically changed the structure and directions of movement of emigrants from Ukraine, deepened the problem of the outflow of highly qualified personnel, in particular to the EU. Therefore, overcoming the largest migration crisis in the world since the Second World War and the return of labor resources to the country depends on the improvement of the national migration policy, which will take into account international standards in the field of migration, international protection, employment and integration, as well as provide an opportunity to specify the directions of support for Ukrainians according to the border. The article defines the place of Ukraine in modern global migration processes, which take place in the conditions of financial crises bursts, political and military conflicts. Changes in the characteristic features of immigration and emigration of Ukraine since independence, in particular during the pre-war period and the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, are outlined. Absolute and relative indicators of international population migration in 2002–2021 were analyzed. The peculiarities of the forced migration crisis in connection with the large-scale invasion of the russian federation, in particular the change in the geographical structure of migration flows from Ukraine, the aggravation of the problem of the labor resources outflow, have been studied. Ukraine's strategic partners among the EU and OECD countries in the field of wartime migration have been identified, taking into account the number of admitted forced emigrants, the amount of financial assistance provided to them, and the implementation of migration policy adaptation measures.

SDG dilemma in local policymaking in Ghana: when ambition and reality collide

ABSTRACT How to implement the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a dilemma for policymakers. While the broad SDG framework provides a comprehensive blueprint for development, implementing the integrated SDGs remains a challenge in many contexts, especially where resources are limited. Moreover, employing selectivity and prioritization in implementation presents the risk of overlooking the most transformative goals. This paper examines whether local practitioners in Ghana employ grafting and pruning techniques in SDG implementation and how this selectivity and prioritization impacts SDG outcomes. We adopt a qualitative approach to analyse SDG prioritization decisions at the local government level, where essential services necessary to meet SDG targets are delivered. Local practitioners indicate that while they aspire to implement an integrated SDG framework, their implementation reality, including inadequate resources and political pressure, compels them to prioritize. Thus, practitioners prioritize basic social and economic needs and capitalize on the linkages between the SDGs to achieve multiple objectives.

External Factors’ Influence on Course of the April 25, 1974 Revolution in Portugal

The article examines the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 from 1974 to 1976, focusing on the influence of external forces. The analysis extensively utilizes documentary materials published by the U.S. State Department during the period under consideration, as well as memoirs by Portuguese and foreign authors. The study explores the process of shaping the United States' new foreign policy towards Portugal after the revolution, comparing American and European approaches to the events in Portugal. The role of the USSR and other socialist countries is also examined. The research findings indicate that the revolution caught the American leadership off guard. Initially, the U.S. response was restrained, but their attitude changed after members of the Communist Party joined the government. The U.S. adopted a policy of exerting political and economic pressure on the Portuguese leadership to exclude communists from the government, supporting all opposition left-wing parties, and exploiting divisions within left-wing forces. The Soviet Union provided relatively modest support to Portuguese communists, while socialist bloc countries showed significantly greater involvement and enthusiasm. U.S. allies in Europe took more moderate positions. European diplomacy made significant efforts to avoid direct confrontation between the U.S. and the USSR, with the greatest challenge being to prevent the U.S. from demonstrating its power on the European continent.

Modernisation of the constitutional and legal status of judges in Ukraine

The research relevance is determined by the need to reform public authorities, in particular, the judiciary, in the context of martial law and European integration processes. The study aims to analyse the legal framework in the context of determining the constitutional and legal status of judges in Ukraine. The following methods were used: logical analysis, formal legal analysis, dogmatic analysis, legal hermeneutics, deduction, induction, and synthesis, which were used to identify the main principles of regulation of the constitutional and legal status of judges in Ukraine. The study states that the current constitutional and legal status of judges is determined by the updated version of the Constitution, the Law of Ukraine “On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges” and other legislative acts. It is noted that one of the main problems of the judicial system of Ukraine is the understaffing of courts. Following the reforms which have been implemented since 2 June 2016 and have amended several provisions, the author makes a comparative legal analysis of the status of judges before and after the innovations. The study determined that judges used to have absolute immunity, and now they have functional immunity, which protects them from prosecution for their actions. These reforms were implemented to ensure the independence of judges and protect them from political pressure. The author examines the experience of such countries as Italy, Germany, Japan, and the USA in the context of ensuring the principle of judicial independence. It is argued that this principle can be implemented in various forms. The importance of rebranding of state institutions is also substantiated

International migration and the NGOs working in the field of migration in Turkey

AbstractThis study aims to analyse the activities and discourses of the non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the field of migration in Turkey. The research explores how the NGOs frame the issue of migration differently and how they define and comprehend migration, migrants, and refugees. The article discusses whether the NGOs view refugees as subjects needing help, support, and protection or as actors who have rights and must be empowered and argues that there is tension between the two approaches. These points are discussed through a field study, conducted in 2020 (between February and April), comprising in‐depth interviews with representatives of 13 NGOs working in the field of migration. The study points to structural, historical, and conjectural causes and aspects of the weakness of rights‐based attitudes and activities among the NGOs working in the field of migration in Turkey. The article finds out that the actions of the NGOs working in the field of migration are concentrated on the basic needs of refugees, and structural limitations, such as political pressure, political polarization, and capacity problems, push the NGOs to evaluate the issue of migration within relatively narrow frames. The article also stresses the importance of an enabling political and legal environment and a coherent and structured communication strategy to promote a rights‐based migration agenda.

Achieving socio-cultural student engagement through curriculum responsiveness

With democracy came political pressure to promote both academic access and success in higher education in South Africa. However, increased formal access has not necessarily provided meaningful access to previously disadvantaged learners, and this has resulted in high attrition and dropout rates. In response to this, I propose that life-world knowledge can enable meaningful engagement through the pedagogical incorporation of real-world experiences. Therefore, my aim in this study was to determine how curriculum responsiveness could be addressed in pedagogic practices to achieve epistemological access. I used the concept of autonomy to show empirically whether content can be related to a student's socio-cultural context to bring about curriculum responsiveness resulting in better student engagement. Thus, the epistemological stance of this research is qualitative in my drawing on data collected from curriculum documentation for a selected business subject at a University of Technology as the case study, to serve as a guiding principle for considering the appropriate pathways for enabling epistemological access.

Exchange Rate Volatility and Governance Indicators

This study investigates the relationships between exchange rate volatility and governance indicators for emerging economies. Government effectiveness and regulatory quality as main indicators of governance are analyzed in terms of their implications for exchange rate volatility for a selected group of emerging countries consisting of Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey covering the period from 1996 to 2022. Government effectiveness indicator captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of policy formation and implementation, the credibility of the government’s commitment to designed policies, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures. Regulatory quality indicator measures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that allow and promote private sector development. It is shown that countries with higher degrees of government effectiveness exhibit lower exchange rate volatility. In addition, higher levels of regulatory quality turn out to be associated with lower exchange rate volatility. These findings yield significant policy implications for emerging countries that experience high exchange rate volatility, which constitutes the major contribution of this study to the literature.

Why are organisational professionals expanding in the Swedish public sector? The role of accountability

Recent research shows that new types of high-skilled administrators, what we in this article label organisational professionals, have amplified their presence in public sector organisations in relation to other types of public sector employees. Our purpose is to analyse how organisational accountability can be seen as a driver behind the expansion of organisational professionals. Intensified political and administrative pressures seem to be driving this process, but there also seems to be internal turfs in which the different parts of the government administration seek to hold each other accountable, a process possibly amplified by professionalising ambitions of the organisational professionals. The article concludes that the bureaucratising effect of accountability demands ought to be highlighted more in critical research of accountability. The study is based on semi-structured interviews and focus groups with public sector professionals in Sweden from different policy sectors and government levels.

Barriers and best practices to improving clinical trials transparency at UK public research institutions: A qualitative interview study

ObjectivesSince 2017, the UK government has made concerted efforts to ensure the dissemination of clinical trials conducted at public research institutions. This study aims to understand how stakeholders within these institutions responded to these pressures and modified internal policies and processes while identifying best practices and barriers to improved transparency practice. MethodsResearch governance and trial management staff from UK public research institutions (i.e., Universities and NHS Trusts) in England, Scotland and Wales participated in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis, aided by the framework method. ResultsBetween November 2020 and July 2021, 14 individual participants were recruited from 11 different institutions. They worked in research governance, administration, and management. Almost universally, new policies and procedures have been established to ensure investigators are aware of, and supported in, fulfilling their transparency commitments, however challenges remain. Trials of medicinal products, as the most closely regulated research, consequently received the most attention. National professional networks aid in sharing knowledge and best practice within this community. ConclusionsInvestment in the institutional governance of transparency is essential to achieving optimal transparency practices. Universities and hospitals share responsibility for ensuring research is performed and reported to regulatory standards. Facing political pressure, public research institutions in the UK have made efforts to improve their transparency practice which can provide key insights for similar efforts elsewhere.

Participatory museum projects with refugee-background young people

ABSTRACT Museums in the Global North have turned to participatory practices with traditionally marginalized groups in response to social and political pressures to become more inclusive and relevant and to confront their colonial pasts. One group which museums are increasingly seeking to engage is refugee-background young people, located at the intersection of two groups traditionally excluded from contributing to museological practice. However, while a wide range of participatory projects with refugee-background young people are being delivered with museums, there is limited published research and evaluation of these projects. This constrains opportunities for knowledge sharing about and across the sector. Responding to this situation, this article reviews the existing literature, focusing on key opportunities and challenges it identifies for refugee-background young people, museums, and audiences. Additionally, it attends to the limits of this literature, calling for wider critical engagement with such projects to support ethical and effective practice across the museum sector.

Single-use plastic or paper products? A dilemma that requires societal change

Plastic pollution has reached irreversible levels in both the terrestrial and marine environments affecting our planet’s fauna and human health. Plastic debris originating from single-use plastic products (such as bags, cups, straws, etc.) has been reported in every natural habitat around the globe, and their fragmentation to micro and nano-plastics poses high risks for every organism, including humans. Political pressure and awareness campaigns over the past decades have led governments and the industry to adopt legislative measures to ban the use of single-use plastics and seek alternative solutions. Hence, single-use paper cups, straws, lids, packages, etc. started infiltrating our daily routine, as the most promising alternative to plastic products. However, there has been increasing research in recent years showing that single-use paper products can be harmful to both the environment and human health. This work reviewed the ongoing research on the hazards associated with the use of single-use plastic and paper products to assess whether paper is a viable solution to plastic. The findings reported here show that single-use paper products might be extremely harmful to both the terrestrial, fresh, and marine environment, as well as human health and climate change. This is due to the release of toxic chemical compounds directly into the environment (as in many cases these products are not recyclable) and the food/beverage (due to their rapid mechanical/compositional failure), and the release of greenhouse gases, upon degradation. Moreover, this study discusses consumer behavior from research performed in several countries and discusses that most consumers exhibit environmental consciousness, but require better incentives to use multi-use products and turn away from single-use products. Overall, the most promising solution to mitigate pollution from single-use products is to combine the environmental consciousness of consumers with economic measures (taxes, levies) for purchasing single-use products to reduce their usage.

The Case for a Strong BBC. Cultural Sovereignty and Public Service Broadcasting in the Netflix Era

AbstractPSBs across the world are facing financial, technological and political pressures, yet audiences still need and want the benefits of public service media. If they are to survive, PSBs need to produce an agile response to the changing patterns of media consumption and the claims that markets can provide. Whilst the big streamers have produced great global content, they are unable to cover the range of the PSBs in reflecting the diversity and variety of British life and culture, nor take the same risks in nurturing new talent across the sector. Politicians must use the forthcoming BBC Charter renewal in 2027 to address the revolution in audience behaviour and changes in technology to reshape the choices available to the British public and beyond. The creative industries are a powerhouse of talent and contribute to some of our best prospects for global reach and economic growth. We must ensure they have a healthy future.

Stress behaviour among police officers under human resources management

Stress damages human beings and their agencies, potentially becoming all-encompassing. It can affect individuals in all occupations and of every age, regardless of gender, nationality, educational background, or position. Stress is an inevitable part of police work. Constant and unmanaged stress may reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of the staff. Police officers pose a threat to themselves, their colleagues, offenders, and public safety. The purpose of this study is to explore the causes of stress and empirically investigate the socio-demographic factors affecting stress levels among police personnel. A convenience sampling method was employed to select a sample of 118 police personnel in the Tamil Nadu police force. Findings revealed that political pressure, lack of time for family, negative public image, and low income were the primary causes of stress among police personnel. It emerged that stress is significantly more pronounced among younger, more educated individuals, those posted in urban areas, and those with less work experience. Overall, the findings of this study strongly suggest a need for internal policy reform and managerial changes in the system.

Інфляція як мірило незалежності центральних банків

The aim of the article is to study the process of formation of the modern paradigm of independence of central banks, determine the role of inflation in it, outline the criteria for independence and determine the dynamics of legal indicators of autonomy of monetary institutions. It is noted that the impetus for changes in relations between governments and central banks of many industrialized countries was the episodes of high inflation in the 1970s. Awareness of the problem of the time discrepancy between the short-term perspective of political decisions and their long-term impact on the economy provoked institutional changes in the status of monetary institutions. They envisaged the prioritization of central banks’ activities to ensure a consistently low level of inflation and provide independence to achieve it. It is also noted that in countries with economies in transition, the tendency to separate central banks into an independent institution was implemented during the 1990s. The criteria for the independence of central banks are determined by legislation and their charters. These usually include the following: isolation of central bank leadership from political pressure; prohibition to give instructions to central banks in the conduct of monetary policy; a clearly defined purpose of monetary policy; restrictions on lending to government programs and budget deficits. In addition to the formally defined independence, there is also the actual independence of central banks, which is usually outlined through the index of management turnover of monetary institutions and its correlation with the inflation rate. But this does not take into account other (exogenous) factors that affect the inflation rate, which makes the studies less relevant. In addition, the construction of any indices includes an arbitrary weight value of each of them, which reflects the sensitivity of the results obtained depending on their composition. As noted in the study, instead of a static analysis of the indicators of independence of central banks, it is more expedient to determine their modification from the beginning of the formation of the modern paradigm of independence to the present day. The analysis showed that since the beginning of the 1970s, most of the countries studied have changed the rules prohibiting central banks from financing (in any form) the budget deficit. At the same time, obstacles to interference in monetary policy were established. This suggests that the change in these criteria had the greatest impact on the downward trend in the level and volatility of inflation in the period under study.

ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИЙ КАПИТАЛ В УСЛОВИЯХ НИЗКОЙ БЕЗРАБОТИЦЫ

In the modern world, the Russian Federation is facing great political and economic pressure from many countries. Many industries are facing a shortage of skilled employees, and because of historically low level of unemployment, enterprises are forced to compete for necessary employees. This article discusses the importance of human capital and its growth for economic development. The Agenda of the future emphasizes the importance of human interaction in the postmodern economy through functions in the field of marketing and sales, creating and filling information content, working with different types of personalities and with different skill levels. The consequence of modernization changes is the formation of a new quality of human capital.

Keeping the Perpetual in Florida's Conservation Easements

Hundreds of millions of dollars are being invested in the protection of the Florida Wildlife Corridor and other environmentally sensitive lands. One of the primary tools being used to accomplish this protection is the perpetual conservation easement, which is touted to landowners and the public as providing a permanent guarantee that the subject lands will never be developed. There is a very real danger, however, that perpetual conservation easements in Florida may not, in fact, be perpetual, and the protections put in place today will vanish over time—along with the public funds invested therein—as government and nonprofit holders “release” the easements in the face of economic, political, and development pressures. Florida landowners may also find themselves unable to benefit from the subsidies offered through federal tax incentive and purchase programs due to an inability to qualify for those programs, which mandate that strict limits be placed on the release or extinguishment of conservation easements. This Article raises the alarm regarding the potential lack of durability of conservation easements in Florida, and explains the significant disconnect between what landowners and the public are being told about the permanence of conservation easements and the realities of existing law. This article also seeks to address these problems by recommending two steps that should be taken now to ensure that perpetual conservation easements in Florida will, in fact, be perpetual: (i) revise Florida law to place clear limits on the extinguishment or amendment of perpetual conservation easements, as has been done in several other states, and (ii) draft conservation easements to make clear that the grantor, the grantee, and their successors in interest are bound by the easement terms. With hundreds of landowners reportedly waiting to grant perpetual conservation easements to protect the Florida Wildlife Corridor, the time to act is now.

The Digital Era's Impact On Political Pressure To Curb Public Opinion In The 2024 Elections

Digitalization has brought about a fundamental shift in the way politics is conducted, whether by the government, political parties, or the general public. The digital age has changed political communication with increasingly sophisticated information and communication technologies. After two decades, the internet has changed many aspects of human life, including democracy. Since the introduction of the internet to Indonesia in the 1990s, a new phenomenon known as online political communication has emerged. has changed the conventional approach to political communication that has been distorted by conventional media. One of this article's goals is to provide a theoretical and practical discussion of this problem. This article discusses in a theoretical manner how the internet has changed the theory of classical political communication; how new internet features can improve political communication in terms of quantity and quality; and what problems might arise throughout this process. In the future, political communication may not always rely on digital media, such as the Internet, which has potential for use in political communication processes.