Political Arena Research Articles

Explaining the forms of generation Z’s political engagement: A study on generation Z in Semarang, Indonesia

This study aimed to construct the form of political engagement and examine the differences in any political engagement in Generation Z based on age, gender, and scientific field. This study involved 600 Generation Z (300 male, 300 female) who were studying at Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. This study uses a mixed method consisting of qualitative grounded theory and quantitative comparison. Data collection uses open-ended questions, in depth interview, and a political engagement scale (16 items; = 0.862). The results show that the form of political engagement of Generation Z includes the cognitive type such as understanding and analyzing political conditions, and the behavior type such as voting, expressing opinions, and habituating socio-political values in daily life as good citizens. Forms of political involvement vary from individual to collective. Generation Z’s political perception cannot be separated from the results of social construction by online media and significant others. There are differences in the political engagement of Generation Z on age and scientific field. However, there is no difference in political engagement related to gender. This research has implications for the urgency of the functioning of social systems that ensure the exposure of reliable information and provide space for expression for Generation Z to be involved in the political arena.

Queering the Way: Investigating the Relationship Between LGBT+ Advocacy and Policy Advancement

The modern LGBT+ rights movement in the United States has pushed both political and social advancements forward since the mid-twentieth century, furthering the fight for equality. Even as hundreds of anti-LGBT+ bills have been proposed and passed in states across the country throughout the last decade or so, they have remained a force to be reckoned with. This study analyzes the specific tactics used by LGBT+ activists and nonprofits from the mid-twentieth century to present day, through the framework of Douglas McAdam’s Political Opportunity Theory to explain how campaigns or movements are made successful. Political Opportunity Theory, or Political Opportunity Structure, argues social movement success is most dependent on the availability of political opportunities (McAdam, 2013). The study primarily draws on interviews of LGBT+ activists and aligned policy makers, both archived and original, ultimately seeking to determine which advocacy strategies most effectively advance political and social acceptance. Using political theories, previous scholarly literature, and activist interviews, this study found that many factors contribute to the overall success of an advocacy campaign: access to resources, ability to mobilize populations, clear goals and strategy, and strong relationships between outsider activists and political insiders. The goal of this report is to advise the creation of effective policy change inside political arenas and social change both through advocacy and through increased LGBT+ support from powerholders in government, to further promote LGBT+ equality and understanding in the United States.

Is Political Instability an Obstacle to Economic growth? Evidence from South Asia

The nexus existing between the growth rate of countries and political instability has been subjected to increasing interest among academic scholars and policymakers in different contexts all around the globe. The current study examined the relationship between political instability and economic growth in both short and long-run, employing the Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (PARDL) model. Through the efforts taken via the study to redefine the political instability and growth nexus in South Asia, it could be stated that despite the insignificant impact of political instability on economic growth in the short run, countries gain the capability in elevating the growth level by maintaining stable political regimes in the long run. The results suggested that there is an overall negative and also a significant linkage between political instability and the long-run growth rate. The holistic analysis highlighted that regulatory quality and civil liberties needed to be well ensured to attain economic growth in the long run as they showed a significant positive relationship with the growth of the South Asian region. The short-run analysis of the variables depicted that there is no strong linkage between the growth and instabilities in the political arena, as the majority of the proxies of political instability exhibited an insignificant relationship with economic growth except regulatory quality. 
 Keywords: Economic growth; PARDL model; Political Instability; South Asia

The formation of the National Front in Iran

The grounds and manner of the emergence, ups and downs and collapse of the National Front (first period) between1949-1953 are considered to be one of the most controversial topics in the history of contemporary developments in Iran. The social and political conditions of Iran underwent a huge transformation between1941-1957. This development was caused by the arrival of the gravediggers and the fall of Reza Shah in September 1941. In this research, the fields of one of the most important political and social forces of Iran, i.e. "National Front" in the country's political scene after the fall of Reza Shah's dictatorship are investigated. The disintegration of Reza Shah's centralized system after his fall paved the way for the emergence of social forces that had been suppressed until then. The disintegration of Reza Shah's centralized system after his downfall paved the way for the emergence of social forces that had been suppressed until then. It was expected that by weakening the position of the court, the newly emerging parties would be able to eliminate the power vacuum that had arisen in the political arena. But it soon became clear that they not only could not do this, but they themselves had to submit once again to the restored power of the court. At the same time as the crisis dominates the society, the attempt to restore the desired dictatorship of court weakens the nationalists and the freedom seekers more and more. The actions of the court to create political restrictions and deprivation of civil liberties had coincided with the efforts of the British and Iranian Oil Company to stabilize its position in Iran. These two tyrannical and colonial actions were in conflict with what the nationalist and freedom fighters were pursuing. Alignment of those who called themselves "National Front", it was normal for the governing board and the oil company. The National Front was formed by those who were disillusioned with the political-social situation, ...............

When migrants become ‘the people’: unpacking homeland populism

ABSTRACT The emerging debate on transnational populism has thus far mainly focused on cases, which have remained relatively inconsequential due to the weak institutionalisation of the political transnationalism arena. By bringing in a better-structured arena of migrant transnationalism, this paper introduces populist political parties mobilising transnational migrants to the debate and explores the resulting phenomenon of homeland populism. The paper investigates three populist parties that operate transnationally – Ecuadorian APAIS in Spain, Turkish AKP in Germany and Estonian EKRE in Finland. The analysis demonstrates that the phenomenon of homeland populism shares several distinct features despite the ideological, geographic, cultural and migratory differences between the three cases. The cases also sport differences: while the construction of ‘the people’ depends on migratory context, the construction of ‘the antagonist’ is more related to the ideational variations of populism. The study also suggests that the key target group of homeland populism are economic migrants.

Shifting Paradigms, Pandemic Realities: The Reception of Ishay Ribo’s Music in the American Hasidic Community

The COVID-19 pandemic has irrevocably changed the landscape of social, communal, and religious life. Within the Jewish community, reactions to the virus have taken many forms. One of the most visible and criticized populations, the Hasidic community of Brooklyn, has been the focus of attention from the media and press, and has responded in unprecedented ways, both in political and social arenas. Our close study of the evolution of a particular instance of atypical musical permissiveness in the period preceding COVID-19, and its subsequent development during the pandemic period itself, follows this metamorphosis, limning the shift in communal norms as expressed through the Hasidic embrace of the music of Ishay Ribo. Ribo, an Orthodox Jewish Israeli singer-songwriter, has produced a musical oeuvre that creatively draws upon Biblical and liturgical language to create original lyrics in modern Hebrew, in a soft-rock musical style. This unique fusion has garnered surprising popularity in the secular Israeli world, but has also made inroads into the American Hasidic community which had previously distanced itself from modern Israeli music, specifically music with modern Hebrew lyrics and in that stylistically differs from the community’s sonic norms. Ribo was introduced to the Hasidic music scene before the pandemic, but the marked uptick in the popularity of his music became most evident during the height of this period, as public gatherings and political engagement in the Brooklyn Hasidic community increased. In this study, we argue that these coeval phenomena are interrelated rather than coincidental, and bespeak a larger trend toward openness and interaction with the other that was bolstered by the circumstances of COVID-19.

CHRONICLES OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) IN INDONESIAN POLITICAL AFFAIRS

The Chronicles of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia/TNI) can be traced back to its history, starting from the Pre-Proclamation Period, the Old Order (Orde Lama), the New Order (Orde Baru), and the Reformation. The influence of the armed forces in each era has its own characteristics in accordance with the pattern of leadership in its era. This study aims to find out the traces of the TNI's movement in Indonesian politics. The search was carried out using the literature review method with the aim of looking at the role of the TNI in national politics and the suitability of the TNI's participation in the practical political arena in Indonesia. The role and progress of the TNI in Indonesian politics cannot be separated from changes in the mindset of leaders and society as well as technological developments that occur from time to time. The transformation of the TNI's contribution, which was initially able to influence the economic, social and cultural sectors, has narrowed and is focused on the field of national defense. The results of the study also show that there has been a change in the political behavior of the TNI which tends to be neutral and focuses more on national defense.

Impact of Urbanization and Economic Growth in Albania

One of the goals of the study is to analyze how urbanization and economic growth are related, identify the elements that influence a nation's urbanization, and add to the body of theoretical and empirical research on urbanization. Over the past 32 years, Tirana has undergone a number of swift and challenging transformations in the economic, social, and political arenas. The sudden transformation of the natural and populated terrain serves as a stark example of an unforeseen and novel phenomenon for Albanian society. Various researchers have confirmed this statement but no previous study has used socio-economic data to study this relationship in the city of Tirana, as a city with a promising economic development. Urbanization is linked to problems including insufficient housing, poor waste management, and insufficient infrastructure, all of which are very difficult to eradicate and control. These problems are still a battle in developed nations. Tirana and other developing cities have a much higher rate of urbanization than did the wealthy nations of today when they were first developing (Dutt and Parai, 1994). Through an examination of the causal relationships between variables and their effects on the economy, this study looks at other aspects of population migration. This study is analytical and exploratory. The research findings can support attempts to discover acceptable solutions to urban problems, particularly in Tirana and beyond, by providing an up-to-date understanding of the elements that project urbanization. The study is based on contemporary urbanization theory, which is particularly relevant in the instance of Tirana. The following ways that this study will increase knowledge are as follows: it will pinpoint socioeconomic factors that attempt to forecast Tirana's urbanization; it will develop a method to measure urbanization and economic growth through a standardized measure. The basic methods according to which such an evaluative analysis will be made are related to the correlation between the variables as well as the regression analysis. The data have been obtained from INSTAT and the World Bank for the period 1998-2019.
 
 Received: 5 September 2022 / Accepted: 28 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022

COMPETENCY~BASED APPROACH TO COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT AS APPLIED TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Change in the external environment, without exception, impacts upon the organisation and in particular the practising of public relations. Since the beginning of the nineties, the South African business environment Is characterised by the redefinement of business practices and partners and the shifting of boundaries as an expression of the globalization of the world economy. The lifting of sanctions, together with the events that took place in the political arena, introduced unprecedented changes in the legal-political, economic and social environments. Against this background, an urgent need for the development of a context sensitive generic framework of required outputs for communication managers in a changing business envlronment, based on an integrated approach, was identified. This article provides an overview of the dynamics of change in the external environment and the impact it has on the public relations function. A brief discussion regarding standard setting as envisaged by the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) and the professionalisation of public relations, with specific reference to training needs and accreditation, is included. The article also attempts to provide Insight into the empirical process that led to the development of a generic framework and the hierarchial classification of outputs according to levels of work.

Inheritance of Power in Mercia by Princess Aelfwynn

The period of the early Middle Ages is controversial among scholars, especially with regard to gender studies, which have intensified since the late twentieth century. It is believed that in the Middle Ages women were restricted in their rights and the role of a noble woman was limited to strengthening alliance by contracting dynastic marriage. This was the case with the Carolingians, but the end of the early Middle Ages is also known as the beginning of the Viking’s Age, where women were treated with honor and respect, a woman could rule the odal while her husband was absent, and participate in the campaign. The territories of Britain of 9–10 centuries were constantly attacked by Scandinavians, culminating in the establishment of Danelag (area of Danish law), so England at that time was on the border of two civilizations - Western European and Scandinavian. The Kingdom of Mercia lost part of its territory and bordered on Five Viking burgs, while Wessex was able to maintain independence from the Danes. Thus, in the two Anglo-Saxon kingdoms with common traditions, religion and law, different patterns in the realm of women were formed. In 911, a woman who accompanied her husband for a long time in all his campaigns was recognized as the ruler of Mercia, and the question remains whether she could hand over the reins of power to her daughter. The main purpose of the article was to determine the characteristics of the succession to the throne of the Anglo-Saxons and to analyze the possibility of recognizing this right for a woman on the example of the Mercian Princess Elfwynn. The transition of power to the woman’s heir was not typical of the Anglo-Saxons, which aroused interest in a more thorough study of this issue. Based on the analysis and comparison of primary sources, as well as historiography, the article considers the basic principles of succession to the Anglo-Saxons in the early Middle Ages and analyzes the possible transfer of power to the heiress, taking into account the recognition of this right by the nobility. The foreign policy processes that influenced the domestic policy of the Kingdom of Mercia and, as a result, were reflected in the position of the ruling elite on the succession to the throne, are considered in the study. The scientific paper provides a deeper understanding of the status and role of women in the political arena of Anglo-Saxon society by determining the level of their involvement in the government of the kingdom.

INSURGENT HERITAGE: Mobilizing Memory, Place‐based Care and Cultural Citizenships

AbstractBridging critical heritage studies with insurgent planning theory, this article proposes the notion of ‘insurgent heritage’ to discuss heritage preservation's role in constructing urban citizenship in Latin America. Critical heritage scholars have pointed to the European dominant heritage discourse deployed worldwide that excludes subordinated voices in the production of heritage. The research has also illuminated alternative understandings of preservation that sit outside of or opposed to the state and the cultural elites’ concept of what should or should not be preserved. My use of insurgent heritage adds another layer of nuance to this body of work. It promotes a pluriversal perspective by building on Southern urbanisms, Latin American social collective action, and feminist scholarship. Inspired by ethnographic work with heritage grassroots organizations in Chile, this line of argument shows that communities’ local knowledge pushes against the practice of heritage preservation and planning by only sanctioned experts. Instead, by transgressing false dichotomies of informal and formal arenas of politics, insurgent heritage proposes multiple perspectives to envision alternative futures. It reframes grassroots heritage as a sociocultural process mediated by the interplay of memory‐work and the specifics of place as an ethical form of place‐based care that highlights the cultural dimension of citizenship.

An Assessment On Max Weber's Political Theory

Max Weber, siyaseti meslek olarak seçecek kişilerle ilgili düşüncelerini ilk kez 1919 yılında Münih Üniversitesi Liberal Sol-Hür Öğrenciler Birliği’nde, “Meslek Olarak Siyaset” başlığı altında verdiği konferansta öğrenci topluluğu ile paylaşmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kendisi ünlü bir Alman sosyolog, ekonomist ve düşünür olan Max Weber’in hayatının son dönemlerinde dile getirdiği siyasetle ilgili düşüncelerini siyasi sorumluluk, devlet, bürokrasi, egemenlik (otorite) ve etik bağlamında açıklamaktır. Yine Max Weber tarafından ortaya konulan, devlet memurlarının nitelikleri ve çalışma prensipleri ve siyasi arenada takınmak zorunda oldukları tavır ve davranışları daha önce hiç dile getirilmemiş olmaları açısından çalışmamızda önemli yer tutmaktadır. Bu anlamda Max Weber, bir siyasetçide olması gerektiğine inandığı nitelikleri özellikle sorumluluk ve inanç etiği bağlamında ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca devlet memurlarının tarafsız kalmaları ve hınç duygusundan uzaklaşarak görevlerini yerine getirmeleri gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Abuzywne zapożyczenia konstytucyjne jako „ciemna strona” liberalnej demokracji (artykuł recenzyjny)

Abusive Constitutional Borrowing as a ‘Dark Side’ of Liberal Democracy (A Review) In the book Abusive Constitutional Borrowing. Legal Globalization and the Subversion of Liberal Democracy its authors Rosalind Dixon and David Landau emphasize that legal globalization has its ‘dark side’ since the norms of liberal and democratic constitutionalism can easily be used for anti-democratic purposes. There appears disorientation in both the national and international political arena through the application of norms, which are peculiar to democracies, albeit they constitute potent tools for consolidating power and suppressing opposition. The present era is the time where democratic backsliding and covert autocratization have become the prevalent issues. Some regimes dress their activities under the guise of a liberal and democratic discourse. In lieu of committing military coups, modern policymakers tend to implement more legal forms of anti-democratic change to undermine democracy by using constitutional rights or the courts (judicial review). The characteristic feature of abusive constitutional borrowing is to maximize the achievement of antidemocratic goal. It is a deliberate attack on the democratic minimum core, which consequently leads to a gradual erosion of democracy. Modern democracies have a tendency to move back to autocratization by combining different forms of constitutional abuses, which can be classified as constitutional changes and sub-constitutional ones with a formal or informal character. Moreover, one can also discern various forms of borrowings i.e., superficial, selective, acontextual, and anti-purposive.

Viceregalism: The Crown as Head of State in Political Crises in the Postwar Commonwealth. By H. Kumarasingham (ed.)

Cancelled hospital appointments, postponed Royal Mail and rail strikes, suspended sporting events and closed banks due to national mourning—the death of Queen Elizabeth II on 8 September 2022 had significant consequences for public life in the UK and beyond. With the disruption of the work of the parliaments of her realms (including the four parliaments of the UK and other parts of the Commonwealth such as Australia), they also reached the political arena, reminding the public that in the British constitutional monarchy the Crown is ‘an integral part of the institution of Parliament’, indeed the ‘oldest part of the system of government in this country’, as the UK Parliament’s website puts it.1 Published well before the events of September 2022, H. Kumarasingham’s new book, which appeared in the Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series, is devoted to the political functions of the Crown in the post-war Commonwealth. It is an important volume because the politics of and with the Crown are still among the most under-researched areas in political science, but also in history. This is hardly understandable in light of central monarchical reserve powers and the empirically describable politicizations of the monarchy from various sides. The study of the political functions and politicizations of the Crown also offers insight into the functions of modern constitutional monarchies as well as into the political culture and practices of Commonwealth member states. With such a perspective, it would be possible—and, in fact, necessary—to reinscribe the monarchy into the contemporary political history of Britain and beyond, in which it has a place, but which scholarly research has so far not illuminated enough. Significantly complementing existing, older constitutional law studies, Kumarasingham’s book now makes a substantial contribution to this. Although it is not explicitly oriented towards the new political history, the cultural history of politics or a history of political practices, it contributes significantly to these current fields of research with regard to the contemporary Commonwealth.

Critical Race Theory in Library and Information Science (LIS) Education

On its surface the library and information science (LIS) profession is open and supportive of efforts to bring about social justice and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) values into the professional practice. This is evidenced by statements such as the American Library Association’s (ALA) Code of Ethics which specifically mention “…to recognize and dismantle systemic and individual biases, to confront inequality and oppression...” Although statements like this represent a good start, all too often they remain at an abstract level without the corresponding practical application or strategic management elements which are necessary to enact them in day-to-day professional practice. This enactment is an essential component, if the profession has intentions to bring about social justice applications into practice. Social justice seeks to find ways in which societies can eliminate the systems and barriers that create unearned privilege and marginalization, while upholding human rights (Cooke et al., 2016).
 One way to seek social justice in Library and Information Science (LIS) is to incorporate the principles of Critical Race Theory (CRT). CRT, which originated in critical legal studies, and has been adapted to many social science fields, is a movement which seeks to explore the role of racism and its effects on society. It is an intellectual framework aimed at explaining the real situations that affect the lives of members of minoritized groups and helps bring about revised social and systemic structures which can ameliorate the detrimental effects of racism and racist systems for these groups. CRT is rooted in certain principles which frame explorations of racism in modern day societies.
 These principles include notions such as that racism is ordinary and not aberrational, that race is a purely social phenomenon, and that due to differences in their experiences with oppression, members of marginalized groups are better equipped to communicate their experiences than their white counterparts (Delgado and Stefancic, 2017). Despite of the soundness of its arguments, CRT has been the target of many attacks which have moved to the political arena with at least 16 states reporting legislation intent on banning the teaching of CRT in public institutions of higher learning. This presentation will focus on the potential role of CRT in enriching the move towards a pedagogy focused on social justice.
 This session will present two panels. The first panel will discuss the principles of critical race theory in LIS and present valuable educational resources on the topic (Presenters: Dr. Nicole Cooke, Dr. Mónica Colón-Aguirre, Ms. Cearra Harris). The second panel will discuss specific practices taken on by members of the Black Caucus of the American Library Association (BCALA) recent work to center Blackness and social justice in LIS education in their organization’s efforts to occupy space and explore how U.S. librarians are taught, trained, and understood (Presenters: Dr. Ana Ndumu, BCALA Breaking Barriers Project co-PI, Dr. Shaundra Walker, BCALA Breaking Barriers Project co-PI, Shauntee Burns-Simpson, 2020-2022 BCALA President, Nichelle M. Hayes, 2022-2024 BCALA President).

Parliamentary practices in Holyrood: ‘new politics’ and the SNP

The Scottish Parliament was meant to represent a revolution in the way that Scots were governed as its supporters frequently expressed the hope that such a body would be a new type of institution that would represent a break with the Westminster model and would offer a new approach to the way that the business of government is carried on. The political arena that emerged out of the blueprint produced by the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the 1990s was the result of a historic consensus and was designed as a more inclusive, representative, transparent and collegial body which was to usher in ‘new politics’ for Scotland. This paper will therefore seek to examine to what extent the Scottish Constitutional Convention’s initial goal of a more open, representative and participative approach to politics has been met and question the impact of its relative success on the surge of nationalism in Scotland.

ON THE PROBLEM OF THE ABSENCE OF A REGULATORY AND LEGAL BASE FOR THE SYSTEM OF PREVENTION OF THE SPREAD OF TERRORISM IDEOLOGY IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The problem of organization of countering terrorist activity and other destructive phenomena ineducational institutions today seems more relevant than ever. Throughout the country, there has been anincrease in the statistics of acts of the use of firearms or cold steel in educational institutions (acts of schoolshooting), as a result of which the level of anxiety among students and teachers of educational organizationsthat do not have the opportunity or do not know the rules of conduct in such emergency situations is growing.It can be noted that in the future, such actions can lead to the undermining of the spiritual and moral bondsof society, the weakening of Russia in the domestic political and international arena. Today, within theframework of the hybrid-information war, a massive attack is being carried out on one of the most importantsocial institutions — education.It should be noted that the system for preventing the spread of the ideology of terrorism in educationalinstitutions is not enshrined at the legislative level. This situation is problematic and needs to be resolved.It is the network of universities that can become the flagship of the formation of an anti-terrorist ideologyand skills to counter terrorism and near-terrorist destructive phenomena.

Transformation of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: Reform of National Rally and its Political Influence

In April 2022, Marine Le Pen, the leader of the National Ally, not only entered the second round of the French presidential election again, but also achieved a new high in the election results of French far-right parties with 41.45% of the votes. Similarly, in the June parliamentary elections, the National Ally’s seats increased from 9 to 89, which is undoubtedly a further affirmation of the National Ally reform. Since 2011, Marine Le Pen who has carried out top-down reform of the National Ally put forward a series of strategies, including anti-European integration, de-demonization, and networking, which made a breakthrough in the European parliament elections and French municipal elections, leaving a great impact on the political ecology of French political parties and European politics. Radical right-wing populist parties, represented by the French National Ally, have a voter base that should not be underestimated and become important in the political arena of Western Europe.

War Memorials and Culture Wars in Mid-Nineteenth Century Sunderland

This article looks at two forms of war memorial installed in Sunderland’s Mowbray Park after the Crimean War and the Indian Rebellion: captured Russian cannons and a statue of the most famous British commander in India, General Henry Havelock. Although unveiled only four years apart, in 1857 and 1861, the memorials had strikingly different gestations and receptions: the Crimean War ‘memorial’ caused significant contestation within the local political and civic arena, attracting only several thousand spectators to a disorganised unveiling ceremony; conversely, the statue to General Henry Havelock unified Sunderland’s body politic, its unveiling witnessed by up to 100,000 people. This article analyses the organisational processes of the memorials and the narratives they sought to convey—and in the case of the Crimean cannons, why they caused serious controversy—in order to determine why the outcomes were so different. It argues that the memorials were by-products of contemporaneous struggles occurring within civic society and their failure or success depended on uniting the disparate status groups, religious denominations and political wings of the middle-class elite.

The Impact of Sport on the Reputation of States in the Modern Political Agenda

The article is devoted to the use of sports as a tool of soft power, the influence of sports on the formation of the image of the state. The material examines the increased role of international sports organizations and sports in general. It is noted that in the modern world the possibilities of sports diplomacy have seriously increased. Particular attention is paid to the confrontation between the Middle Eastern states, which have practically mastered the ability to politically influence the world community using the tools of sports diplomacy.Theoretical generalizations and comparative analysis made it possible to analyze the resonant sports events that took place at the largest tennis, judo and rally racing competitions.The aim of the work is to determine the influence of sport as an effective means of soft power in modern international relations.As a result of the study, various types of use of sports as a tool of soft power were demonstrated, and its effectiveness as an effective means of political struggle was proved using the example of the Middle East states. As a conclusion, it can be noted that at present, states that successfully combine various aspects of public diplomacy will achieve greater success. In this context, the development of sports at the national level makes it possible to increase the reputation of the state, creates a positive image, which makes it possible to achieve certain goals in the political arena.