Polish Scientists Research Articles

Internationalists and locals: international research collaboration in a resource-poor system

The principal distinction drawn in this study is between research “internationalists” and “locals.” The former are scientists involved in international research collaboration while the latter group are not. These two distinct types of scientist compete for academic prestige, research funding, and international recognition. International research collaboration proves to be a powerful stratifying force. As a clearly defined subgroup, internationalists are a different academic species, accounting for 51.4% of Polish scientists; predominantly male and older, they have longer academic experience and higher academic degrees and occupy higher academic positions. Across all academic clusters, internationalists consistently produce more than 90% of internationally co-authored publications, representing 2320% of locals’ productivity for peer-reviewed articles and 1600% for peer-reviewed article equivalents. Internationalists tend to spend less time than locals on teaching-related activities, more time on research, and more time on administrative duties. Based on a large-scale academic survey (N = 3704), some new predictors of international research collaboration were identified by multivariate analyses. The findings have global policy implications for resource-poor science systems “playing catch-up” in terms of academic careers, productivity patterns, and research internationalization policies.

Analiza recepcji teorii starzenia się w Polsce na przykładzie teorii aktywności i teorii wycofania

The aim of the article is not to reconstruct two classic aging theories (activity theory and disengagement theory), but the presentation of its reception which was made by Polish scientists. The basis for this analysis is, except the need to check the current state of knowledge about aging theories, a necessity to look closer at the effects of the efforts that have been put into the reconstruction of major theoretical perspectives in social gerontology in Poland. The subject matter in the article is important because the quality of aging theories reception has a significant impact on the research. High quality of theory reconstruction should lead to its wider use, both in exploratory and verification research, for example as a source of hypotheses, research questions, as well as an explanation and understanding of the obtained data. The conclusions from the analysis revealed that the majority of aging theory receptions presented in the Polish gerontological literature are fragmentary, they do not provide rich information, and they lack the origins. Critical comments are often missing. Methods of analysis have been proposed. The suggested methods of analysis might help to increase the quality of new aging theories reception that will emerge in Poland in the future.

The Ethos of Science and the Perception of the Polish System of Financing Science

The reforms of the Polish system of science emphasise the importance of research and the international activity of Polish scientists. Optimal allocation of funds, taking into account the needs of researchers, is one of the current key objectives of research policy in Poland. The aim of this article is to discover values that Polish researchers identify with as well as defining their approach to the current system of research financing in Poland. The results presented here come from a nationwide study implemented at the turn of 2016. In total, we surveyed 800 randomly selected researchers. The interviewees had at least a PhD degree and were employed in Polish research institutions. The results of the study confirm that the researchers who identify with different ethoses of science have varied approaches to the Polish system of research financing. The scientists who take the least favourable view of the system are those who identify with the academic tradition. Compared with the scientists with deeply-rooted academic values, those in favour of a post-academic ethos more appreciate the available funding opportunities as well as the features of competition-based research funding. They also more often claim that the rules of financing research institutions in Poland have a positive impact on the development of science.

Karol Szymanowski and multiculturalism

Karol Szymanowski and multiculturalism

Technologies and methods of training prospective teachers at the universities of Poland for educational work

The technologies and methods of training prospective teachers at Polish universities for educational work have been studied in the article. The interpretation of terms “technology”, “method”, “technique” by Polish scientists has been revealed. The emphasis has been placed on the need to develop author’s methods of education based on pedagogical experience. Positive ideas that should be implemented in the process of professional training of prospective teachers inUkraine(overcoming of terminological differences in the interpretation of ways of education, study the classifications of research methods in Polish pedagogy; wide implementation of author’s methods of education; encouragement for innovative methods grounding) have been determined.

ПОЛІТИКА І ПРАВО В ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙНИЙ ПЕРІОД: ТЕОРІЯ І ПРАКТИКА ВЗАЄМОДІЇ (Рецензія на книгу: Кукуруз О. В. Взаємодія політики і права у процесі суспільної трансформації в Україні та Республіці Польща. Київ: Видавництво «ФОП-Подолін І. В», 2020. 368 с.)

O. Kukuruz's monographic study, in which politics and law are analyzed in similar conditions in Ukraine and the Republic of Poland - in the period of social transformation. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study, in addition to modern Ukrainian and Polish scientists, involves the work of thinkers of the late XIX - early XX centuries, ie the period of radical change. L. Petrazhytsky's original concept - "politics of law" and one of its most famous types among modern Polish scholars - the policy of lawmaking are analyzed.

Method of cryptologic data transformations

Countering a quantum computer in the process of illegal ultra-high-speed decryption of messages is technically feasible. Information owner must oppose the competitor's computer with tasks, the solution of which requires an infinite number of operations during decryption. For example, the dependence of functions on an infinite number of informative features. The owner encrypts by integrating the functions, the recipient decrypts by solving the integral equations. It is not a discrete but an analog approach that prevails here. The basis for the implementation of this approach was created by Polish scientists. Mathematician Stefan Banach (1892-1945), who created modern functional analysis, and Marian Mazur (1909-1983), the author of " The Qualitative Theory of Information". Their theory was created in contrast with the "Quantitative Information Theory". Cryptologists who have devoted their whole lives to improving the "discrete" theory and found themselves close to power (and finance), try not to recall that Claude Shannon in his basic work "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" more than once emphasized the discrete focus of his developments anticipating future research on the specific limitations of his work adapted to the communication theory. Forgetting about the unlimited speeds and amounts of memory of quantum computers the orthodox talk about redundancy and further purely technical issues, including administrative leverages for counteracting against opponents. It is impossible to stop the progress of science. Experiments have shown the reality of creating such post-quantum-level cryptographic systems.

Fotografia: Grupa polskich studentów i stypendystów. Getynga, lato 1907. Trudne identyfikacje

A Group of Polish Students and Scholarship Holders. Göttingen, Summer of 1907: A Photo. Difficult Identifications The article was inspired by a group photo of twelve young Polish scientists, taken in the summer of 1907 in Göttingen. Some of the men portrayed in it – then still scholarship holders and students – gained worldwide fame a few years later, and almost all of them became famous scientists in pre-World War II Poland. The original of the photo, ref. no. ZF.263, was stored in the Archives of Polish Mathematicians in Sopot and is currently in the Central Mathematical Library of the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CBM IMPAN) in Warsaw. This photograph is a valuable memento for the history of Polish science. The article aims to reestablish the actual faces and names connection of the people in the photo since even renowned experts in photography had problems with their proper identification. The text gives examples of publications with a reproduction of the photo ZF.263 (or part of it) where some people are identified incorrectly.

Теоретико-педагогічні передумови розвитку фізичного виховання дітей та молоді на польських землях (друга половина ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)

Стаття присвячена проблематиці розвитку теоретичної думки польських вчених, лікарів та суспільних діячів у галузі фізичного виховання дітей і молоді в другій половині ХІХ та початку ХХ ст. Проаналізовано основні концепції фізичного виховання в системі дошкільної та шкільної освіти на польських землях в цей історичний період. В основному, увага польських дослідників того часу зосереджувалася на впровадженні систематичних занять з фізичного виховання у всіх типах польських шкіл, застосування рухових ігор і забав у навчальному процесі, популяризації фізичної культури в закладах дошкільної освіти, залучення батьків у процес фізичного виховання дітей у родині, фаховій підготовці вчителів фізичної культури та ін. Мета дослідження. Визначити основні напрямки та тенденції розвитку теоретичної думки польських вчених, лікарів та суспільних діячів в другій половині ХІХ та початку ХХ ст. у галузі фізичного виховання дітей і молоді. Методи дослідження. Вивчення літературних джерел, документальних матеріалів, теоретичний аналіз і синтез отриманих даних. Результати дослідження. У другій половині ХІХ − початку ХХ ст. проблематика фізичного виховання стала інтегральним елементом програм педагогічних з’їздів польських вчителів на яких зверталась увага на надзвичайно суттєву роль фізичного виховання в освіті молодого покоління, а також у покращенню стану здоров’я населення загалом. Польські вчені, педагоги лікарі приймали активну участь в ряді євро­пейських конгресів та форумів, що відбувалися на початку ХХ ст., на яких розглядалися проблеми фізичного виховання, здоров’я та гігієни дітей і молоді. Значну роль у популяризації в польському суспільстві питань фізичного виховання дітей та молоді відіграв ІХ з’їзд польських лікарів і біологів, який відбувся у 1900 році в Кракові. Вперше під час проведення таких форумів було організовано спеціальну секцію з проблематики фізичного виховання дітей і молоді. Висновки. Проведений аналіз літературних джерел та архівних документів дозволяє стверджувати, що незважаючи на чисельні труднощі у процесі організації фізичного виховання в дошкільній та шкільній освіті на польських землях у цей історичний період (слабка матеріальна база для проведення занять з фізичного виховання; відсутність підготовлених вчителів з цього предмету; консерватизм керівництва частини шкіл) теоретичний та практичний розвиток фізичного виховання підростаючих поколінь осягнув значного прогресу у порівнянні з попередніми десятиріччями.

Nowomowa pseudometanaukowa? O języku polskiej polityki naukowej.

Pseudo-metascientific newspeak? On the language of the Polish science policy The aim of this paper is a critical analysis of selected means of the language used in the contemporary (2016–2018) Polish science policy. The analysis attempts to apply the categories developed by Polish researchers in the description of newspeak as the language of power and media at the time of the Polish People’s Republic (PRL). The overall discussion is based on W. Pisarek’s view that what is called newspeak and referred to the PRL period in the Polish literature is in fact one of many possible forms of using language as an instrument of political persuasion. The object of the description is mainly language behaviours of the Polish scientists who are powerful and infl uential in the world of Polish science and who co-decide on the governmental science policy. The focus is on the language of the debate on a reform of the system of science and higher education (the so-called Ustawa 2.0 (Act 2.0), Konstytucja dla Nauki (Constitution for Science), ustawa Gowina (Gowin’s Act)). NOWOMOWA PSEUDOMETANAUKOWA?… 47 The principal conclusion is that the apparatus developed in the description of the newspeak of the PRL period could be employed in the description of a large number of language behaviours of representatives of the Polish science policy of the end of the 2nd decade of the 21st c. The fl ag words of the Polish science policy are characterised by monovalent connotation combined with a vague (or no) denotation.

MENTALNOŚĆ UKRAIŃSKA A POLSKA: CECHY WSPÓLNE I RÓŻNIĄCE

The study justifies the need for a mentality analysis. The main goal – to compare the features of the Ukrainian and Polish mentality as historically shaped value systems, patterns of perception, feeling, understanding and transforming the world. Based on the work of Polish scientists, the results of sociological research and on opinions of Poles published in the media, the common and various mentality characteristics of the Ukrainian and Polish people were analyzed, correlations between the indicated features and the current state of development of both countries were noticed. The reasons for Ukraine's lagging behind Poland in terms of development were analyzed.It was emphasized that Poland and Ukraine are heterogeneous countries in terms of economic and cultural development, and this difference is caused by the unique historical past (especially the experience of victories and defeats) and mentality traits. Determination was determined: mentality features, in turn, affect the further development of the future.The comparison of the main features of both nations has allowed to distinguish such common features as individualism, a sense of freedom and independence, courage, sentimentality and emotionality, maintaining close contact between family members, tolerance. The difference lies in the greater level of patriotism and a sense of honor, religiousness, conservative views and attachment to tradition, politeness in the mentality of Poles. However, for the mentality of Ukrainians there is a characteristic lower level of divisions and disputes, complaints, dissatisfaction with anything, although the economic standard of living of the vast majority of Ukrainian society is lower than in Polish. The features that require development and greater expression in Polish society: kindness towards yourself and others, friendly attitude, mutual trust, openness to the new, joy and satisfaction with what is are noticed.

Technological map of the Starunsky geodynamic landfill on the Prycarpathia

Starunia’s Geodynamic Landfill is an area of 60 hectares of the geological monument of nature of the national significance “Starunia” – the world-famous location of the Pleistocene mammoth fauna and four hairy rhinos. The first findings of the mummified carcasses of animals of the so-called mammoth fauna were found at a depth of 12 m at the mine (mine) for the extraction of ozokerite near the village. The old town of Bohorodchany district, Ivano-Frankivsk region, 1907 Scholars of Krakow and Lviv appreciated these unique discoveries enough and published a number of articles and a monograph in 1914. In 1929, an expedition of the Skill Academy from Krakow found the remains of three more hairy rhinos at a mine depth of 17 m. Numerous bones of small vertebrates (rodents), shell remains, numerous species of insects, beetles, parasitic worms, bedbugs, butterflies, spiders, snails, vascular plants, midges, seeds and branches of dwarf birch, alder and other flora were also collected. Polish scientists have organized comprehensive studies of fauna and flora, partly their results were published in articles, but the Second World War halted this process. It is important to note that Starunia’s findings intensified the comprehensive study of stratigraphy, paleontology, paleogeography, geochronology, and other aspects of the Quaternary – the quartet. It should be recalled that in 1932, in Leningrad, the International Geological Congress established INQUA – the International Union for the Study of the Quaternary. But the basic methodological foundations of this study were laid on the materials of Elder.

IWAN ŁOBOJKO W POLSKIM ŚRODOWISKU NAUKOWYM (DWA PODEJŚCIA DO TEMATU NA PODSTAWIE WSPOMNIEŃ)


 
 
 This paper consists of three parts: 1. The current state of research on Ivan Lobojko’s memoirs (comments of Samuel Fishman, Abram Reytblat, Marya Prussak, Reda Gruskaite); 2. The biography of Ivan Lobojko (born 1786 in Charkov, died 1861 in Mitau) and his contacts with Polish scientists (the community of Vilnius University, Samuel Bogumił Linde, Joachim Lelewel and others); 3. Two approaches to the subject “Ivan Lobojko in the Polish scientific community on the basis of his memoirs” (I. Lobojko, Moi vospominaniya. Moi zapiski, ed. A.I. Rejtblat, Moscow 2013): a) the “external” method – “The Poles about Lobojko”, a comparison of Lobojko’s memoirs and Poles’ memoires (A.H. Kirkor, A. Malinowski, T. Dobszewicz), b) the “internal” method – “Lobojko about the Poles”, a reconstruction of the profiles of Polish scientists in Lobojko’s memoirs (Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski and others).
 
 

INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF STARUNIA PALEONTOLOGICAL LOCATION OF THE PLEISTOCENE FAUNA OF THE RHINOCEROSES AND THE MAMMOTHS FOR QUATERNARY GEOLOGY

The first finds of mummified carcasses of the hairy rhino, mammoth, horse, roe deer and other animals were carried out at a depth of 12 m when passing the mines for the production of ozokerite near the village. The expedition of the Academy of Skill from Krakow, when passing a mine at a depth of 17 m, found the remains of 3 more hairy rhinos. There were also numerous bones of small vertebrates (rodents), artichokes, numerous insects, beetles, parasitic worms, slag, butterflies, spiders, snails, vascular plants, seeds and branches of dwarf birch, alder, and other representatives of tundra flora. After the earthquake in the Vrancha Mountains (Romania), the first and still unique mud volcano in the Carpathians, which gave the Starunia paleontological location a new "sound", arose on the ozokerite deposit. An important result was the discovery of the most desirable area, where the remains of giant mammals and even the Cro-Magnon Pleistocene could still be found at the depths. All the numerous interdisciplinary traces of Polish and Ukrainian scientists confirm the uniqueness of Starunia on a global scale, requiring the preservation and further study of paleontological finds and the only mud volcano in the Carpathians. Such findings can only be made by organizing the Starunia geodynamic ground International Ecological and Tourist Center «Geopark Ice Age».

Рекультивація озера методом пульверизаційної аерації води в умовах розташування метеорологічної станції Рава-Руська

Розглянуто технологію рекультивації озера технічним методом в умовах розташування метеорологічної станції Рава-Руська. Проаналізовано досвід і результати роботи польських науковців. Відзначено позитивні результати внаслідок застосування у рекультивації природних і штучних водойм пульверизаційних аераторів, які розпилюють воду в повітрі. Представлено розподіл пульверизаційних аераторів води, що використовуються під час рекультивації озер. Охарактеризовано пульверизаційний аератор із вітровим приводом концепції Подсядловського. Ця технологія передбачає використання енергії вітру для насичення киснем нижньої зони озера. Робота аератора забезпечує утворення на кумулятивній глибині життєвого простору, в якому інтенсивно розвиваються фіто- і зоопланктон, а також риби, які ним харчуються. Регулярне виловлювання швидко зростаючої риби дає змогу знизити трофність озера та систематично покращити якість води. Пульверизаційний аератор води із вітровим приводом в умовах розташування метеостанції Рава-Руська може забезпечити розчинення кисню в донних водах в межах від 4,86 до 5,53 г·м-3. Найнижчі концентрації розчиненого кисню у воді зафіксовано в липні та серпні (4,86 г·м-3), а найвищі (>5,24 г·м-3) – із жовтня по травень. Опрацьовано і описано номограму для визначення вмісту кисню, розчиненого у воді впродовж певного місяця, внаслідок функціонування пульверизаційний аератор із вітровим приводом в умовах розташування метеостанції Рава-Руська. Рекомендовано застосування пульверизаційного аератора із вітровим приводом для рекультивації озер України.

Novel hybrid compounds designed by Polish scientists provide a long-lasting analgesic effect in a mouse model of neuropathic pain

W polskich i niektórych europejskich mediach pojawiło się w ostatnim okresie wiele informacji na temat opracowanej przez polskich naukowców nowej substancji proponowanej jako lek przeciwbólowy. Ze względu na fakt, że badania te prowadzone były pod moim kierunkiem, podjęłam decyzję, aby czytelnikom kwartalnika „Ból” umożliwić zapoznanie się z genezą i wynikiem tych badań. Punktem wyjścia do wyżej wspomnianych badań, przeprowadzonych w Zakładzie Farmakologii Bólu Instytutu Farmakologii im. J. Maja Polskiej Akademii Nauk, była obserwacja, że po wielokrotnym podawaniu opioidów rozwija się tolerancja, a po dłuższym czasie stosowania, lek opioidowy powoduje ból. Weryfikowaliśmy tezę, że w endogennych systemach, wywołane uszkodzeniem układu nerwowego zaburzenie homeostazy na korzyść działania przeciwbólowego, powoduje następowy wzrost aktywności układów probólowych. Przeprowadziliśmy liczne badania zmian aktywności endogennych systemów przeciw- i probólowych (cholecystokinina, substancja P, melanokortyna, bradykinina), będących konsekwencją uszkodzenia tkanki nerwowej w zwierzęcym modelu bólu neuropatycznego. Bardzo interesujące wyniki uzyskaliśmy dla działającej probólowo melanokortyny, która jest peptydem pochodzącym z proopiomelanokortyny, czyli z tego samego prohormonu, co działająca silnie przeciwbólowo beta-endorfina. Fakt powstawania z tego samego prohormonu dwóch przeciwnie działających peptydów dodatkowo uatrakcyjnił naszą hipotezę badawczą. Po wielu badaniach opracowano substancję bifunkcyjną, która w modelu tego bólu wywołała silny efekt analgetyczny. Syntezę zaproponowanej przez nas hybrydy opracował i przeprowadził zespół chemików pod kierunkiem prof. Aleksandry Misickiej-Kęsik z Pracowni Peptydów Wydziału Chemii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Obecnie poszerzone badania tej hybrydy, mające doprowadzić do badań klinicznych, otrzymały finansowanie Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju.

Maria Szymanowska as a recital pianist‑composer of the Romantic epoch

Maria Szymanowska as a recital pianist‑composer of the Romantic epoch

Sociological Intervention «a la polonaise»: Alain Touraine’s Method in the Polish Context

In 1981, the French sociologist Alain Touraine (with a group of Polish young sociologists led by the veteran of Polish sociology – Jan Strzelecki), conducted a famous research on the Solidarity Movement with the use of a new and distinct method of investigation called “sociological intervention.” It was the first time that Polish sociologists, who were trained in a specific combination of Marxist and positivist traditions, had experienced this kind of ‘hard’ qualitative methodology. The reactions were mixed and the general approach was rather cautious. Nevertheless, the sociological intervention method has since been used several times by Polish scientists. The aim of this paper is to summarize these experiences.

Zjawisko wojny w teorii konfliktu Ludwika Gumplowicza

<p>Ludwik Gumplowicz (1938–1909) był jednym z najwybitniejszych polskich naukowców przełomu XIX i XX w., który do opisu państwa i zjawisk społecznych konsekwentnie stosował perspektywę socjologiczną. Z punktu widzenia dyscypliny doktryn polityczno-prawnych stworzony przez niego system naukowy jest niezmiernie istotny, gdyż jako jeden z pierwszych myślicieli wyprowadził istnienie kategorii państwa z konfliktu i podboju (tzw. egzogeniczna geneza państwa), konsekwentnie uzasadnionego prawami ewolucjonizmu społecznego. Artykuł został poświęcony udowodnieniu tezy, że fatalizm charakteryzujący naukowe koncepcje Gumplowicza prowadzi do wniosku o niemożliwości zaprzestania prowadzenia wojen przez ludzi. W celu przeprowadzenia poprawnej analizy badawczej najpierw zostały zaprezentowane podstawowe założenia teorii konfliktu Gumplowicza, później ukazano uproszczony model ewolucji społecznej, by ostatecznie skupić się na opisanym przez niego zjawisku wojny. Rekonstruując i interpretując badane koncepcje, posłużono się metodologią doktryn polityczno-prawnych, operując klasycznymi kategoriami przedmiotu, jakimi są: jednostka, społeczeństwo, państwo, władza, prawo oraz własność.</p>

The Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Starunya site as a “bridge” between the stratigraphical frameworks of Western Europe and the plain area of Ukraine

The first discoveries of mummified carcasses of the woolly rhinoceros, mammoth, horse, roe deer and other animals were made at a depth of 12 m in the course of mining work at an ozokerite mine near the village of the Starunia. In 1929 an expedition of the Academy of Arts and Sciences from Krakow, when investigating the mine at a depth of 17 m, found the remains of 3 more woolly rhinoceroses. There were also numerous bones of small vertebrates (rodents), artichokes, numerous insects, beetles, parasitic worms, fleas, butterflies, spiders, snails, vascular plants, seeds and branches of dwarf birch, alder, and other representatives of tundra flora. In March 1977, after the earthquake in the Vrancha Mountains (Romania), the first and still the only mud volcano in the Carpathians, which added an entirely new “ note “ to the Starunia paleontological location , arose on the ozokerite deposit. In the 1970s-80s several dozen remains of ancient man from the late Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods were discovered. In 2004-2009, two Ukrainian-Polish expeditions were organized. The results of both expeditions were published in 2005 in the book «Polish and Ukrainian Geological Studies (2004-2005) at Starunia – the area of discoveries of Woolly Rhinoceros» and the scientific collection «Interdisciplinary Studies (2006-2009) at Starunia (Carpathian Region, Ukraine). The main achievements are set forth in 17 articles and relate to the geological environment, geomorphology, lithology, stratigraphy and paleography of the Holocene deposits, their palynological and paleobotanical characteristics, chronostratigraphy and environmental changes during the period of the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and also research by methods of electric probe, gravity and microgravity survey, geochemical analysis, microbiological characteristics and bitumen of Quaternary deposits. An important result was the discovery of the most productive area where the remains of giant mammals and even Pleistocene Cro-Magnon could still be found at depths. All the numerous interdisciplinary research of Polish and Ukrainian scientists confirms the uniqueness of Starunia on a global scale, requiring the preservation and further study of the paleontological finds and of the only mud volcano in the Carpathians. Such findings can onlybe made by organizing the Starunia International Ecological and Tourist Center «Geopark Ice Age».