Police Teams Research Articles

Sport and Society in the Soviet Union: The Politics of Football after Stalin by Zeller Manfred Nicki Challenger (review)

SEER, 98, 1, JANUARY 2020 188 Zeller, Manfred. Sport and Society in the Soviet Union: The Politics of Football after Stalin. Translation by Nicki Challenger. The Library of Modern Russia. I. B. Tauris, London and New York, 2018. xx + 300 pp. Illustrations. Notes. List of source documents. Bibliography. Index. £75.00: $110.00. Manfred Zeller’s monograph on Soviet football fan culture, originally published in German, has now been translated and published in English. The book aims to provide a broad analysis of Soviet football fan culture in the post-World War Two period. This is a much needed study that explores various aspects of Soviet fan culture previously neglected by both Russian and Western scholars. Chapter one gives an account of current research on fan culture and spectator sport in which Zeller concludes that the historiography of both is ‘in its infancy at an international level’ (p. 13). The rest of the chapter discusses sources, methodology and analysis. Zeller conducted in-depth interviews with thirty-two Soviet football fans who supported Soviet soccer teams from the 1950s to the 1980s, and carried out significant archival research in Moscow and Kiev, in the Central State Archive of the City of Moscow, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Central State Archives of Public Organizations of Ukraine and the Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine. He was given access to Soviet Sport Committee documents, to numerous football referees’ reports, and to thousands of soccer fan letters in which they congratulated their favourite teams, requested that their local team be promoted to a higher league, complained about incorrect decisions by referees, criticized TV and radio soccer commentators, etc. In addition various articles about football, soccer fan letters and public statements made by the USSR Sports Committee that were published in the daily newspaper, Sovetskii Sport, and the by-weekly magazine Futbol proved to be valuable sources. Chapter two describes the fan rivalry between the Moscow teams Dinamo, Spartak and TsDKA in the 1930s to 1950s. Following research by Robert Edelman, Zeller analyses the almost universal popularity amongst Muscovites of Spartak Moscow — ‘the team of the people’ which they rooted for regardless of their professional affiliation. Zeller writes about the iconic role of Nikolai Starostin and his brother in managing and promoting the team. The bitter rivalry between Spartak and Dinamo; the attempts of Lavrentii Beria to arrest the Starostin brothers in order to prop up Dinamo, and the new image of Spartak as a representative of the victims of the Stalin purges are covered from various angles and with many interesting details. The fan interviews indicate that in the post-World War Two period many Moscow bolelshiki rooted for TsDKA: the stands were full of former officers and soldiers, as they identified ‘the army team’ with Soviet war victories more than did the fans of Dinamo, REVIEWS 189 the police team. The chapter then zooms in on the defeat of the Soviet national soccer team, mostly consisting of TsDKA players, at the Olympics in 1952 which led to the disbanding of TsDKA by the USSR Sports Committee — one of Stalin’s last gestures in the world of Soviet sports. Several of the interviewees were old enough to witness these events and provided their recollections. Chapter three mostly deals with stadium violence (rather mild by modern standards) in Moscow, Kiev and other Soviet cities in the 1950s and 1960s and the reaction of soccer fans and police, as well as party and Soviet authorities. It offers a convincing lexical and stylistic analysis of the Soviet fan chants, ‘Sudiu na mylo’ and ‘Sudia pederast’, indicating how difficult and sometimes dangerous the work of the soccer referees was, as many of them were attacked not just verbally but also by glass bottles and stones. This kind of behaviour was reported from every corner of the Soviet Union — Kiev, Donetsk, Poltava, Kishinev, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Tashkent, Leningrad and Moscow. Zeller reports that the famous football referee Nikolai Latyshev was beaten twice in separate incidents: in Tbilisi and in Moscow. Zeller’s data leads to a valid observation that ‘in the years after Stalin’s death […] football stadiums were the ideal...

Психологическое консультирование руководителей органов внутренних дел по вопросам эффективного управления служебным коллективом

The article examines the nature and content of the main directions of psychological counseling police executives. The relevance is justified by the need to determine the specifics of counseling for police leaders, systematize ideas about the types of psychological counseling of leaders by a psychologist. Psychological counseling is defined as a type of organizational counseling aimed at developing the managerial competence of a leader through the acquisition of psychological and pedagogical knowledge, skills and abilities. The domain of psychological counseling of the executives is determined in the context of the main areas of management of the staff.
 Five directions of consulting a police executives are described: 1) organization of selection and appointmentof employees; 2) the organization and conduct of events of moral and psychological support; 3) the formation of a favorable socio-psychological climate in police teams and department, as well as issues of improving the style and methods of managing employees; 4) the participation of the leader in minimizing the consequences of emergencies and their prevention; 5) optimization of the operational activities of the police officer. The results of psychological counseling are divided into primary, associated with improving managerial competence and the effectiveness of managing subordinate personnel, secondary, associated with the realization by the head of the value of psychological and pedagogical knowledge in the field of management of the staff.

Associations between Specialist Tactical Response Police Unit Selection Success and Urban Rush, along with 2.4 km and 10 km Loaded Carriage Events.

Officers serving in specialist tactical response police teams are highly trained personnel who are required to carry heavy loads and perform explosive tasks. The aim of this study was to determine whether performance on a loaded explosive occupational task (urban rush) or distance-based load carriage tasks (2.4 km or 10 km) were indicative of officer success on a specialist selection course (SSC). Eighteen male police officers (mean age = 32.11 ± 5.04 years) participated in the SSC over five consecutive days. Data were categorized into Group 1 (successful applicants, n = 11) and Group 2 (unsuccessful applicants, n = 7). Independent sample t-tests were performed to determine differences between groups, along with point-biserial correlations to investigate associations between anthropometric and event performance data and course completion success. Alpha levels were set at p = 0.05 a priori. Height (p = 0.025), body weight (p = 0.007), and 2.4 km loaded performance (p = 0.013) were significantly different between groups, where being shorter (rpb(16) = −0.526, p < 0.05), lighter (rpb(16) = −0.615, p < 0.01), and faster (rpb(16) = −0.572, p < 0.05) were associated with course success. While a loaded 2.4 km event is associated with success, a ceiling effect for an explosive anaerobic task and a longer 10 km task may exist, whereby increases in performance are not associated with selection success.

Terrorism as Socially Constructed Crime in Indonesia

In the aftermath of Bali Bombing 2002, which is considered the biggest terrorist attack in Indonesia, the Indonesian government launched the so-called ‘war against terrorism’. Subsequently, the government established and applied laws on terrorism and formed a special counter-terrorism police squad: The Detachment 88. A state body that coordinates counter-terrorism measures is quickly established, the National Anti-Terrorism Agency (BNPT –Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme). Therefore, terrorism in Indonesia has been considered a ‘big and serious business’ since 2002. It also raises a serious question in defining and judging terror crime. Indeed, Indonesia has the law of terrorism since 2002, yet the definition is not very clear. Even in international forum, there is no single and approved definition of terrorism. For instance, an armed group who attacked civilians in Central Sulawesi was named terrorists by the state. On the other hand, a group of militias who attacked and held hostages in Timika, Papua was labelled as an armed criminal group. In Jakarta, there were some bomb threats during 2015 and 2017. Nevertheless, the law enforcement agencies have never named them as ‘terrorists’, although their actions deserve to be called as ‘lone-wolf terrorism’. This paper aims to identify the social construction of terrorism. Terrorism is a term that is used regularly by news media and politicians. Whether its application is impartial or biased is fundamental to a debate. In a society where, international terrorism monopolizes news media and political discussion, there is no greater need than to analyze the boundaries of the term ‘terrorism’ construction within social processes. One of the serious problems involving terrorism in Indonesia is to define an offense as terrorism. The laws of terrorism are existed. The judgment and conviction to terrorism suspects also have been made in various jurisdictions. Yet, the types of offenses constituted as terrorism are still unclear. Ordinary people, media, opinion makers, and law enforcement officers have socially constructed terrorism and have their own perceptions of terrorism. This condition leads to law uncertainty and, to some extent, it leads to victimization and stigmatization of innocent people because their appearances and social environments have been associated to terrorism. This study employed two approaches: Social construction and guilt by association theories.

The use of crowd and riot control squads in modern police operations

Within the structure of the Polish Police, as a formation statutorily responsible for the protection of health, life and property of citizens, there are crowd and riot control squads (Pol. pododdziały zwarte). These are police organisational units , also referred to as riot police units (Pol. OPP - Oddziały Prewencji Policji) and independent riot police subunits (Pol. SPPP - Samodzielne Pododdziały Prewencji Policji). Their main advantage is the possibility of deploying several thousand police officers to respond to various events in a relatively short period of time and, if necessary, to broadly understood threats to the security of citizens. This is achieved by the use of appropriate mechanisms for maintaining readiness to act and achieving higher levels of readiness, as well as due to an organisational structure based on the military model, mobility based on available means of transport, a system of specialist trainings and modularity and compatibility with other police squads. Quite a wide range of opportunities to act in situations of existing threats to people and the environment raises the question of the quality and possibilities for the development of this structure, its strengths, as well as difficulties that emerge, both in terms of a direct involvement in various forms of police action, as well as those relating to the real condition of the structure, in the context of forces and measures available to the squads in question. At this point, it is necessary to mention other police structures referred to as police squads which include officers who daily perform different prevention activities (e.g. they occupy the posts of patrol and responding officers at county and municipal police headquarters). These are so-called irregular riot police units (Pol. NOP - Nieetatowe Oddziały Prewencji) and irregular riot police subunits (Pol. NPP - Nieetatowe Pododdziały Prewencji); however, their role and operational rules are not the subject matter, and the main issue under consideration is so-called regular units, whose officers remain in the structures of riot police units and independent riot police subunits.

행정의 집행력 강화를 위한 특별사법경찰 직무확대에 관한 연구 - 서울특별시 민생사법경찰단 운영 10년 분석 결과를 바탕으로 -

행정의 집행력 강화를 위한 특별사법경찰 직무확대에 관한 연구 - 서울특별시 민생사법경찰단 운영 10년 분석 결과를 바탕으로 -

Campylobacter jejuni Foodborne Infection Associated with Cross-contamination: Outbreak in Seoul in 2017.

BackgroundIn July 2017, there was an outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection in three auxiliary police squads in Seoul, Korea. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the cause and source of the illness.Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort study of all members of the three auxiliary police squads was conducted. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all members of the three squads and the food handlers. Rectal swabs were collected from symptomatic police and food handlers.ResultsThe overall attack rate was 20.4%, and the epidemic curve indicated a point source type outbreak. Of the 257 auxiliary policemen who consumed the incriminated lunch, 55 met the case definition. Of 36 rectal swabs, 10 were positive for C. jejuni and had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern. The major symptoms were loose stool (100%) and abdominal pain (59.3%); the median incubation period was 69 hours. In the univariate epidemiological analysis, watermelon (relative risk [RR], 5.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.14–15.43), half-cut chicken soup (RR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.49–10.54), steamed rice with millet (RR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.29–5.77), and radish kimchi (RR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.45–4.55) were positively associated with the illness. Inspection of the food service facility found that the drainpipe under the meat cleaning sink did not work.ConclusionThis outbreak could have been caused by cross-contamination with C. jejuni from raw chicken via environmental sources.

Assessment of the disaster medical response system through an investigation of a 43-vehicle mass collision on Jung-ang expressway

PurposeIt was considered the challenges of the actual response and the potential for improvement, including the activities of the disaster response system, national emergency medical center, and the regional base hospital for the treatment of multiple traffic accident victims. The purpose of this study was to analyze the accident management system through real investigating the multiple collision over 10 vehicles with mass casualty events as a disaster situation. MethodsThis study was retrospective study to analyze the disaster event with multiple collision traffic accident on the expressway in Korea. We visited five medical centers for eight days since the accident occurred and interviewed the injured patients in this accident to examine the health status and medical records. After that, we visited the sixteen car-repair shops in four cities for real investigate about damaged vehicles. According to the arrangement of the accident situation for the accident vehicles through real-world investigation, we reproduced all parts of the accident scene, which were real-world investigated, by the accident situation sketch program. The collected data were summarized by Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) codes, and the medical records of the occupants were assessed using the Injury Severity Score (ISS). ResultsThe cause of the accident was snow freezing of the road. The information about 72 injured patients on 31 damaged vehicles was collected by phone, visit, and actual accident investigation. Of the 72 patients who were examined, 4 were severely injured and 68 were mildly injured. The accident occurred in the order of Sedan 13 (41.9%), SUV 11 (35.5%), Truck 4 (12.9%), Van 2 (6.5%) and Bus 1 (3.2%). The median value of the age [lower quartile and upper quartile] was 43 [34.5–52] years old and the patients included 25 drivers, 11 passengers, 7 back seat passengers, and 29 bus passengers. ConclusionThe primary cause of this mass collision accident was road surface freezing, but the more serious secondary cause was a driver’s inability to avoid the accident scene after the first collision. The severely injured occupants were occurred on the roads outside and inside the vehicle. In the event of a disaster, various teams from the police team, firefighting team, DMAT, EMS, road management team are gathered, and communication and command system between each team is important in order to identify and solve the disaster situation. To do this, it is important to develop manuals and prepare for training through repeated simulations.

When team member familiarity affects transactive memory and skills: a simulation-based training among police teams

The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of team member familiarity on both technical and non-technical skills of police officers and to examine the mediating role of transactive memory components (specialization, coordination and credibility). Student police officers (N = 150) carried out professional simulation sessions in groups of three, with either familiar (n = 22 teams) or unfamiliar (n = 28 teams) team members, followed by a skills evaluation exercise. Professional instructors evaluated skills through direct observation of team member behaviours. The results revealed that training in familiar teams improved police officers’ technical and non-technical skills and transactive memory system. The effect of team familiarity on skills was mediated by transactive memory and specifically by the tacit coordination component. The findings are discussed in relation to the literature on the effects of team member familiarity on team performance, and implications for team training and staffing (turnover of personnel) in actions teams.Practitioner Summary: This study examined the effect of team member familiarity on both the technical and non-technical skills of police officers. Training in familiar teams improved skills and transactive memory. The positive effect of team member familiarity on skills was mediated by the coordination facet of transactive memory.

Experiencing Organizational Change During an Era of Reform: Police Scotland, Narratives of Localism, and Perceptions from the ‘Frontline’

Abstract In 2011, the Scottish Government took the decision to create a single, national police force, reconfiguring a structure of regional police forces, which had prevailed since the 19th century. Despite a strong narrative around localism in the legislation establishing Police Scotland, the new force that was established in 2013 quickly found itself at the centre of a debate around an emerging ‘crisis of localism’ as critics expressed concerns over the centralization of decision-making and a lack of sensitivity to local contexts. Drawing on qualitative research carried out in four communities across Scotland in 2016, the analysis presented in this article examines the experience of organizational change from the perspective of officers in local policing teams and from local stakeholders. The analysis is structured around the strategic aims of reform of improved local service delivery, more equal local access to specialist expertise, and enhanced connections with local communities. The article highlights the sense of exclusion from the decision-making surrounding the organizational changes associated with the implementation of reform experienced by local, rank-and-file officers.

Policing in a Time of Austerity: Understanding the Public Protection Paradox through Qualitative Interviews with Police Monitoring Officers

Abstract This article examines the changing nature of public protection police work in a climate of continued austerity and increasing prosecutions for sexual offending, which have made a significant impact on the workloads of police teams who manage and monitor registered sexual offenders in the community. This increase has run parallel to a decrease in the general policing budget, which has seen it cut by an average of 22% across England and Wales [BBC. (2017). Utilizing data from observations and in-depth qualitative interviews with police officers from a force in England, this article highlights the effect which cost-saving measures have had on the professional standards of the police service in the management of sex offenders; how collaborative working practices have been hindered by these austerity measures, and finally how continual cuts have had a detrimental effect on the police’s ability to protect the public.

Instytucja przedawnienia karalności a działalność Policyjnych Zespołów ds. Przestępstw Niewykrytych, tzw. policyjnych Archiwów X

Policyjne Zespoły ds. Przestępstw Niewykrytych, zwane potocznie policyjnymi Archiwami X, na stałe wpisały się już w strukturę polskich organów ścigania, stanowiąc istotny element instrumentarium państwa w walce z przestępczością. Grupom tym powierzono szczególny rodzaj spraw. Do ich właściwości należą przypadki najcięższych zbrodni (przede wszystkim zabójstw) oraz niewyjaśnionych zdarzeń, popełnionych przed wieloma laty, umorzonych z wynikiem negatywnym – z powodu niewykrycia sprawcy lub braku dostatecznych dowodów jego winy. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę ukazania specyfiki spraw podejmowanych przez policyjne Archiwa X. Zwrócono też uwagę na to, jak silnie w pracy tego rodzaju zespołów zaznacza się obecność instytucji przedawnienia karalności przestępstw. Wzgląd na skutki, jakie niesie ze sobą upływ związanych z nią terminów, nie tylko legł u podstaw decyzji o utworzeniu policyjnych Archiwów X, lecz także wywiera wpływ na ich działania w wielu obszarach.

The Barriers and Ideas of Improvement to Community Oriented Policing (COP) Development and Implementation in Malaysia. Case Study: Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Malaysia has adopted a method of policing, which is similar to the British’s Neighborhood Policing Teams (NPTs) called as Community-Oriented Policing (COP) in Malaysia. Community-oriented policing has been introduced to create a safer living environment. This concept is based on a partnership between police department and the communities, in which both parties will share the responsibility to identify, reduce, eliminate and prevent problems concerning community safety and order. Therefore, the spirit of community empowerment, smart ship, and interdependency between all stakeholders, including community, police, NGOs, and other interested parties are very much needed in this country through active and passive ways.

When does performance management foster team effectiveness? A mixed‐method field study on the influence of environmental extremity

SummaryOrganizations operating in extreme environments rely on teams to tackle the highly demanding and complex situations. This study aims to provide new insights into the management of such teams by exploring the influence of environmental extremity on the relationship between performance management and team effectiveness. Mixed‐method and multilevel analyses of police teams working in different levels of environmental extremity suggest that environmental extremity moderates the relationship between performance management features and team effectiveness. Both the vertical alignment of performance management and constructive feedback have a positive effect on team effectiveness. However, these positive effects are constrained in teams working in heightened levels of environmental extremity. The effects of performance management consistency and two‐way communication on team effectiveness are more nuanced and dependent on environmental extremity. When teams operate in heightened levels of environmental extremity, both features are positively related to team effectiveness. When teams operate in lower levels of environmental extremity, performance management consistency is not significantly related to team effectiveness and two‐way communication is negatively related to team effectiveness. These results provide a nuanced understanding of how performance management engenders team effectiveness in extreme environments.

Extreme teams: Toward a greater understanding of multiagency teamwork during major emergencies and disasters.

Major emergencies are extreme team decision making environments. They are complex, dynamic, high-stakes and fast paced events, wherein successful resolution is contingent upon effective teamwork. Not only do emergency teams coordinate at the intrateam level (e.g., police team), but they are increasingly required to operate at the interteam level (e.g., police, fire and ambulance teams). This is in response to the desire for networked and cost-effective practice and due to the evolving nature of modern threats, such as extreme weather events and terrorist attacks, which require a multi- rather than single-agency response. Yet the capacity for interoperability between emergency teams is under researched and poorly understood. Much of the teamwork research is based on student-samples or in artificial lab settings, reducing the salient contextual demands of emergencies (e.g., high-stakes, meaningful risk). Furthermore, the minimal research that has been conducted has tended to provide broad descriptive accounts of challenges faced during emergencies, but failed to develop and test solutions. This article identifies what is known about emergency teams and highlights why it is an important and timely area for research. It will focus on the challenges and solutions to three areas of team processing: cooperation, coordination, and communication. Future research must have a solutions-focused approach. This can be oriented around areas: training, sociotechnical networks, and policies/procedural guidelines. Greater collaboration between academics and practitioners can grow knowledge in this domain, ensuring that interventions to improve emergency teamwork are both contextually grounded and empirically validated. (PsycINFO Database Record

Wykorzystanie kryminalistycznych baz danych przez policyjne Archiwa X

Policyjne Zespoły ds. Przestępstw Niewykrytych, zwane potocznie Archiwami X, funkcjonują w ramach komend wojewódzkich policji. Skupiając najbardziej doświadczonych funkcjonariuszy, zajmują się najpoważniejszymi przestępstwami sprzed lat, głównie zabójstwami, których sprawców nie udało się dotychczas wykryć. Kilkuosobowe zespoły dokonują wnikliwej analizy akt niewykrytych przestępstw, docierają do źródeł informacji i wykorzystują najnowsze osiągnięcia kryminalistyki. Szczególnie przydatne są dwie bazy danych: system AFIS oraz baza DNA. Z tego względu właśnie im poświęcono większość tego opracowania.

Policyjne Archiwa X jako reakcja praktyki śledczej na ustawowy obowiązek wyjaśniania spraw o zbrodnie zabójstwa do czasu ich przedawnienia

W artykule wskazano na istotną rolę, jaką w praktyce śledczej organów ścigania odgrywają policyjne Archiwa X. Autor podkreślił znaczenie tych jednostek zwłaszcza w tych porządkach prawnych, w których ustawodawcy wprowadzają instytucję przedawnienia ścigania. Wskazał też na potrzebę zmian organizacyjnych w obecnie funkcjonującym systemie, prezentując szereg postulatów mogących usprawnić pracę policyjnych zespołów ds. przestępstw niewykrytych.

Policing responses to crime against women: unpacking the logic of Cyberabad’s “SHE Teams”

The widely discussed gang rape in December 2012 in New Delhi marked a significant moment in the public discourse around women’s safety and sexual violence in India. From expressions of shock and horror that marked the initial responses, the online and offline conversations quickly moved to the legal, social, and civic landscapes that encouraged what became referred to as “a culture of rape.” Responses from the state ranged from initiating legal reform to ramping up security and surveillance in public spaces. At one end of the spectrum was the report of the Justice Verma Committee, which called for responses that went beyond the narrow strictures of the law. At the other end were local intensifications of a protectionist and patriarchal attitude toward women, discouraging them from participating too visibly in public life and working to limit young women’s social and professional choices. Against this backdrop, the newly formed state of Telangana, created a cadre of first responder police teams focusing exclusively on crime against women, making use of mobile and social media applications. This paper argues that while such policing initiatives open up the conversation on violence against women, they do little to address the deeper contextual issues that underlie it.

L'insoumise de la porte de Flandre by Fouad Laroui

Reviewed by: L'insoumise de la porte de Flandre by Fouad Laroui Joseph A. Reiter Laroui, Fouad. L'insoumise de la porte de Flandre. Julliard, 2017. ISBN 978-2-260-03041-6. Pp. 131. The reader follows a young woman's physical and psychological trajectory from her Moroccan neighborhood in Brussels (Molenbeek) to the city's center, where she finds uncommon freedom. A brilliant student, Fatima has often made clear to her professors that she is a modern and liberated Belgo-Marocaine. Suddenly, however, she abandons her university studies and takes to wearing both djellaba and head scarf—surprising, since neither religious nor cultural reasons drive her. As we surmise quickly, her dress is to spare her the constant stares and disapproval of the men in her street: "Ceci, dit-on, est mon quartier, dans ma commune. [...] Mon quartier? Plutôt le leur. Celui des hommes" (8). As Fatima heads to work over the canal and through the porte de Flandre, she meets taunts from motorists and others. One calls her a corbeau, which causes her to smile hearing a word play and musing that her immense djellaba indeed covers un corps beau. This is a prelude to what is to follow. Laroui cleverly uses the topography of Brussels to mirror Fatima's transformation, from her North African bazar-like neighborhood, through a street of political billboards, and then across a city which becomes steadily more elegant. At one moment she disappears in a side street at a friend's house and emerges in stylish European fashion. And she continues to walk past shops, pausing before a lingerie boutique, and passes the nude statues hugging the Brussels Bourse, and others further on. Finally she enters"une espèce de sex-shop" (71) and goes to work. One day, Fatima does not realize that she is being followed. Fawzi Stitou, cell-phone shop owner in Molenbeek, has proclaimed himself her fiancé, is very proud of her recent submission to Islamic dress, and very curious of her destination. He arrives at rue de Malines and uneasily pays his entry fee for a peep show. Immediately afterward he dashes frenzied to Molenbeek, arms himself with a knife and is intent on killing Fatima:"[L]'honneur se lave dans le sang" (89). The same streets are traversed, and the billboards and statues seem to mock and jeer Fawzi. Fatima is no longer there when he reappears, but uncontrollable rage and frustration lead him to kill nonetheless. Police squads arrive, and Fawdi shouts "Allahou Akbar!" (95) before being shot dead. The novel takes a detour here, and attention is turned to this latest attentat terroriste. Experts at a Brussels forum (actual scholars and citations from their written and spoken commentaries) speculate on the reasons for the radicalization of yet another Belgian-born Muslim. Irony abounds, and along with it Laroui [End Page 214] masterfully satirizes press, government, and academics. The resolution in the last chapter might seem strained, with the author overly eager to have his "insoumise" transcend "le contrôle social" (33) and the world of men in general, but this does not detract from an otherwise fascinating and very timely tale. Joseph A. Reiter Phillips Exeter Academy (NH) Copyright © 2018 American Association of Teachers of French

Investigating local policy drivers for alcohol harm prevention: a comparative case study of two local authorities in England

BackgroundThe considerable challenges associated with implementing national level alcohol policies have encouraged a renewed focus on the prospects for local-level policies in the UK and elsewhere. We adopted a case study approach to identify the major characteristics and drivers of differences in the patterns of local alcohol policies and services in two contrasting local authority (LA) areas in England.MethodsData were collected via thirteen semi-structured interviews with key informants (including public health, licensing and trading standards) and documentary analysis, including harm reduction strategies and statements of licensing policy. A two-stage thematic analysis was used to categorize all relevant statements into seven over-arching themes, by which document sources were then also analysed.ResultsThree of the seven over-arching themes (drink environment, treatment services and barriers and facilitators), provided for the most explanatory detail informing the contrasting policy responses of the two LAs: LA1 pursued a risk-informed strategy via a specialist police team working proactively with problem premises and screening systematically to identify riskier drinking. LA2 adopted a more upstream regulatory approach around restrictions on availability with less emphasis on co-ordinated screening and treatment measures.ConclusionNew powers over alcohol policy for LAs in England can produce markedly different policies for reducing alcohol-related harm. These difference are rooted in economic, opportunistic, organisational and personnel factors particular to the LAs themselves and may lead to closely tailored solutions in some policy areas and poorer co-ordination and attention in others.