Police Commissioner Research Articles

Public expectations of police education in England and Wales

Abstract The current Police Entry Qualifications Framework in England and Wales has undergone much debate since its inception in 2018. Recently the Home Secretary backtracked on over a decade’s worth of party policy and undid the requirement for all new police officers to hold or obtain a degree in Professional Policing. This has been immediately followed by several chief constables and elected police and crime commissioners (PCC’s) dropping the requirement for a degree completely. Some have been quoted as saying “the public don’t want police officers sat in classrooms” or words to that effect. Yet no studies exist that do examine what the English and Welsh public do expect educationally of their police force. This study fills that gap by surveying n = 520 members of the public to ascertain their views. It finds that whilst a two-thirds majority of the public ostensibly say they don’t believe police officers need a degree, more than nine out of ten expect them to have some kind of police-specific higher education qualification. They would also feel overwhelmingly more confident if an officer investigating a crime they were a victim of, held a relevant policing-related degree qualification. This dichotomy is then analysed against the wider background of HE and vocational qualifications. It concludes that the problem is not with a requirement for higher education in policing, but the ‘d word’ itself and the marketing of the degree as a ‘requirement’ versus a degree as an ‘achievement’.

Russo v Chief Commissioner of Police

Russo v Chief Commissioner of Police

시·도자치경찰위원회의 발전방안

In terms that our nation needs the decentralization of police authority and the provision of the police security service suitable to regional characteristics, it has been proposed that the overall execution of the autonomous local police system is necessary and that bloated police authority should be efficiently distributed through the adjustment of the investigatory authority and the introduction of the autonomous police system.
 The autonomous police system having gone through overall execution since 2021 is the contemporary task that has been steadily discussed to enhance the democracy of police activities and the directivity of residents for 70 or more years since the restoration of independence. The Moon Jae-in government has made an effort on enacting the autonomous police system around the Self-Governing Decentralization Commission belong to the president by determining the introduction of the wide area local police system. as a national task.
 The legal basis for introducing the local police system was prepared by revising the Police Act through the discussion process to divide police work into national police work and local police work, decentralize the commander and the supervisor by work, and have the municipal and provincial self-governing police committee command and supervise local police work. Henceforth, concerns on the bloatedness of police authority were settled with the secured connectivity of local administration to public security administration to provide the various quality public security services suitable to residential demand and efficiently strengthen the public security capacity of the whole nation.
 This study is concerned with addressing the details of the major bills related to the establishment of National Police Committee with the meeting operation results and the details of the National Public Safety Commission of Japan, analyzing the operation status of municipal and provincial self-governing police committee, and presenting the plan on developing municipal and provincial self-governing police committee accordingly.

주요 국가 자치경찰제도 사례연구와 최신동향 분석

This study analyzed the background and characteristics of the self-governing police system, the status of self-governing police operations (organization, budget, office work, etc.), the composition and role of the police committee, cases of self-governing police, and recent trends, and presented policy implications and directions for the development and efficient operation of the self-governing police system. In Korea, above all, there is a lack of organizations, manpower, office work, and financial research that can implement autonomy and accountability, so it is necessary to derive practical application plans through more detailed consideration of how the autonomous police operate in the future. However, the recent common information related to autonomous police in each country suggested that it is important to operate scientific security and civic participation in the development of information and communication technology, that is, to operate a linkage program with the community, and to establish various governance systems for crime prevention and security activities.

Tackling health inequalities through integrated care in English police custodies: an inclusion perspective and model of care

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to identify novel ways of tackling health inequalities of underserved populations. It explores the opportunities presented by the changes in health and social care legislation to employ historically underused services, such as police custody healthcare providers, in addressing health inequalities.Design/methodology/approachThis research analyses the policy approaches to tackling health inequalities in the UK in the past 40 years with an emphasis on those experienced by the people detained in English police custodies. It analyses the current model of healthcare in police custody and proposes a novel integrated model of care and joint commissioning opportunities in funding it.FindingsPolicies to tackle health inequalities have largely failed, as they became entrenched. But recent changes in the health and social care legislation in England offer opportunities to address them by employing historically underused healthcare services, such as those operating in police custodies.Research limitations/implicationsThe research does not touch upon ethical considerations related to the patient privacy aspect of integrated care. Interventions by and interactions with police custody healthcare providers would be visible to all professionals with access to the patient’s health record. As with all novel interventions or innovative models of care, the effectiveness of such clinical interventions remains to be established by further research. It opens a new line of research on quality improvement through integration of care and explores understudied aspects of joint commissioning of integrated care.Practical implicationsIt offers health commissioners and public health leaders the opportunity to employ police custody healthcare services in reaching their population health management objectives and meeting their health inequalities objectives at local level. It also gives police and crime commissioners the opportunity to address the health drivers of criminal behaviour that overlap with health inequalities. It offers funding opportunities presented by jointly commissioning services at lower costs to both police and health commissioners alike. It improves the health outcomes of historically underserved populations by facilitating access to health and social care services and facilities.Social implicationsReducing health inequalities and disparities in health outcomes can decrease the costs of the healthcare services over the long term and might contribute to reducing criminality by addressing inequities and some health drivers of criminal behaviour.Originality/valueThe paper explores understudied opportunities offered by the recent changes in health and social care legislation in England and includes underused resources to tackle health inequalities.

The Resident or Community Partnership with Police in Addis Ababa City Administration

The future competition is anticipated to focus on Police Community Partnerships rather than physical material production in order to evaluate the Ethiopian community's participation in police member community partnership with police. This study was done to evaluate Police Community Partnerships procedures and issues specific to the Ethiopian population. The following particular goals were created: 432 police officers were chosen by the researchers using a scientific manner out of a total population of 13755 in order to evaluate the community partnership with police practices of police officers. The data was acquired using basic random sampling and purposeful sampling procedures, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyses both the quantitative and qualitative data. The main conclusions were that there were insufficient human resources, financial resources, and competent and accountable selectors. Additionally, there were insufficient background checks, physical and psychological examinations, assessments of applicants' potential for leadership, and the use of appropriate performance evaluation methods. According to the research team's recommendations, the Ethiopian community should work with all regional and local police commissioners, develop clear policies and standards, assign enough human resources, fulfil an adequate budget, and reject informal hiring practices. By working with accountable organizations, the Ethiopian community seeks to create a positive public impression of police officers, government support, and community perception to cooperate with all stakeholders during recruiting and selection.

Az Interpol kezdetei

Aim: This article presents the 1st international judicial police congress, which was held in Monaco, from 14 to 18 April 1914, as well as its outcome, and recalls the commemoration of its centenary at the 83rd session of the INTERPOL General Assembly, held in Monaco from 3 to 7 November 2014.Methodology: Documents from Monegasque archives were used for the writing of this article. Some of them are published here.Findings: From the beginning of the 20th century, the Principality of Monaco, under the leadership of a visionary Head of State, His Serene Highness Prince Albert I, was strongly involved in the implementation of instruments aimed at establishing international cooperation between the judicial police departments of different countries and improve exchanges in criminal matters, to facilitate the search and arrest of criminals. To this end, Monaco organised in 1914 the first congress that brought together police officers and lawyers, who were tasked with developing proposals to meet these new needs and put representatives from around twenty countries in direct contact with each other. The outbreak of the First World War, however, interrupted the continuation of the process of strengthening international exchanges initiated on this occasion, which should have led to a second stage planned in 1916 and eventually did not resume until 1923.Value: 2023 is the year of the Centenary of the creation of the International Criminal Police Commission, which became the International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL. From a historical point of view, it is interesting to look at the beginnings of the founding of an international institution specialized in the field of fight against crime and to recall that this construction is the result of a more ancient reflection initiated at the beginning of the 20th century, which first materialised through an initiative in Monaco in 1914 (commemorated in 2014, also in Monaco). The resolutions that were adopted by the experts of the time, gathered at the invitation of the Principality, and are presented in this contribution underline the precision of the issues they had identified, as well as the relevance of the proposed solutions, some of those still being valid today.

Confucius: A Philosophy of Life in Chinese Society

<p>The country of China is the birthplace of the leading philosophers, one of whom is Kong Zi, better known as Confucius. By his wisdom, he was entrusted as Minister of Public Works, Commissioner of Police, and Minister of Justice by the king during the Zhou Dynasty when he was 35 to 60. This research aims to explain Kong Zi's philosophy of life as profoundly as possible using data collection that has been studied. The analysis is written using a qualitative method of data collection. After Kong Zi did not serve in government, he wrote a lot and published books about poetry and poetry. This great philosopher also often takes time to share knowledge with his disciples. Kong Zi teaches his pupils first to understand life and relations with fellow human beings. The Confucian view of life emphasizes life in the world by not involving mystical things, and advancing critical thinking makes Confucius look more modern. The popularity of the philosophy of life by the Confucian to this day is still widely used by many people.</p>

Accounts of vulnerability within positive human rights obligations

AbstractAccounts of human beings as vulnerable have provided powerful reposts to liberal individualism in recent decades. Concurrently, the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence on Convention states’ positive obligations often obliges public authorities to address particular vulnerabilities. These developments reflect elements of different theoretical accounts of vulnerability but lack a coherent approach to the human subject. Exploring the impact of this in the UK Supreme Court’s jurisprudence, we evaluate two case studies in which positive obligations have been imposed on the police; (1) public order in the context of inter-community tensions in Northern Ireland (DB v. Chief Constable of Police Service of Northern Ireland) and (2) police investigations in regard to serial sexual offending (Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v. DSD). This jurisprudence illustrates how some domestic judges are supplying their decisions with rationalisations which are lacking in the European Court’s case law.

The Importance of Knowledge about Police Recruitment

The involvement of human resources (HR) is key to company operations. Human resources play an important role from family to community scale. HR management aims to maximize HR capabilities to achieve the organization's vision. HR management components include planning, recruiting, development, and others. Recruitment techniques can be grouped into formal and informal categories. The National Police is responsible for maintaining national security and ensuring the optimization of its human resources. The National Police's mission includes optimizing resources with the principles of transparency and modernization. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive techniques. Primary data was obtained through interviews and observation, while secondary data was obtained through documentation studies. The research location is SMA 3, Sukabumi City, with a focus on recruitment procedures for Polri members. Recruitment and selection play a vital role in ensuring the right individuals are placed in the right positions. Police recruitment criteria must be met by each candidate. The selection process includes health examinations, psychology, academic tests, and physical tests. The quota determined by the National Police Headquarters makes the selection of candidates competitive. The existence of difficulties in assessing candidates demands a better assessment system. The BETAH principle emphasizes quality and transparent recruitment. This research highlights the need for information about national police recruitment for students at SMAN 3, Sukabumi City. The workshops held presented information through various delivery techniques.

From criminalisation to harm reduction? The forms and functions of police drug diversion in England and Wales

ABSTRACT While drugs policing often involves enforcement interventions that seek to tackle drug offences and drug-related crime through criminal sanctions, it is becoming increasingly apparent that diversion now occupies a central position in police responses to people suspected of either simple possession or an offence related to their drug use. This article draws on findings from a qualitative study of police-led schemes in England and Wales to examine police perspectives on diversion, the rationales behind its various forms, and the problems it is designed to resolve. By giving a voice to the key police actors behind recent local initiatives, interview data reveals that the harmful impacts of criminal sanctions are a significant driver of schemes that divert people away from the criminal justice system and into support services. It is argued that the new wave of police drug diversion is a reaction against criminal justice interventions that emphasise punishment. Police drug diversion is conceptualised as a form of harm reduction policing that has the potential to reduce the adverse consequences of drug use, drug markets, and efforts to control them through the criminal justice system. A further important dimension of the present contribution concerns what diversion signifies about the police mission and broader trajectories in contemporary policing. Police drug diversion is situated within wider organisational shifts towards public health approaches to policing which aim to prevent crime and improve life chances by tackling unmet health, social and economic needs.

Knowledge, practice of cervical cancer screening and associated factors among women police members of Addis Ababa police commission Ethiopia

BackgroundCervical cancer is a public health problem. It is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide and the second leading cause of female cancer-related deaths. Cervical cancer screening enables the detection of abnormal cervical cells, including precancerous cervical lesions, as well as early-stage cervical cancer. Routine cervical screening has been shown to reduce both the incidence and mortality of the disease.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice of cervical cancer screening and associated factors among women police members at Addis Ababa police commission Ethiopia 2022.MethodAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Addis Ababa police commission in the Lidet Sub-city police department from December 1st to January 30th, 2022. The data were collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire from 361 randomly selected police officers. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software in descriptive statistics, binary, and multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with the outcome variable at PV = 0.05 with an AOR and 95% CI. Results: The complete response rate was 97.57% (361/371). This found that 59.5% of the total study participants were aged between 18 and 29 years old, and 47.3% were married in marital status. This study determined knowledge status of police commission towards cervical cancer screening revealed that 183(49.5%) had good knowledge, with identified factors which increases likelihood of good knowledge were attitude [AOR = 2.03, 95%CI;( 1.25–3.3)] and cervical cancer screening practice [AOR = 2.0, 95%CI (1.15–3.53)] respectively.This is determined the prevalence of cervical cancer screening practice was 68(18.4%)with 95% CI(14.3–22.4) with identified factors which increases likelihood of cervical cancer screening practice were age, [AOR = 3.24, 95% CI;( 1.08–9.75)], marital status [AOR = 3.88,95%CI,(1.55–9.73)] monthly income [AOR = 4.82,95%CI;(1.44–16.12)],religion[AOR = 8.65,95%CI,( 1.65–45.46)] and knowledge [AOR = 2.35,95%CI;( 1.22–4.52)] respectively. The main reason reported for not practice of cervical cancer screening was feeling healthy.Conclusion and recommendationThis study identified that the knowledge status of female police commissioners were poor and practice of cervical cancer screening were found to be very low. Some of the factors associated with the cervical cancer screening practice were age, marital status, monthly income and knowledge of the women. In addition, feeling being health was associated poor practice of cervical cancer screening. To alleviate this problem the health authorities at different level of the health system should take massive awareness creation activities through various communication channels about screening service prepare screening campaign.

Balanced Scorecard Internal Process Perspective: Applying Data Analytics to Monitor Police Department Performance

ABSTRACT Employers expect graduates to perform data analytics using both organizational and publicly available data. Interestingly, few teaching cases provide students with needed exposure to data analytics in managerial or governmental accounting. In this case, students assume the role of a managerial accountant employed at Municipal Consulting, LLC. Students assist the Police Commissioner in using a Balanced Scorecard approach to analyze how her department responds to crime patterns and to develop next year’s budget. This case requires students to critique, analyze, and evaluate Internal Business Process Perspective Balanced Scorecard measures supported by publicly available data using data visualization software. The case includes instructions for both Tableau and Power BI. The case covers three skills: (1) extract, transform, and load data; (2) develop data visualization software experience; and (3) analyze data. The case is designed for senior level undergraduate and graduate courses in managerial, data analytics, and governmental accounting.

이원화 자치경찰제에 적합한 전국 특별사법경찰 발전방안에 관한 연구

This study aims to explore empirical factors and make concrete recommendations on how to develop the Korean special judicial police force in a dualized autonomous police system. Through the literature review, it was found that there are the same issues for the implementation of the autonomous police system as for the special judicial police, such as job satisfaction, work avoidance, and identity confusion. Regression analyses were conducted to determine whether these factors affect the extent to which special law enforcement officers actually practice cooperation with the general police. The results showed that the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the perception of cooperation with the general police, while controlling for variables such as gender, age, and departmentalization. Considering that job satisfaction should be approached in a very comprehensive manner, the results are sufficiently indicative of how the special judicial police should develop in the future. Based on our findings, we made three main policy recommendations to improve job satisfaction and enhance cooperation with the police. First, the overall job satisfaction, second, the improvement of job satisfaction according to regional differences, and third, the establishment of self-governance in cooperation with the Autonomous Police Commission and the future-oriented operation of the Special Judicial Police. These are policy recommendations that can directly lead to job satisfaction and are expected to provide a new roadmap for the cooperation between the police and the special judicial police and the development of the special judicial police.

Identification of determinant factors for crash severity levels occurred in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia, from 2017 to 2020: using ordinal logistic regression model approach

BackgroundRoad traffic Injuries (RTI) are multifaceted occurrences determined by the combination of multiple factors. Also, severity levels of injuries from road traffic accidents are determined by the interaction of the composite factors. Even though most accidents are severe to fatal in developing countries, there is still a lack of extensive researches on crash severity levels and factors associated with these accidents. Hence, this study was intended to identify severity levels of road traffic injuries and determinant factors in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia.MethodsThe study was conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, using secondary data obtained from the Addis Ababa Police Commission office. The ordinal logistic regression model was used to investigate road traffic injury severity levels and factors worsening injury severity levels using the recorded dataset from October 2017 to July 2020.ResultsA total of 8458 car accidents were considered in the study, of which 15.1% were fatal, 46.7% severe, and 38.3% were slight injuries. The results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis estimation showed that being a commercial truck, college and above level educated driver, rollover crash, motorbike passengers, the crash day on Friday, and darkness were significantly associated factors with crash injury severity levels in the study area. On the contrary, driving experience (> 10 years), passenger of the vehicle, two-lane roads, and afternoon crashes were found to decrease the severity of road traffic injuries.ConclusionsRoad traffic injury reduction measures should include strict law enforcement in order to maintain road traffic rules especially among commercial truckers, motorcyclists, and government vehicle drivers. Also, it is better to train drivers to be more alert and conscious in their travels, especially on turning and handling their vehicles while driving.

New ideas, enduring cultural barriers? An analysis of recommendations from the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Restorative Justice in England and Wales

Recent years have seen a variety of national and local efforts to implement restorative justice in England and Wales. Yet, despite its appearance in multiple statutes, several national action plans, its strong endorsement in the Victims’ Code of Practice, and its inclusion in the funding remit of elected Police and Crime Commissioners, restorative justice still does not occupy a mainstream position in criminal justice in England and Wales. This article explores the report from the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Restorative Justice, formed in 2021 to advocate for the expansion of restorative justice. We analyse the report’s recommendations thematically, focusing on service oversight, the removal of procedural barriers, and the need for dedicated resources – in light of international research and policies. While any jurisdiction implementing restorative justice could learn much from the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Restorative Justice’s proposals, criminal justice cultures remain a barrier to mainstreaming restorative justice in England and Wales.

미국의 부패경찰관 규제시스템에 관한 연구

This study analyzes the corrupt police officer regulatory system in the United States and presents its dilemma or implications. Due to the complex legal system in the United States, the punishment for the same corruption is different. This gives police officers the false impression that a colleague has been sacrificed in order to uphold noble justice. Federal disciplinary laws make it difficult to punish corrupt police officers because they determine the necessity of using firearms or violent force from the police officer's point of view. After all, the government is making a practice of closing corruption cases with a large civil settlement. Sanctions are required when the New York Police Commissioner does not accept the civil complaint review committee's disciplinary recommendation for corrupt police officers.Violence and excessive use of firearms by US police officers are increasing the number of civilian deaths. It should be recognized that punishing only the problem cops, like the rotten apple theory, is not an essential solution. Corruption among civilian police officers is also serious, and a separate anti-corruption policy is needed. US police need to make efforts to restore the trust and status of the police, which have been lost to the extent that the theory of abolition of the police force is spreading. In addition, the corruption control system of the police organization should be systematically overhauled.

Role and importance of disciplinary responsibility in the criminal procedural activities of employees of internal affairs bodies

Currently, disciplinary responsibility plays an important role in the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies. The essence of disciplinary responsibility consists in the application by the employer (manager) to the employee (employee) of penalties in connection with the commission of a disciplinary offense by him. When using the term disciplinary responsibility, one gets an idea of its wider application in the labor relations of the civil service, rather than in law enforcement. However, this is not quite true. In this connection, the authors propose to consider this type of responsibility in the field of law enforcement service, namely, by the example of a structural subdivision of district police commissioners in the implementation of criminal procedural activities. The authors also proposed legislative changes, providing for a list of mitigating and aggravating circumstances in a special regulatory legal act regulating official activity in the internal affairs bodies, adding a separate legal norm.

Always "professionalism, modesty, diligence"

Dr. József Boda is a well-known and well-respected figure in the profession of national security. After a successful career as a military paratrooper, he entered the world of law enforcement, where he became an emblematic figure of Hungary’s international police mission engagement from the years of regime change onwards – leading missions on numerous occasions, and coordinating their successful implementation from Hungary when he was not. Over time, professional success was followed by academic achievements, which led to academic degrees, a career as a college/university lecturer, and a life’s work as a researcher – mainly in the field of the history of policing. Even though General is celebrating his 70th birthday this month, he is still active in both professional and scientific fields – and it became clear during the conversation that this dedication and hard work can only be justified by three reasons: professionalism, modesty and diligence.

No Case Submission in Nigerian Criminal Trials: Has Delta State of Nigeria Abolished it?

Serious legal issues have cropped up since the enactment of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 in the Federation of Nigeria and the domestication of the law by some or all the States of the Federation. One of the important strictures surrounding the enactment of the law shall dominate this study. It is the doctrine of ‘no case submission.’ For the purpose of this study, in a ruling of a trial Magistrates’ Court sitting at Abbi in Charge No. MAB/22c/2019 Commissioner of Police v. Sunday Usuh the trial Magistrate, His Worship, Edema Doris (Mrs.) Senior Magistrate Grade 1, ruled on the 27th day of May, 2023 that ‘The most recent law of the State which is the Administration of Criminal Justice Law does not make provision of a no case submission. The law does not entertain it. So therefore the defendant is called upon to open his defence in accordance with section 492(3) of the ACJL 2017. The matter is adjourned to the 24th day of June, 2022 for defence.’ Is it true? The facts of the case in Charge No MAB/22c/2019 Commissioner of Police v. Sunday Usuh shall be extensively considered in this discourse. Can a State law do away with the fundamental rights of a citizen as guaranteed by the provisions of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and notorious judicial precedence or case law on the point of law? This paper which adopts the doctrinal method seeks to review the Administration of Criminal Justice Law, 2017 of Delta State vis-à-vis the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria and the provision of section 36 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. It will also consider the impact of the State law on judicial precedence and the constitutional rights of a defendant to appeal against any ruling not favourable to him. It concludes that the law is irregular and contrary to well established constitutional provisions and recondite principles of procedural law and should be amended.