Plant Breeding Laboratory Research Articles

The Increase of National Sugar Production as a Form of Achieving the 2nd SDGs through Mutation Breeding

Bululawang has been cultivated under increasing environmental pressures every year. Environmental pressures are accepted as one of the impacts of global climate change. This condition will cause a decrease in genetic ability, which can impact decreasing yields. The achievement of point 2.4 SDGs, especially in sugarcane, can be achieved through a sugarcane plant breeding program to improve and increase the genetic quality of several sugarcane varieties often cultivated in Indonesia. Mutation breeding to create high-yielding sugarcane varieties has been carried out by the Plant Breeding Laboratory of the University of Jember to increase national sugar production. Mutation breeding to produce superior sugarcane varieties has been carried out by the Plant Breeding Laboratory of the University of Jember to increase national sugar production. This study aims to obtain new high-yield varieties using the Bululawang variety as the parent. Mutation breeding using EMS mutagen resulted in three selected genotypes (M1, M2, and M3), further developed and tested for multilocation. The selected locations are Sukorambi-Jember District, Arjasa-Jember District, and Pakem-Bondowoso District. This study focuses on the agronomic characteristics and yield components of three mutant sugarcane compared to the Buluawang variety as the parent. Bululawang, M1, and M3 genotypes had high yield stability in all test sites. On the other hand, the M2 genotype was declared a specific-location genotype based on the Finlay and Wilkinson, Eberhart and Russell, and AMMI parametric stability tests.

Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Three Arabica Coffee Varieties at Four Seed Soaking Water Temperatures

It takes three weeks to analyze the germination percentage of Arabica coffee seeds germinated using paper and a three-day water-soaking method. This 3- week period is considered too long for seed distribution to remote areas. Thus, we need to modify this germination test needs to be modified to have a shorter test time. Temperature treatment is one method to break the seed dormancy period for faster germination. This study aimed to obtain a faster and more precise method of germination test on Arabica coffee seeds. This study employed a 3 x 4 factorial complete randomized block design with three replications in which Arabica coffee varieties of Gayo-1, Kartika-1, and Sigararutang as the first factor and the temperature of the soaking water of the seeds (25 0C, 50 0C, 75 0C, and 90 0C) as the second factor. The research was conducted at the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), for four months. Findings showed that the interaction between treatments was only found in seed germination percentage. Soaking in room temperature water (control) for three days was better than using water at 50 0C, 75 0C, and 90 0C on the germination percentage, sprout length, and vigor index. Observations of Arabica seed germination could be shortened to 14 days compared to the standard 21-day observation. During the seedling phase, the shoot growth and root growth of the Arabica coffee seeds soaked in water at 50 0C showed no significant difference from the control. Soaking at 75 0C and 90 0C damaged the embryo and resulted in rotten seeds. Different varieties led to different germination percentages, sprout lengths, and fresh weight of seedling shoots. The method of soaking at 50 0C for 30 minutes could be used as an alternative in germination test of Arabica coffee seeds because it showed small negative effect on germinated seed and seedling quality but it shorten thetesting time for three days.

Genetic variation and cluster analysis of Narcissus tazetta L. genotypes using RAPD and ISSR markers

To evaluate the genetic diversity of Iranian Narcissus genotypes (e.g., Shomal, Shastpar, Shahla, Yasuj, Shiraz-1, Shiraz-2, Kuchak-e-Atri, Dutch, Khosf-1, Khosf-2, Birjand, and Tabas), different RAPD and ISSR primers were examined at the Plant Breeding Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran. In sum, RAPD and ISSR primers produced 189 and 80 high-resolution bands. The average values of PIC, Ht, Hs, Nm, DST, FDT, NA, Ne, H, and I indices were 0.287, 0.369, 0.089, 0.486, 0.279, 0.760, 1.952, 1.459, 0.282, 0.437 for RAPD markers and equal to 0.297, 0.380, 0.099, 0.524, 0.278, 0.732, 1.978, 1.495, 0.303, 0.467 for ISSR markers, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance based on the RAPD and ISSR markers showed 23 and 13 % variations for intra-populations and 77 % and 87 % changes for inter-population variabilities, respectively. Cluster analysis based on the RAPD and ISSR markers grouped genotypes into four clusters. Based on RAPD and ISSR markers, the PCoA analysis also showed that the first three components justified equal to 96.9 % and 97.9 % of the total variance, respectively, indicating the dispersion of the primers used. In general, it was concluded that the genetic diversity of narcissus species could be employed for breeding programs.

Yield Characteristics and Stability of Sugarcane Mutant in Three-Location Trials

Bululawang (BL) has been cultivated annually under the increasing environmental pressure caused by global climate change. This condition often decreases the genetic ability and yields of agricultural products. Meanwhile, point 2.4 SDGs, specifically in sugarcane, can be achieved through a breeding program to improve and increase the genetic quality of several varieties of the plant in Indonesia. Mutation breeding to produce superior species has also been carried out by the Plant Breeding Laboratory, University of Jember, and this helped to increase the national sugarcane production. Therefore, this study aims to obtain new high-yielding varieties using the BL as the parent plant. The mutation breeding was carried out using the EMS mutagen, and this led to the production of three selected genotypes, namely M1.4, M2.4, and M3.4, which were further developed and tested for multilocation. The three selected locations for this study include Sukorambi-Jember, Arjasa-Jember, and Pakem-Bondowoso Districts. Based on the LSI test, M1.4, M2.4, and M3.4 showed the highest agronomic performance and yield in all locations compared to BL. M1.4 and M3.4 were identified to have high yield stability in the multi-location trials, hence, they were recommended as new stable superior genotypes. Therefore, M3.4 was declared as a site-specific adaptive species, which can be planted in the Arjasa and Sukorambi areas, based on the stability tests of Finlay and Wikinson, Eberhart, Russell, and AMMI.

Germination Pattern of Four Soybean Varieties on Media Containing Al, Fe, and Mn

Acid soils in Lampung contain a lot of Al, Fe, and Mn, which inhibit soybean growth and production. The study of seed germination is important since plant growth begins with seeds. The study aimed to determine (1) the viability of various local soybean seeds: Anjasmoro, Grobogan, Dena-1, and Devon-1 on Al, Fe, and Mn heavy metal media and (2) the highest effect of dissolved metals among Al, Fe, and Mn on the viability of soybean seeds. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Lampung from November 2019 to March 2020. The research applied a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and the data were averaged and presented as bar charts and standard deviation. The experiments were evaluated based on germination variables including germination capacity, average seed germination time, primary root length of normal germination, and dry weight of normal seedlings.The results showed that Grobogan and Anjasmoro varieties had high resistance to dissolved metals Al, Fe, and Mn, followed by Dena-1 varieties while Devon-1 was the most susceptible. The fourth day of germination showed that Fe caused the highest damage to the seeds, followed by Mn and finally Al. Interestingly, on the fifth day of germination, dissolved metal Mn had the highest toxicity effect, followed by Fe and Al.

Parental Polymorphism Survey for Evaluation and Selection of Contrasting Parents for Drought Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Using SSR Markers

Aim: This study aims to find the informative polymorphic Microsatellite (SSR) markers for drought tolerance between the recipient parent (Pratishya) and donor parent (CR Dhan 801) of rice. The drought tolerant QTLs (qDTY1.1, qDTY2.1, and qDTY3.1) from the donor parent were subsequently introgressed into the popular variety Pratikshya via marker-assisted backcross breeding.
 Place and Duration of Study: The parental polymorphism study was conducted at Molecular Drought Breeding Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Central Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; and at Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack during Rabi 2018-19.
 Methodology: The parents used for the study were Pratikshya (recurrent parent) and CR Dhan 801 (donor parent). The leaf samples were collected from 20-25 days old seedlings which were used for parental polymorphism survey after DNA extraction. The genomic DNA isolation was done by using CTAB method. A set of 510 SSR markers covering all the 12 chromosomes of rice were used for parental polymorphism survey in the present study. The standard protocol of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis was used. The DNA fragments were documented using gel documentation system. The graphical representation of marker data was obtained with GGT 2.0 software.
 Results: Out of 510, total 108 SSR primer pairs exhibited polymorphism between recipient parent (Pratikshya) and donor parent (CR Dhan 801) and remaining 392 SSR primers were monomorphic. The highest percentage of parental polymorphism was observed on chromosome 2 (26.53%) and 3 (26.46%) followed by chromosome 1 (23.08%); and least on chromosome number 10 (14.71%). The average per cent of polymorphism on all the 12 chromosomes were 21.28%. Out of 108 polymorphic markers obtained from screening of 510 SSRs, 69 contained dinucleotide repeats, 32 showed trinucleotide repeats and 5 were having tetranucleotide repeats.
 Conclusion: The screening of markers by parental polymorphism in rice cultivars gives the basis for tagging of the target gene, fine mapping of the gene on the rice chromosome, and subsequent application in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) programmes. The polymorphic markers identified in this study were be used for genotyping the entire mapping population and for the introgression of the QTLs/genes linked with grain yield during the reproductive stage of drought.

Marker validation for salt tolerance in Indica rice

Abstract. Suprayogi, Dewi PS, Oktaviani, E, Aisya AW. 2022. Marker validation for salt tolerance in Indica rice. Biodiversitas 23: 4517-4523. The development of salt-tolerantrice variety is of importance with concern to the use of the coastal area for rice production and, consequently, the development ofarapid and accurate method of variety selection. Molecular markers associated with Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for salt tolerance in rice have been reported elsewhere. This research aimed to identify molecular markers associated with salt tolerance in rice. The research was carried out from September 2020 to February 2021 at Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia. Nine Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers and one Sequence Tagged Site (STS) marker were evaluated for their association with salt tolerance. The rice varieties consisted of three salt-tolerant varieties, one salt-sensitive variety, and six commercial varieties. Nona Bokra PCR amplicon was used as a positive control for DNA band scoring. Binary data of the amplicon banding pattern were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the grouping of the evaluated varieties about their tolerance to assigned markers. The result demonstrated that the evaluated rice varieties fell into four groups of marker resemblances. Among the evaluated SSR markers, RM 3412, RM 342, RM 8094, and Wn 11463 significantly contributed to the grouping. The present study confirmed that Wn 11463 is a strong marker for salt tolerance in rice. However, validation needs to be made on a broader range of genotypes to see the significance of RM 8094 and RM 3412 as salt tolerant markers.

KERAGAAN KEDELAI (Glycine max.) GENERASI M1 HASIL MUTASI VARIETAS DEGA 1 DENGAN BEBERAPA KONSENTRASI Ethyl Methane Sulphonate

Increasing soybean productivity required some effort as one is to develop new high-yielding varieties or improve existing varieties. To obtain an improved variety, one needs to obtain a population with high genetic variability to ease the selection of new suitable cultivars. In this study, we used to induce mutations using chemical mutagen, ie, Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS), to increase the variability. This research had been conducted in the Plant Breeding Laboratory and the experimental farm of Riau University. Seeds of Dega-1 Variety were soaked in the solution of EMS in buffer phosphate within several concentrations ie, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, and 700 ppm. The seed then were washed with aquadest to clean the remaining EMS solution and then planted together by initial Dega-1 as the control in the field experiment using a completely randomized design (RAL) with four replications. Parameters observed were plant height, number of internodes the age of flowering, age of harvest, number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, number of seeds per pod, and type of growth, flower color, and pod color. Population variances were calculated by Microsoft Excel software. The homogeneity of the variance was tested with HOV by the procedures of Levene’s test. The results showed that the induction of mutations with 200 ppm of EMS increased genetic variance in M1 generation compared to the Dega 1 variety for the most quantitative character, including plant height, number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, and seed weight per plant. Induce that the mutation by EMS solution, on the other hand, didn’t change all qualitative characters.

Phenological of Cutleaf Groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) Based on BBCH Scale

Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) is a plant that belongs to the Solanaceae family. In Indonesia, this plant grows spread in various regions and has different names in each region. However, this plant is rarely cultivated and is generally considered a weed by farmers. Recently many studies have shown that cutleaf groundcherry contains many substances that are beneficial for the health sector, so it has the potential to be developed as a cultivation plant for exotic fruit sources that function as nutraceuticals. Plant breeding programs can be a solution in responding to these problems. As the first step in developing cutleaf groundcherry through a breeding program, the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, collected accessions of cutleaf groundcherry from various regions in Indonesia. The phonological stage of its growth is one piece of information that is useful in better understanding the cutleaf groundcherry life cycle and, as a result, simplifying cutleaf groundcherry cultivation management. This research aims to provide practical knowledge on the cutleaf groundcherry life cycle to develop a more efficient plant management approach for cultivation, including plant breeding initiatives. The BBCH scale was used to make observations (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie). The descriptive statistics obtained from observations and presented in descriptive narrative form using the BBCH scale with 3-digit coding numbers and documentation images were used in the data analysis. The results showed that the BBCH scale was used to define and describe cutleaf groundcherry phenology, which included germination (stage 0), leaf development (stage 1), side shoot formation (stage 2), the emergence of inflorescence (stage 5), flowering (stage 6), fruit development (stage 7), fruit and seed ripening (stage 8) and senescence (stage 9)

Studi Bahan Kemasan terhadap Viabilitas Benih Kedelai (Glycine max [L.] Merril) Pascasimpan Dua Belas Bulan di Ruang Simpan Suhu Rendah

Soybean is a commodity that is a source of vegetable protein that is easily obtained at a low price. The factor that affects low soybean productivity in Indonesia is the lack of use of quality seeds by farmers. Efforts to maintain the shelf life of soybean seeds can be done by using good packaging materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of packaging materials that have different characteristics under low temperature storage conditions on the viability of soybean seeds after twelve months of storage. This research was carried out at the Seed and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty, Agriculture, University of Lampung from October 2019 to June 2020. The treatment design was a single and unstructured factor, namely packaging material (b). The treatment of packaging materials consisted of aluminum foil (b1), polyethylene (b2), polypropylene (b3), brown envelope paper (b4), ordinary plastic (b5), calico fabric (b6). The packaging materials for six treatments were arranged in a randomized block design (RAK) with four replications. The results of this study showed that the viability of seeds was high in aluminum foil, polyethylene, polypropylene, ordinary plastic, envelope paper, and calico packaging materials in low temperature storage in an air-conditioned storage room after twelve months of storage. Twelve months post-stored seed viability was indicated by the germination rate of 87.48%; maximum growth potential of 96.25%; germination speed 30.96%; strong normal sprouts 81.19%; hypocotyl length 11.99 cm; dry weight of normal sprouts 31.82 mg; water content 7.30%; and electrical conductivity of 244.96 S/cm. Key words: viability, soybean seed, storage, packaging material, low temperature

PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI SIMPLISIA, DAN KANDUNGAN FENOLIK TOTAL SELASIH (Ocimum basilicum L.) PADA BERBAGAI TARAF CEKAMAN KEKERINGAN DAN WAKTU PANEN

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic plant that is known for its spice and medicinal benefits that valued mainly for its fresh and dry leaves (simplicia/crude drugs). This study aimed to evaluate growth, simplicia production, and total phenolic content of basil under different levels of drought stress and harvest time. The experiment was conducted at The Greenhouse of Plant Breeding and Physiology Laboratory Faculty of Animal Science and Agriculture Diponegoro University. The research was using a completely randomized design (RAL) consisting of two factors 3x3 with 3 replication. Drought stress treatments in field capacity included : K1 (100% FC), K2 (75% FC), and K3 (50% FC) as the first factor. Harvest time treatments included : W1 (5 Weeks After Planting), W2 (6 Weeks After Planting), and W3 (7 Weeks After Planting) as the second factor. Parameters evaluated were root volume, plant height, total leaf area, simplicia production, and total phenolic content. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (p≤0,05%) were carried out to determine significant different between treatments and interactions. Results indicated that: (a) drought stress treatments significantly reduced growth and production of basil plant simplicia, but it did not provide a significant difference in the total phenolic content; (b) the harvest time treatment increased growth and production of basil plant simplicia, and decreased total phenolic content significantly; and (c) there were interactions between drought stress treatments and harvest time treatments.

Microsatellite Markers and Metabolite Profiles of Salt-Tolerant Rice: Inpari Unsoed 79 Agritan

Salinity is a challenge in crop production. High salinity affects soil osmotic pressure and the balance of nutrients that inhibit plant growth. In such case, utilization of salt-tolerant rice varieties could be an alternative. This study aims to identify microsatellite markers associated with salt tolerance, compare the Inpari Unsoed 79 Agritan variety with ten other rice genotypes based on microsatellite markers and determine the qualitative composition metabolites in Inpari Unsoed 79 Agritan associated with the plant response to salinity. This research was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Universitas Jenderal Soedirman and Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor. This research used eleven rice varieties and ten microsatellite markers. The identification of microsatellite markers consisted of genomic DNA extraction, quantification and qualification of DNA, amplification of microsatellite DNA and data analysis. Metabolite profiling was conducted on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument. The results showed that microsatellite markers RM 241, RM 515, RM 519 and RM 528 differentiate the Inpari Unsoed 79 Agritan from the IR 29 genotype. Microsatellite markers RM 129 and RM 292 distinguished the Nona Bokra from the IR 29 genotypes. The genetic relationship of eleven rice genotypes resulted in two clusters. The GC-MS metabolite compounds in Inpari Unsoed 79 Agritan are β-Alanine and trimethylsilyl ester β-Alanine, a derivative compound of β-Alanine. These findings suggested that microsatellite markers RM 129, RM 292, RM 241, RM 515, RM 519 and RM 528 were associated with salt-tolerant in the seedling stage.

Aplikasi ekstrak daun tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus l.) terhadap pertumbuhan dan morfologi tanaman bawang daun (Allium fistulosum l.)

Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is one of the horticultural commodity crops with high consumer value in Indonesia, but production remains low. Efforts to increase the production of Welsh onion can be performed by induction of anti-mitotic substances. Catharanthus roseus leaves contain anti-mitotic alkaloid compounds that promote growth and yield. This research aimed to analyze the effect of extract C. roseus leaf on the growth and morphology of Welsh onion. This research was conducted in Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java, followed by analysis in Plant Physiology and Breeding Laboratory, Diponegoro University. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial with three concentrations; 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, and three levels of soaking duration; 6, 9, and 12 hours. The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Post-hoc Test using Honestly Significant Different (HSD) at 5%. The result showed that applying 0.05% C. roseus leaf extract significantly affected sprouting time, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, fresh weight, and stomatal density. In addition, the interaction between 0.1% C. roseus leaf extract treatment and 12 hours of soaking duration increased root length by 16.67 cm.

Yield components of the M7 Kipas Putih mutant soybean

This study aimed to obtain the homogeny of M8 soybean lines in an effort to release new high yielding varieties. The research was conducted in Lamsidaya village, and the observation of yield components was carried out at the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala. This study did not use an experimental design, so that the quantitative characters were observed individually from each plant, then analyzed by estimating the heritability broad sense value and the progress of selection. The material used were var. Kipas Putih and var. Dega1 as control, eight of 7th generation Kipas Putih mutant lines (B4, B7, B10, B12, B13, B15, B18 and B22). All genotypes were planted in rectangular plot 10 m x 1 m, drainage 50 cm, and planting distance 50 cm x 30 cm. Plants were maintained in accordance with the recommendation for soybean cultivation from Balitkabi, and fertilizer NPK (16:16:16) was given 200 g/plot (200 kgha-1). Parameters observed included plant height, flowering time, harvest time, number of productive branches, total number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, percentage of filled pods per plant, seed weight per plant, weight of 100 seeds, seed weight per plot, and yield potential. All quantitative characters indicated increase on selection except for the character of plant height, percentage of filled pods and weight of 100 seeds because the heritability value was low. The B18 line has the potential to become a new high yielding variety because it has a high yield potential (3.02 tons ha-1) with a large seed size compared to the other seven mutant lines and is also higher than the parent Kipas Putih and var Dega 1 varieties.

Bio-priming of Aceh local chili seeds in the effort to increase production and begomo virus resistance

The purpose of this study was to determine whether P60 could induce resistance in local Aceh chili varieties to begomovirus and compared with national varieties. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, from March to July 2021. This study used a factorial randomized block design. The tested factors consisted of two factors. The first factor is bio priming. The second factor consists of four local Aceh chili varieties, namely: V1 = Odeng, V2 = Lanyoe, V3 = Super Lamando and V4 = LamandoLapaben and one national variety, namely V5 = Baja F1 as a comparison variety. The results showed that the best local Aceh variety was LamandoLapaben for the variables of resistance response, incubation period, disease intensity, disease incidence, stem diameter, and crown width. The best local variety Aceh Lanyoe on plant height and dichotomous height parameters. Giving P60 can reduce the percentage of disease incidence by 52.00% and slow down the process of emergence of disease symptoms (incubation period) 27.11 DAP. The best combination treatment was the LamandoLapaben variety, which was 1.41 milligram Units-1 (Umg)-1.

Specific alleles as individual molecular markers and its association for sustainable breeding program in coconut palm

Molecular markers through individual identification have been used to protect plant varieties, identify varieties, purity test of seeds, and parented analysis in palm oil breeding programs. However, such identification has not been intensively developed on coconut palm. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain individual-specific markers of Indonesian coconut palms and their association. Coconut palms were selected randomly from 7accessions (74 palms) and then evaluated based on 10 SSR primers and main agro morphological characters. This research was carried out during 2017 and 2018 at Plant Breeding Laboratory, UGM, Yogyakarta and Mapanget Experimental Garden, IPCRI, North Sulawesi. CnCir 123-300, CnCir 87-120, CnCir J2-205 were unique alleles that resulted in this study. Five of eleven specific alleles were associated with essential traits of dwarf coconut. CnCir123-250 and CnCir123-300 were specific alleles associated with almost all characters observed in this study. CnCirA9-100 is the only allele that is negatively associated with the height of 11 leaf scars and positively associated with the main characters. Therefore, it is advantageous as a marker-assisted selection of the current coconut plant breeding program. Applications of specific molecular markers associated with essential characters are expected to improve the sustainability of coconut breeding programs.

GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR GRAIN NUTRIENTS CONTENT IN COASTAL RICE COLLECTIONS OF BANGLADESH

Overcoming malnutrition through biofortification breeding in rice is aimed to assist nutritional food security in Bangladesh. So to select parents for nutritional improvement, estimation and exploitation of mineral nutrients reserves of rice grain and their variability assessment in different genotypes is essential. Eighty-five (85) T. aman rice genotypes collected from different coastal regions of Bangladesh were evaluated at the Advanced Plant Breeding laboratory, GPB of BSMRAU to estimate the grain nutrients content and to elucidate their genetic variability among the genotypes. Considerable significant variation (0.1% level of probability) was noted among the genotypes for studied different grain nutrient contents and yield per hill. The mean values of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and grain yield/ hill were 10788.24 mg/kg, 804.85 mg/kg, 3798.58 mg/kg, 13795.29 mg/kg, 2778.87 mg/kg, 3771.17 mg/kg, 7.25 mg/kg, 5.01 mg/kg, 1.05 mg/kg, 1.90 mg/kg and 433.29 g, respectively. Box and whisker plots analysis were done to represent data graphically for better understanding. Histogram was used to present the frequency distribution of genotypes for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and Grain yield/hill content in 85 diverged rice genotypes All the traits had equality in genotypic and phenotypic variances with high heritability and high genetic advance which indicated preponderance of additive gene effects for these traits. The genotype R080 (Chinigura) contained the highest content of grain P, Fe and Cu. The R030 (Mota Dhan), R040 (Dudh Kalam) and R019 (Chikon Dhan) were noted for the highest Ca, Mg and Na content, respectively. The maximum N and Zn content were observed in R029 (Dudh Kolom) and R075 (Gopal Bogh), respectively. R083 (Lal Dhan) was marked for the highest grain yield/ hill and K content. Genetic variability parameters, heat map analysis and neighbor joining clustering methods indicated these genotypes including R079 can be considered for biofortification program and used as parents for the improvement of those grain nutrients in rice breeding.

Correlation of Sex Ratio and Population of Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Mung Beans

One of the important pests on mung beans is the warehouse pest Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). These pests can cause yield losses of up to 90%. Populations of adult C. chinensis have a close correlation in influencing the development of this pest in mung bean storage. This study aims to determine the correlation between the sex ratio of the population and its development in C. chinensis and to see its preference for mung beans. This research was conducted at the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Brawijaya University. The method was carried out by investing adult C. chinensis in mung beans based on the sex ratio, there are four sex ratio comparisons observed. Observations were made every week to see the number of eggs, larvaes, adults and dead insects. Based on the results of the study, the sex ratio of 2 males and 3 females resulted in the highest number of populations, a total of 72 eggs and 46 adult C. chinensis. Our hypothesis is that a high sex ratio leads to an increase in the population of C. chinensis. The vima variety is resistant mung beans compared to consumption varieties because it has lower seed weight loss. The results of this study are preliminary results that can be used for further research to evaluate the correlation between sex ratio, population and development of C. chinensis

History of development and results of selection of Solanaceae crops in FSBSI FSVC

The article presents a brief history of the establishment of the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Seed Production of Solanaceae Crops of FSBSI FSVC. The process of development of tomato, pepper, eggplant and physalis breeding is shown from the beginning of the establishment until the present time. Practical selection of Solanaceae crops in FSBSI FSVC is directly connected with the name of Academician VASKhNIL A.V. Alpatyev, who is the founder of scientific research on thermophilic crops. On the basis of conducted scientific researches the technique of creation of cold-resistant, early-ripening cultivars of tomato was developed, including influence of certain conditions on parental forms and hybrid material from its first generations to increase adaptability to new, not characteristic conditions of selected material. Subsequently, this technique was applied to the breeding of sweet pepper, eggplant and physalis. Interspecific hybridisation was used to enrich the gene pool of Solanaceous crops. As a result of distant hybridization, the following cultivars were created: the original tomato cultivar Severyanin with large parthenocarpic fruits on 1 and 2 racemes; an anadrous mutant for use in breeding; ultra-rapid, short-stage forms for obtaining heterosis effect; the cultivar Vkusny with increased content of dry matter in fruits. On the basis of interspecific hybrid of Ph. ixocarpa x Ph. angulata, the cultivars Dessert and Lakomka, characterized by high yield and resistance to diseases, high content of sugars, pectin and absence of bitterness, are created. Types of pepper Capsicum chinense, C. frutescens and C. annuum were used to create resistant forms to viral diseases. Involvement of wild eggplant species (Solanum aethiopicum, S. macrocarpon) to the breeding process allowed to obtain hybrid combinations with flavonoids content 1,3 times higher and phenolcarboxylic acids 1,6–1,7 times higher than in S. melongena.The development of theoretical bases ofSolanaceae crops breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, as well as for high quality production, allowed to create a series of cosmopolitan cultivars, which at present are in demand, both in production and as a source material. The current scientific priorities are to use innovative biotechnology and molecular marking methods to accelerate the breeding process and improve selection efficiency.

The effect of salinity stress on the amount of proline, chlorophyll and sodium and potassium ions in different rice cultivars in hydroponic environment

Introduction Among the cereals, rice is the most important human food source after wheat and has a major place in human nutrition in terms of production and cultivation. This plant is susceptible to salt stress and its response to salt stress varies with growth stages, concentration and duration of impact. Materials and methods This study was carried out in factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 1977-98. The first factor was 71 rice genotypes and the second factor was salinity stress with 4 levels. The germinated seeds were transferred to hydroponic medium to prepare the culture medium from Yoshida nutrient solution (Yoshida et al., 1994). Chlorophyll extraction of rice leaf by Arnon method (1997), Proline amino acid extraction from leaf tissue by Bets et al. (1973) and for determination of sodium and potassium ions from leaf by Hamada and Elnai method (1994) used. The data obtained from these traits were analyzed by SAS and SPSS statistical software and compared by means of Duncan's multiple range test and clustering of genotypes by cluster analysis of tolerant cultivars based on this. Attributes were identified. Results and discussion Results of analysis of variance for different physiological traits under salinity stress showed that genotype, salinity and their interaction effects were statistically significant at the 5% probability level for all measured traits. Comparison of mean salinity levels in all measured traits was significant at 5% probability level. It showed that proline amino acid content and leaf tissue sodium content increased with increasing salinity and zero (normal) level with minimum and salinity level 9 The highest Ds was obtained and the chlorophyll pigment and potassium content of leaf tissue decreased with increasing salinity level and the highest (zero) level and the lowest salinity level was 9 dS / m. Within plant cells, proline acts as an osmotic preserving agent between the cytoplasm and the cell vacuole, and proline protects the plant against free radical damage. In the present experiment, proline content increased significantly with increasing salinity dose. This increase was higher in tolerant cultivars than in susceptible cultivars. An important effect of increasing salinity is leaf senescence and the main factor causing leaf senescence is the decrease in chlorophyll content under salinity stress. In this study, total chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b also decreased significantly under salinity stress, which was in line with the results of Bori Boncast et al. (2013) and (Wijita et al., 2018). Higher concentrations of potassium ions in the leaves of tolerant cultivars exposed to salinity can be a adaptive response to high potassium ion storage in stomach cells in salinity stress (Fallah 2015). Aerial is one of the mechanisms of plant tolerance against salinity stress. The results of this study are in line with the results of Hong et al. (2012).Conclusions The results of this study showed that salinity stress significantly decreased chlorophyll pigment and leaf potassium ion content and significantly increased proline amino acid and sodium ion content of leaf. Mean comparison between cultivars under salinity stress showed that Shastak Mohammadi, Nemat, Tarom Ghali, GASMAL, Neda, Roshan, NONABOKRA, FL478, Dilmani and Barley at 9 dS m-1 were the most tolerant cultivars to salinity and salinity stress. Saleh, Rashti Cold, IRBLZFU, IR39595, IR29, Black tip and Dorfak at 9 dSm-1 were the most susceptible cultivars to salinity stress. Acknowledgements Thanks to Sari University of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory for providing some of the cost of this research as well as for providing plant specimens.