Morphology and cytology of five soybean varieties (Glycine max) treated with phosphate fertilizer

Abstract

Abstract. Darsono DC, Nandariyah, Sugijono. 2018. Morphology and cytology of five soybean varieties (Glycine max) treated with phosphate fertilizer. Cell Biol Dev 2: 78-87. The demand for soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) tends to increase. The first step to increasing soybean productivity is identifying the plant's character. This study aims to study plants' morphological and cytological characteristics (chromosome number) and determine the effect of phosphate fertilizer application on changes in plant morphological and cytological characteristics (chromosome number) in five soybean varieties. The research was carried out from April 2009 to March 2010. Observations of plant morphology were carried out at the Jumantono Dry Land Research and Development Center (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lahan Kering Jumantono), Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia (07°37' latitude and 110°56' east longitude). The number of chromosomes was analyzed in the Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, and the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Plant morphology research was arranged factorially using a Completely Randomized Block Design (RAKL). The treatment factors were varieties (Argomulyo, Anjasmoro, Kaba, Sibayak, and Wilis) and doses of P fertilizer (0, 18, and 36 kg P2O5/ha (equivalent to 0, 50, and 100 kg SP-36/ha). Therefore, there were 15 treatment combinations, and each combination was repeated 3 times. The observation of the number of chromosomes used the squash method. Quantitative data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if significantly different, continued with Duncan's multiple distance test (DMRT) level of 5%. The qualitative analysis was analyzed and presented descriptively. The results showed that each of the five soybean varieties' morphological characteristics differed. Applying phosphate (P) fertilizer from a dose of 0, 18, or 36 kg P2O5/ha could affect plant morphology in the form of an increase in plant height, length of the main root, number of branch roots, length of stem internode, length of petiole, leaf area, and weight of 100 seeds in each soybean variety. The number of chromosomes in five soybean varieties is the same, namely 2n = 40. The application of phosphate (P) fertilizer did not affect the number of chromosomes in the five soybean varieties.