Pinus Thunbergii Parl Research Articles

Topographic variations of soil properties and stand structure in a Pinus thunbergii plantation

AbstractSoil properties and above‐and belowground forest structure were studied across various topographies in a 20‐year‐old Pinus thunbergii Parl. plantation on Mt Tanakami, Japan. The soil properties and stand structure varied greatly with slope position fromridge top to valley floor. Soil thickness, fine soil content and soil moisture content were greater in lower slope positions. The amount of organic carbon in the forest floor was greater in upper slope positions. The organic carbon content in the mineral soil was slightly greater in lower slope positions. These changes in soil properties suggested an upslope decrease in decomposition rate and water and/or nutrient availability. The aboveground structure of P. thunbergii was more developed at lower slope positions. The mean stem diameter, height and volume of P. thunbergii increased downslope with decreasing tree density. However, fine root biomass increased greatly upslope. This inverse relationship between tree height and fine root biomass indicated morphological plasticity of P. thunbergii in exploiting environmental heterogeneity. Variations in soil‐plant interactions in the stand along various topographies caused spatial heterogeneity in the accumulation pattern of organic matter in plants and the soil.

Ethylene production during symptom development of pine‐wilt disease

AbstractEthylene release from Pinus thunbergii Parl. seedlings was examined after inoculation with virulent and avirulent isolates of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Enhanced ethylene release was observed only in seedlings inoculated with the virulent isolate. The avirulent isolate induced necrosis of xylem ray cells and embolism in some tracheids, however, the cambium and outermost xylem was intact where water conduction was maintained. The ethylene increase coincided with cambial death in seedlings inoculated with the virulent isolate.

Biogenesis pathway of pine chloroplast proteins encoded in the nucleus: import of pine proteins into spinach chloroplasts

Precursors to small subunits (SSU) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) and apoproteins of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHCPII) in photosystem II were synthesized in vitro by expressing pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) cDNA clones encoding these proteins. The precursors to pine SSU and LHCPII were post-translationally transported into spinach chloroplasts, processed into mature size, and localized in only stroma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. The pine SSU was tightly integrated into spinach Rubisco; however, the pine LHCPII was not found in the light-harvesting chlorophyll–protein complex. These results suggest that a common biogenesis pathway of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins is present both in gymnosperms and in angiosperms.

Some Attempts in vitro Propagation by Tissue Culture of Japanese black pine(Pinus Thunbergii PARL.)

Some Attempts in vitro Propagation by Tissue Culture of Japanese black pine(Pinus Thunbergii PARL.)

Mycorrhizae of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii): protection of seedlings from acid mist and effect of acid mist on mycorrhiza formation

To determine the effects of acid precipitation on Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) with and without mycorrhizae (Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker et Couch), 1-year-old seedlings were exposed to simulated acid mist, pH 3.0, for 10 min per day twice a week for 3 or 4 months. Simulated acid mist adversely affected the transpiration rate and lowered the extractable phosphorus content of seedlings, but seedlings with mycorrhizae were less affected by acid mist than were nonmycorrhizal seedlings. Simulated acid mist also retarded mycorrhiza formation. Key words: mycorrhizae, phosphorus content, Pinus thunbergii, Pisolithus tinctorius, simulated acid mist, transpiration rate.

Effects of Reforestation with Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm. ex Koch on Recoveries of Vegetation and Terrestrial Arthropod Fauna at Post-fire Stands

山火跡地の早期緑化を目的としてクロマツとエニシダの列状混植を施した植栽区において, 物理的環境, 植生, 及び地表棲息性節足動物相を調査し, 山火後放置して自然な二次遷移に任せた放置区との比較を行なった.植栽区では, 通常の二次遷移とは異なり, 急速に成長したエニシダがクロマツを被蔭・圧迫して単独優占的な低木層を形成した.その結果, 植栽区では, 地表温度の日較差は小さくなり, 地表を覆う有機物の量は植栽直後から増加を示し, 植栽が環境の安定化に寄与している事を示した.しかし, エニシダは植栽後約5年頃から徐々に枯死し始め, その結果, 低木層は枯損消滅し, 群落の相観は草本植物群落の段階に戻った.このような環境の変化を反映して, 植栽区における地表棲息性節足動物相も, 放置区とは異なる変遷を示した.この事は, アリ類の変遷や, コオロギ類, モリチャバネゴキブリ, 及び俳徊性クモ類等の動態で特に明確であり, 植栽エニシダによる群落の植被率の急速な増加やその後の衰退が, 直接・間接に, 地表棲息性節足動物相の動態に影響している事を示した.

アカマツ葉の成分に関する研究(第2報)エタノール溶出アミノ酸のクロマツ葉との比較について

In order to identify the constituents of ethanol-extractable amino acids (free amino acids) from Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and Pinus thunbergii Parl. leaves, analytical studies were performed by the use of high performance liquid chromatography. According to the results obtained, 29 amino acids in Pinus densiflora (the tree aged 3), 27 amino acids in Pinus thunbergii (the tree aged 3) and 25 amino acids in both pine (the tree aged 25) were confirmed. The total amounts of free amino acids in Pinus densiflora were found to be more rich than in Pinus thunbergii. The peaks of many free amino acids in Pinus densiflora (the tree aged 3) were found in February, but in Pinus thunbergii (the tree aged 3) the peaks of free amino acids were observed in May and from February to April. The mode of occurrence of asparagine at germination of buds explains clearly the distinction between Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii.

Structures of naphthoquinones produced by the fungus, Fusarium sp., and their biological activity toward pollen germination.

From an unidentified Fusarium sp., eight substances possessing a 1, 4-naphthoquinone skeleton were isolated (F2-F9) and their structures were elucidated from the physical and chemical evidence. The effect of these compounds together with 1, 4-naphthoquinone, 5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone and 5, 8-dihydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone on the pollen germination of Pinus thunbergii Parl was examined. 5, 8-Dihydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone showed marked inhibitory activity.

Short-term Response of Seven Pine Species to Sodium Chloride Spray

Six 5-needled pines (Pinus aristata Engelm., P. cembra L., P. parviflora Seib & Zuccc., P. peuce Griseb., P. strobiformis Engelm., and P. strobus L.) and one 2-needled pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) sprayed with a 2% NaCl solution for 10 days showed differences in percent browning, internal and external Cl− concentrations, and survival. Salt-sprayed seedlings of P. thunbergii (a well-known salt tolerant species) and P. cembra showed the least foliar damage, lowest external Cl− concentranons, and best survival. Internal Cl− concentrations were significantly lower for P. thunbergii than for all other species. Pinus strobus, P. peuce, and P. aristata showed a large degree of foliar symptoms and the highest internal Cl− concentrations. Pinus strobiformis and P. parviflora were intermediate in symptom expression and in internal concentrations of Cl−. Of the 5-needled species, P. cembra appeared most tolerant to salt spray.

THE SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SYMBIOTIC PENICILLATE MILLIPEDS IN ARBOREAL ANT NESTS

No reports have been published about symbiotic penicillate millipeds living in arboreal ant nests, though Donisthorpe (1927) reported those in edaphic ant nests. Therefore, we tried to determine the species and numbers of symbiotic penicillate millipeds in arboreal ant nests.An investigation of the symbiotic penicillate millipeds was conducted in both the maritime forest (Daphniphyllum teijsmannii Zoll., Pinus thunbergii Parl.) and the mountain forest (Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc., Castanopsis cuspidata Schottky var. sieboldii Nakai) on Miyakejima Island (about N 34°05′, E 139°30′) in the Pacific Ocean, 28 March 1980. As a result, we found symbiotic penicillate millipeds of the family Polyxenidae only in the maritime forest.

Water Potential and Growth Stress in Young Japanese Black Pine(Pinus Thunbergii Parl.)

In this study, the water potential (WP), stem strain and growth strain on surface in young Japanese black pine (Pinus Thunbergii Parl.) were measured at intervals during a single day in various seasons in order to investigate the evolution process of growth stress in young Japanese black pine.The results obtained are summarized as follows.(1) From the relationship between the changes of xylem contained in the stem and the WP during a single day in various seasons, the WP of all trees was found to increase steadily for about 4 hours after sunrise from the minimum value at dawn, and become constant at that level until about 2 hours before sunset, and then decrease steadily to the minimum of the following day. The stem strain reached a minimum value at the time when the WP remained high in its value, and then increased steadily toward the maximum value of the following day, corresponding to the decrease of WP. It was suggested that the stem strain in xylem was about 15% of the stem with bark.(2) The change in growth strain on the surface during a single day could be shown by a curve with a maximum for all seasons. The growth strain on the surface in all trees reached a maximum after 2 to 4 hours after sunrise, and then decreased gradually to reach a minimum near sunset. Those results on the growth strain on the surface seems to suggest that the change in growth strain on the surface during a single day is connected with the change in WP.(3) Though the trees examined at various seasons contained different conditions of cell wall, the change of the growth strain on surface during the whole day was almost the same for all trees. The seasonal change of growth strain on surface was observed in the distribution of the growth strain on surface at a certain height of tree. It appeared clearly on top of trees, but not so at breast height.

観賞樹木の生育に及ぼす温周性と光周性の相互影響 (第4報)

Interrelated effects of daylength and winter chilling on the growth and dormancy of several woody plants were studied for two consecutive years.1. The shoot growth of Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) cuttings remained linear throughout most of the test period at 16hr or more daylengths, though under daylengths less than 16hr the shoot of Japanese holly cuttings ceased to elongate after a certain period of growth. Shoot growth of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl. ) seedlings seemed daylength-independent.2. The shoot of Japanese holly cuttings did not respond to winter chilling, though they showed active growth under long day conditions. Contrary to Japanese holly cuttings, the shoot of trident maple (Acer buergerianum Miq.) seedlings became dormant even under long day conditions and eventually died unless it had previously been exposed to winter chilling. When trident maple seedlings were subjected to winter chilling, however, their shoots continued to grow vigorously even under short day conditions, that is, the shoot growth of trident maple seedlings was typically chilling-dependent. The shoot growth of Japanese privet (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) seedlings was facultative-long-day-dependent. The winter chilling treatment did not affect the shoot growth of sweet viburnum (Viburnum awabuki K. Koch) cuttings and Japanese black pine seedlings showed facultative-chilling-dependent responses along with facultative-long-day-dependent behavior, whereas that of sawleaf zelkova (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino) seedlings was facultative-chilling-dependent and daylength-independent.3. The seedlings of Japanese privet and Japanese black pine which were not exposed to winter chilling produced much fewer numbers of lateral shoots under both long and short day conditions than those exposed. No matter what daylengths Japanese privet seedlings and Japanese holly cuttings received, more than half of them bloomed when they were exposed previously to winter chilling, whereas those that were not subjected to winter chilling never bloomed.

Yield and germination percentage of pollen extracted from male strobili detached from mother trees in different dates in Pinus thunbergii PARL

Yield and germination percentage of pollen extracted from male strobili detached from mother trees in different dates in Pinus thunbergii PARL

Effects of water potential in water culture solution on growth of Pinus thunbergii PARL. yearlings

Effects of water potential in water culture solution on growth of Pinus thunbergii PARL. yearlings

観賞樹木の生育に及ぼす温周性と光周性の相互影響

Effects of fall chilling on responses of sweet viburnum (Viburnum Awabuki K. Koch) cuttings and Japanese black pine (Pinus ThunbergiiParl.) seedlings to the subsequent daylength and temperature treatments were investigated. The chilling treatments were continued for 70 days at 3°C in the dark from October 15, 1976.1) Shoot emergence of viburnum cuttings was promoted by long days and high ambient temperatures when cuttings were not subjected to fall chilling. The amount of shoot growth was greater in the long day lots than in the short day lots. The higher the ambient temperature, the greater the amount of shoot growth. In the lots receiving the long day and 25°C treatment, the shoot was elongating along a rectilinear growth curve during the entire course of growth measurement.On the other hand, subsequent daylength and temperature treatments had almost no influence on the onset of shoot emergence when cuttings were subjected to fall chilling. As for the shoot growth, responses of viburnum cuttings to photoperiod seemed long-day-dependent in subsequent high temperature regimes, faculative-short-day-dependent in intermediate temperature regimes, and daylength-independent in low temperature regimes. The shoot growth of viburnum cuttings was quite active even under low temperature conditions. The shoots elongated along a rectilinear growth curve under 10°C like under 25°C.2) Shoot emergence of pine seedlings was fairly promoted by long days and high ambient temperatures when seedlings were not subjected to fall chilling. In general, the shoot growth of pine seedlings was stimulated by long days and high ambient temperatures. However, when seedlings were subjected to fall chilling, the onset of shoot emergence was affected only slightly by subsequent daylength and temperature treatments. The shoot growth was greater in the long day lots than in the short day lots. The lower the ambient temperature, the greater the shoot growth of pine seedlings.From the results obtained, it may be concluded that if viburnum cuttings and pine seedlings are subjected to fall chilling, subsequent optimum temperatures for the shoot growth of both species tested tend to shift from higher to lower regimes. Furthermore, both viburnum cuttings and pine seedlings that are subjected to fall chilling may show a markedly flourishing shoot growth under subsequent short day conditions.

Inhibition of Turnip Mosaic Virus by the Juice Extracted from Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.)

Inhibition of Turnip Mosaic Virus by the Juice Extracted from Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.)

Cone Development of Pinus thunbergii PARL. in Response to Chilling and Continuous Illumination

Cone Development of Pinus thunbergii PARL. in Response to Chilling and Continuous Illumination

マツノシンクイムシとその寄生蜂の生息数について

Seasonal variation of population of the pine shoot moths and their hymenopterous parasites in Aichi, Central Japan, was determined by examining the infested shoots collected from plantation of the Japanese black pine, Pinus Thunbergii PARL. Throughout a year, Evetria cristata WALSHINGHAM was the dominant species among four species of pine shoot moths found, and responsible for a large part of infestation in the pine shoots. Rhyacionia duplana simulata HEINRICH was the sub-abundant species, particularly in June and July, but level of population densities of Dioryctria splendidella and Eurhodope sp. were the lowest throughout a year. Among the hymenopterous parasites, Lissonota evetriae UCHIDA, Temelucha sp. and Pediobius sp. were fairly dominant.

When cell division begins in the germinating seeds of Pinus Thunbergii PARL.?

When cell division begins in the germinating seeds of Pinus Thunbergii PARL.?

The test in properties of wood of pine trees (Pinus Thunbergii Parl.) which have been tapped for resin

The test in properties of wood of pine trees (Pinus Thunbergii Parl.) which have been tapped for resin