Pinus Thunbergii Parl Research Articles

Eight-year monitoring of the height growth and survivorship of seedlings of Pinus thunbergii Parl. planted with sand fence and bush hedge protection in a coastal sandy environment in Korea

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to examine the effect of distance at three levels (5 m, 15 m, and 25 m) of ranges of plots landwards from a sand fence and bush hedge protection margin on the height growth and survival of seedlings of Pinus thunbergii Parl. planted in a coastal sandy environment in Uljin, East Sea area of Korea. The purpose of the study was to investigate height growth and survival with distance from a bush hedge/sand beach boundary of pine seedlings in a coastal forest plantation. Seedling height growth and survivorship were measured annually in nine plots, with three plots each selected from three ranges of plots at distances of 5 m, 15 m, and 25 m landward from the bush hedge/sand beach boundary from 2007 to 2014, 8 years after planting. Annual averages in seedling height growth significantly reduced in the 2nd and 3rd years of growth but appreciably stabilized from the 4th to 8th year, indicating that the 2nd and 3rd years of seedling growth and survival in the study site were the most critical. We found no statistically significant differences in height growth and survivorship of the planted seedlings between the three ranges of plots at distances of 5 m, 15 m, and 25 m landward from the bush hedge/sand beach boundary in the microsite. This suggested that seedling height growth and survivorship were not significantly affected by the distance factor. This was attributed to the protective and stabilization functions of the bush hedges and sand fence barrier, which reduced near-surface wind damage to seedlings and fostered a relatively uniform height growth and survival of the planted seedlings in the microsite. Furthermore, wind speed (P = 0.014) and soil moisture at ≤ 12 cm depth (P = 0.014) were the most significant of the selected factors limiting the height growth of the seedlings in the study area, as they accounted for 94.4% (R2 = 0.944) of the insignificant variability associated with the distance factor. The results provide supportive evidence that sand fence and bush hedge micro-windbreaks can be reliably used to protect, stabilize, and sustain relatively uniform height growth and survival of seedlings of P. thunbergii planted in a windy coastal sandy environment and in other locations with similar soil and climatic conditions.

Chemical Characteristics of Cell Wall in Pinus thunbergii Parl. Grown with High Salinity

Stems of Pinus thunbergii Parl. grown with high salinity were analyzed for chemical characteristics. Stem of 2 years was rich in soluble compounds and stem of 3 years reduced the amount of the soluble compound. But, the lignin content have not seen a large change. Also, Klason lignins of stem of 2 and 3 years has not changed in nitrogen and hydrogen content. In Klason process, it was significantly increased the carbon concentration due to the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate. In addition, the accumulation of xylan from Pinus thunbergii Parl. with salinity treatment were increased noticeably. Finally, functional group of Pinus thunbergii Parl. with salinity treatment were not changed.

Growth and Nutrient Status of Foliage as Affected by Tree Species and Fertilization in a Fire-Disturbed Urban Forest

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth and macronutrient (C, N, P, K) status in the foliage of four tree species (LT: Liriodendron tulipifera L.; PY: Prunus yedoensis Matsumura; QA: Quercus acutissima Carruth; PT: Pinus thunbergii Parl.) in response to fertilization with different nutrient ratios in a fire-disturbed urban forest located in BongDaesan (Mt.), Korea. Two fertilizers (N3P8K1 = 113:300:37 kg·ha−1·year−1; N6P4K1 = 226:150:37 ha−1·year−1) in four planting sites were applied in April 2013 and March 2014. The growth and nutrient responses of the foliage were monitored six times for two years. Foliar growth and nutrient concentrations were not significantly different (p > 0.05) in response to different doses of N or P fertilizer, but the foliage showed increased N and P concentrations and content after fertilization compared with the control (N0P0K0). Foliar C and K concentrations were little affected by fertilization. Foliar nutrient concentrations and contents were significantly higher in PY and LT than in PT. The results suggest that the foliar N and P concentration could be used as a parameter to assess the nutrient environments of tree species restored in a fire-disturbed urban forest.

Effect of ectomycorrhizal composition on survival and growth of Pinus thunbergii seedlings varying in resistance to the pine wilt nematode

Ectomycorrhizal composition and associated fungi affect the intra-specific ability of resistant black pines for physiological adaptation. Since Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) forests have been widely devastated by pine wilt disease, several kinds of resistant black pines have been developed. Although all of the resistant black pines are the same species, these resistant trees show different physiological characteristics. We investigated the survival rates and growth rates, as well as ectomycorrhizal composition and associated fungi, on four kinds of Japanese black pine seedlings (three pine wilt-resistant and one non-resistant), and elucidated the factors affecting the various physiological characteristics. We found that the abundance of ectomycorrhizal types differed even though seedlings were grown sympatrically in the same areas for about 2 years. The seedlings that had plentiful white ectomycorrhizae showed the highest survival and growth rates regardless of the variety of black pine. Sequence similarities of the white ectomycorrhizae in the rDNA ITS region were best matched with members of Astraeus sp., Atheliaceae, Boletaceae and Thelephoraceae. Our findings indicate that intra-specific physiological adaptation might be affected by ectomycorrhizal composition or by the specific ectomycorrhizal species.

Age and life history of an old black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) tree at Cave Temple on Mt. Sanbangsan, Jeju Island, Korea, died due to pine wilt disease in 2013

In 2013, the epidemics of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) resulted in damages to the forests of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees in Jeju Island, Korea. Among the affected trees, an old black pine tree at Cave Temple on Mt. Sanbangsan was included and died due to the prevalence of pine wilt disease. The tree was on Mt. Sanbangsan, which was designated as a National Scenic Place with the Number 77 and was believed to be more than 400 years old in age. By examining the disc of the tree stem obtained from the height of 2 m, we counted the tree rings from 4 different directions and cross-dated the readings by comparing the records of drought simulated from the BROOK Model. Our analysis indicates that the tree seems to have grown since late 1860s. Contrary to the belief of the general public, we can conclude that the age of the tree was estimated to be at maximum 150 years, which means that it was not the same old tree as was shown in the painting of the Tam-Ra-Sun-Ryeok-Do (an old painting book for the Inspection Tour of Jeju Island) published in 1702. Discussion was extended to the life history of the tree in growth and leaning and the measures to protect the tree species from the damages of the pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematodes.

소나무류 수관층 및 지표층의 CO<sub>2</sub>/non-CO<sub>2</sub> 배출량 분석 연구

In this study, we carried out the emissions analysis of CO and <TEX>$non-CO_2$</TEX> for the age-classes of various pine trees(Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus thunbergii Parl.) to estimate of emission factors of the crown layer and surface layer in the forest fire. We used the thermal characteristic analyzer cone heater and NDIR analyzer in order to measure amount of emission. As a result, the major emissions of Pinus koraiensis were <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> and that of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was only CO. The major emissions of the most of pine trees were NO and <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX>. The <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> emission of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was the highest about as <TEX>$7.26{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}1.63{\times}10^{-1}g$</TEX> and next came Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida Mill.. And the CO emission of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was about <TEX>$5.14{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}6.58{\times}10^{-3}g$</TEX> and followed by Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida Mill.. The emissions of <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX>, NO, and <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> showed small differences between species and the emission of <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> was <TEX>$8.37{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}2.55{\times}10^{-4}g$</TEX>, and NO was <TEX>$6.65{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}2.0{\times}10^{-4}g$</TEX> and <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> was <TEX>$1.42{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}2.09{\times}10^{-3}g$</TEX> in all species. Particularly, the emission of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was the highest in all pine trees except <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX>.

Relationship between pine wilt disease development in asymptomatic carrier trees of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Apelenchoididae) and their use by Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

To clarify the effect of asymptomatic carrier trees on the epidemic spread of pine wilt disease, we inoculated Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle into ~10-year-old Pinus thunbergii Parl. trees to make asymptomatic carrier trees of the nematodes, and then we examined the relationship between pine wilt disease development in these trees and their use by Monochamus alternatus Hope. Mature adults of M. alternatus were attracted by and oviposited on trees that died in summer and fall, regardless of whether they died in the year of nematode infection or were asymptomatic during the infection year and died the next year. These results suggest that trees that die in summer and fall should be disposed of to help control M. alternatus and limit epidemic spread of the disease. In addition, we suggest the possibility that M. alternatus larvae may not grow and develop in trees that die after the infection year or that M. alternatus adults that emerge from such trees do not carry many B. xylophilus.

곰솔임분의 임분연령별 상대생장식 및 현존량 확장계수

This study was conducted to evaluate age-specific and generalized allometric equations and biomass expansion factors (BEFs) for each tree component across three age-sequence stands (35-year-old, 51-year-old, 62-year-old) of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) in Jinju, located in the western part of Gyeongnam province, Korea. Biomass in each tree component, i.e. foliage, branch, and stem, was quantified by destructive tree harvesting. Allometric regression equations were significant (P 0.05) from different stand ages and ranged from 0.45 to 0.51 g cm �3 , and from 1.32 to 1.38, respectively. The results indicate that allometric equations, stem density and aboveground BEFs in the matured black pine over 35-year-old are little influenced by different stand ages.

고속도로 비탈면의 식생천이 특성 연구 I

This study was carried out in order to analyze the succession characteristics of the slope of expressways and the results of analysis by collecting and analyzing various literatures and data from 2011 to 2012 and surveying 75 expressway slope, as follows : The construction methods applied to planting the slope of an expressway can be classified into 4 types including 3 Climber planting methods, 8 Vegetation thick-layer spray work methods, 4 Seed spray work methods, and 4 Stabilization work methods. The factors which affect the cover degree of the slope of an expressway were found to be development years, gradient, length, and azimuth. Like surrounding forest areas, the expressway slope was analyzed to begin the plant succession 20, 30, and 40 years after development, and plant succession was developed in diversity in a mixed stand forest according to surrounding forest floors. Species diversity, maximum species diversity, and the evenness of slope facing north were analyzed to be high comparing to those facing east, west, and south according to azimuth of slope. Species diversity, maximum species diversity, evenness of slope, and the plant succession of surroundings were analyzed to be high when the gradient of the slope was less than . The dominant species which success on the slope of an expressway and its surrounding forest area included Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Zoysia japonica, Pinus thunbergii Parl, Rubus crataegifolius, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, and Oenothera biennis.

海岸クロマツ林再生のための直播き試験（２）-被災海岸林における再生手法の提案-

海岸クロマツ林再生のための直播き試験（２）-被災海岸林における再生手法の提案-

원전주변 지역 식물의 방사능 오탁에 관한 연구 - 해송과 아왜나무를 대상으로 -

Generally, the radioactivity from NPP(Nuclear Power Plants) operation can be released below 3% of DRLs(Derived Release Limits) to environment. It was tried to understand which plant was efficient for absorbing radioactivity in this study. Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Viburnum awabuki K. KOCH were analyzed for radioisotope absorption. The samples were collected at three different locations depending on the distance from NPP at the vicinity 10km away, and 30km away. Gamma radionuclide was not detected from the samples, which means that the direct transition into the plant was not significant. Meanwhile, the very low level of radioactive tritium was detected in the samples. One remark was that every plant has different ability for tritium absorption. These results are expected to be applied to propagation and transplanting in radioactively contaminated area or reducing radioactivity in the soil and water near the plants.

곰솔(Pinus thunbergii)의 침엽에서 분리한 내생균의 분자적 동정

곰솔(Pinus thunbergii Parl.)의 잎에 서식하는 내생균의 다양성을 확인하기 위하여 충남 보령의 해안가에 서식하는 곰솔에서 잎을 채취하여 총 19개의 균주를 분리하였다. 분리된 내생균을 ITS 지역과 LSU 지역의 염기서열을 분석하여 동정한 결과 Anthostomella sepelibilis, Beltrania sp., Cladosporium sp., Coniochaeta velutina, Entonaema pallida, Lophodermium sp., Nigrospora sphaerica 등 총 7개 분류군의 내생균을 확보할 수 있었다. 이들 중 Beltrania sp.에 속하는 종이 가장 높은 빈도로 분리되었으며 내생균의 서식 환경이 곰솔의 잎에 서식하는 내생균의 분포에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다. Endophytic fungi were isolated from needle leaves of Pinus thunbergii distributed in Boryeong of Korea. Total 7 species of fungi were identified using partial sequences of ITS and LSU regions of nuclear DNA Anthostomella sepelibilis, Beltrania sp., Cladosporium sp., Coniochaeta velutina, Entonaema pallida, Lophodermium sp. and Nigrospora sphaerica sphaerica. The endophytic fungi, Beltrania sp. was the most dominant species isolated from P. thunbergii in this study. Results indicate that the distribution of endophytic fungi in the leaves of P. thunbergii could be influenced by environments of the fungal habitat.

Development of mycelial slurries containing surfactant for cultivation of the edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom Rhizopogon roseolus (syn. Rhizopogon rubescens)

Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. M. Fr., known as shoro in Japanese, is an edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom. To successfully cultivate ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, inoculation and propagation methods must be developed, and isolates with superior traits must be selected. Pinus thunbergii Parl. seedlings were inoculated with several isolates of R. roseolus using the Petri dish technique and their mycorrhizal abilities were assessed. We selected a superior isolate that rapidly colonized and produced a lot of ectomycorrhizas in the roots of P. thunbergii. The selected strain was cultured in liquid medium, and the resultant mycelia were homogenized in saline solution to make a slurry. Adding surfactant to the mycelial slurry stimulated mycorrhizal formation in host roots. We investigated the effects of mycelial slurry containing surfactant on ectomycorrhizal formation of P. thunbergii and fruiting body formation in mother plant systems. Stimulatory effects of the slurry were observed not only on ectomycorrhizal formation of the seedlings but also on fruiting body formation. These results suggest that the mycelial slurries containing surfactant could serve as mycelial spawns for the cultivation of shoro under greenhouse conditions.

An identification system using multiplex allele-specific PCR assay in the Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.)

A compatible individual-identification system with the multiplex SNuPE assay system, which was constructed of eighteen highly polymorphic and codominant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), was developed in the Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.). The eighteen SNPs were transformed into dominant markers by employing an allele-specific PCR (ASP) assay. Three multiplex PCR sets, each containing six ASP markers, were designed to increase cost saving and assay simplicity. Analyses of statistical parameters of 18 ASP markers revealed that gene diversity (H) and polymorphic information contents (PIC) were 0.331 to 0.500 (average of 0.425), and 0.375 to 0.500 (average of 0.473), respectively. The cumulative confusion probability (Ccumulative) of the system was extremely low (3.14 × 10−6), roughly one chance in 318,000 genotypes. The cumulative discrimination power (Dcumulative) was exceedingly high (0.999997), which means that the identification system is significantly powerful to discriminate the unrelated individuals.

Quantification of Wautersia [ Ralstonia] basilensis in the mycorrhizosphere of Pinus thunbergii Parl. and its effect on mycorrhizal formation

The bacterium Wautersia [ Ralstonia] basilensis has been shown to enhance the mycorrhizal symbiosis between Suillus granulatus and Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine). However, no information is available about this bacterium under field conditions. The objectives of this study were to detect W. basilensis in bulk and mycorhizosphere soils in a Japanese pine plantation in the Tottori Sand Dunes, determine the density of W. basilensis in soil, and determine the optimal cell density of W. basilensis for mycorrhizal formation in pine seedlings. We designed and validated 16S rRNA gene-targeted specific primers for detection and quantification of W. basilensis. SYBR Green I real-time PCR assay was used. A standard curve relating cultured W. basilensis cell density (10 3–10 8 cells ml −1) to amplification of DNA showed a strong linear relationship ( R = 0.9968). The specificity of the reaction was confirmed by analyzing DNA melting curves and sequencing of the amplicon. The average cell density of W. basilensis was >4.8 × 10 7 cells g −1 of soil in the mycorrhizosphere and 7.0 × 10 6 cells g −1 in the bulk soil. We evaluated the W. basilensis cell density required for mycorrhizal formation using an in vitro microcosm with various inoculum densities ranging from 10 2 to 10 7 cells g −1 soil (10 4–10 9 cells ml −1). Cell densities of W. basilensis of >10 6 cells g −1 of soil were required to stimulate mycorrhizal formation. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that W. basilensis was sufficiently abundant to enhance mycorrhizal formation in the mycorrhizosphere of Japanese black pine sampled from the Tottori Sand Dunes.

Two New Species and A New Record of Eriophyoid Mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) on Coniferous Plants in China

In this paper, two new species and a new record of eriophyoid mites on coniferous plants from China (Anhui, Fujian and Zhejiang Provinces) are described and illustrated, namely Phyllocoptes baishanzuensis sp. nov. on Abies firma Sieb, et Zucc. (Pinaceae); Stenacis thunbergii sp. nov. on Pinus thunbergii Parl. (Pinaceae); Glossilus cryptomerius Navia and Fletchtmann, 2000, new record. All species are vagrant on leaf surface; no apparent damage was found on host plants.

Radial variations of wood properties of an endangered species, Pinus armandii var. amamiana

A dead tree of Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima (abbreviated to PAAm) was obtained from a natural habitat on Tanega-shima Island and various properties of its wood were investigated. Grain angle was measured and soft X-ray analysis was undertaken to obtain the density in each annual ring. Unit shrinkage and dynamic properties were measured by shrinkage, bending, and compression tests. Variations of wood properties in the radial direction, relationships of wood properties to density, and annual ring width were examined. Roughly speaking, variations in the radial direction of the grain angle, twist angle by drying, Young’s modulus and strength in static bending, absorbed energy in impact bending, compressive Young’s modulus, compressive strength, and compressive proportional limit corresponded to the variation of annual ring width. As a result, it was determined that if PAAm is afforested artificially for the purposes of lumber production and conservation, the annual rings of logs should not be too widely spaced. Wood properties of PAAm were similar to those of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), which is another representative pine on Tanegashima Island.

Distribution of ectomycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi in soil along a vegetational change from Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) to black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)

The nitrogen-fixing tree black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seems to affect ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization and disease severity of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) seedlings. We examined the effect of black locust on the distribution of ECM and pathogenic fungi in soil. DNA was extracted from soil at depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm, collected from the border between a Japanese black pine- and a black locust-dominated forest, and the distribution of these fungi was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The effect of soil nutrition and pH on fungal distribution was also examined. Tomentella sp. 1 and Tomentella sp. 2 were not detected from some subplots in the Japanese black pine-dominated forest. Ectomycorrhizas formed by Tomentella spp. were dominant in black locust-dominated subplots and very little in the Japanese black pine-dominated forest. Therefore, the distribution may be influenced by the distribution of inoculum potential, although we could not detect significant relationships between the distribution of Tomentella spp. on pine seedlings and in soils. The other ECM fungi were detected in soils in subplots where the ECM fungi was not detected on pine seedlings, and there was no significant correlation between the distribution of the ECM fungi on pine seedlings and in soils. Therefore, inoculum potential seemed to not always influence the ECM community on roots. The distribution of Lactarius quieticolor and Tomentella sp. 2 in soil at a depth of 0-5 cm positively correlated with soil phosphate (soil P) and that of Tomentella sp. 2 also positively correlated with soil nitrogen (soil N). These results suggest the possibility that the distribution of inoculum potential of the ECM fungi was affected by soil N and soil P. Although the mortality of the pine seedlings was higher in the black locust-dominated area than in the Japanese black pine-dominated area, a pathogenic fungus of pine seedlings, Cylindrocladium pacificum, was detected in soil at depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm from both these areas. This indicates that the disease severity of pine seedlings in this study was influenced by environmental conditions rather than the distribution of inoculum potential.

Epipactis helleborine shows strong mycorrhizal preference towards ectomycorrhizal fungi with contrasting geographic distributions in Japan

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, one of the most widespread orchid species, occurs in a broad range of habitats. This orchid is fully myco-heterotrophic in the germination stage and partially myco-heterotrophic in the adult stage, suggesting that a mycorrhizal partner is one of the key factors that determines whether E. helleborine successfully colonizes a specific environment. We focused on the coastal habitat of Japanese E. helleborine and surveyed the mycorrhizal fungi from geographically different coastal populations that grow in Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) forests of coastal sand dunes. Mycorrhizal fungi and plant haplotypes were then compared with those from inland populations. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of large subunit rRNA sequences of fungi from its roots revealed that E. helleborine is mainly associated with several ectomycorrhizal taxa of the Pezizales, such as Wilcoxina, Tuber, and Hydnotrya. All individuals from coastal dunes were exclusively associated with a pezizalean fungus, Wilcoxina, which is ectomycorrhizal with pine trees growing on coastal dunes. Wilcoxina was not detected in inland forests. Coastal populations were indistinguishable from inland populations based on plant trnL intron haplotypes. Our results indicate that mycorrhizal association with geographically restricted pezizalean ectomycorrhizal fungi is a key control upon this orchid species' distribution across widely different forest habitats.

Ion Implantation Hampers Pollen Tube Growth and Disrupts Actin Cytoskeleton Organization in Pollen Tubes of Pinus thunbergii

Pollen grains of Pinus thunbergii Parl. (Japanese black pine) were implanted with 30 keV nitrogen ion beams and the effects of nitrogen ion implantation on pollen tube growth in vitro and the organization of actin cytoskeleton in the pollen tube cell were investigated using a confocal laser scanning microscope after fluorescence labeling. Treatment with ion implantation significantly blocked pollen tube growth. Confocal microscopy showed that ion implantation disrupted actin filament cytoskeleton organization in the pollen tube. It was found that there was a distinct correlation between the inhibition of pollen tube growth and the disruption of actin cytoskeleton organization, indicating that an intact actin cytoskeleton is essential for continuous pollen tube elongation in Pinus thunbergii. Although the detailed mechanism for the ion-implantation-induced bioeffect still remains to be elucidated, the present study assumes that the cytoskeleton system in pollen grains may provide a key target in response to ion beam implantation and is involved in mediating certain subsequent cytological changes.