Pig Blood Research Articles

PSIX-6 Effect of dacitic tuff breccia in nursery diets on pig growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal morphology

Abstract Trace element and mineral intake are important for proper function of the immune system and various metabolic processes. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB), classified as a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, in the diet of nursery pigs. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control diet (CON), 2) CON + 0.25% DTB (DTB1), and 3) CON + 0.50% DTB (DTB2). Pigs (6.79 + 0.064 kg; 26d of age) were individually housed and fed dietary treatments for 21 d (n=48; 16/trt). At the end of the experiment, blood, jejunal, and ileal samples were collected for a typical metabolic panel and basic histologic and morphologic measurements. DTB2 fed pigs tended (P=0.07) to have greater ADG than CON and DTB1 fed pigs (392, 397, 430g/d for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively), and greater (P=0.008) ADFI (591, 592, 669g/d for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Gain:Feed was not different (P=0.75) among treatments (0.655, 0.663, 0.644 for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Crypt depth in the jejunum was greater (P=0.04) for DTB1 compared to CON fed pigs but did not differ from DTB2 fed pigs (254.7, 292.0, 275.6mm for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Villous height, villous:crypt, number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes did not differ among treatments in both ileum and jejunum (P >0.17). Total white blood cell (WBC) count did not differ (P >0.10). However, the proportion of WBC that were monocytes was lower (P=0.024) in DTB1 compared to CON and DTB2 fed pigs (1.27, 0.79, 1.45% for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) concentration tended (P=0.06) to be linearly decreased with increasing DTB concentrations (9.27, 8.80, 7.75mg/dL). DTB inclusion at 0.5% in nursery pig diets tended to improve growth performance, while inclusion at 0.25% increased jejunal crypt depth and reduced monocytes:WBC and increasing DTB concentrations tended to decreased BUN linearly.

Особенности применения жидкого азота в технологии быстрого замораживания свиной крови

Особенности применения жидкого азота в технологии быстрого замораживания свиной крови

NaCl‐Promoted Hierarchically Porous Carbon Self‐Co‐Doped with Iron and Nitrogen for Efficient Oxygen Reduction

AbstractExploring low‐cost, highly effective and durable nonprecious electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the key issue for large‐scale applications of fuel cell technology. However, preparation of Fe−N−C ORR catalysts using biomass without any external sources containing nitrogen and iron elements has rarely been reported. In this paper, hierarchically porous carbon self‐co‐doped with Fe and N promoted by NaCl has been successfully synthesized through a facile one‐step pyrolysis method using pig blood curds (PBCs) without any external Fe and N. Besides, Fe and N are uniformly dispersed within the as‐synthesized electrocatalysts. Electrochemical tests showed that the best performing Fe−N−C electrocatalyst exhibited superior ORR catalytic activity with a positive half‐wave potential of 0.834 V vs. RHE and a high limiting current density of 5.6 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the as‐synthesized electrocatalyst also showed remarkable long‐term stability as well as superior methanol tolerance, outperforming commercial Pt/C. The facile synthesis of high‐performance Fe−N−C electrocatalysts derived from PBCs using NaCl as the pore former provides fundamental insight and offers important guidelines for the future design of biomass‐derived carbons in specific energy applications.

ВПЛИВ ЛІМІТУЮЧИХ АМІНОКИСЛОТ НА ОКРЕМІ БІОХІМІЧНІ ПОКАЗНИКИ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН

The effectiveness of the use of the most limiting amino acids (lysine, methionine and threonine) in the diets of pigs in order to provide their bodies with protein. Тhe results indicate a direct relationship between the level of these amino acids in the diet of pigs and the concentration of total protein and an inverse relationship with the content of free amino acids in blood plasma. In addition, in the blood of pigs to which these amino acids were added to the diet, a decrease in the concentration of urea,glucose and non-esterified fatty acids was observed.

Automated Insulin Delivery - Continuous Blood Glucose Control During Ex Situ Liver Perfusion.

With the growing demand for livers in the field of transplantation, interest in normothermic ex situ machine perfusion (NMP) has increased in recent years. This may open the door for novel therapeutic interventions such as repair of suboptimal grafts. For successful long-term NMP of livers, blood glucose (BG) levels need to be maintained in a close to physiological range. We present an "automated insulin delivery" (AID) system integrated into an NMP system, which automatically adjusts insulin infusion rates based on continuous BG measurements in a closed loop manner during ex situ pig and human liver perfusion. An online glucose sensor for continuous glucose monitoring was integrated and evaluated in blood. A model based and a proportional controller were implemented and compared in their ability to maintain BG within the physiological range. The continuous glucose sensor is capable of measuring BG directly in human and pig blood for multiple days with an average error of 0.6mmol/L. There was no significant difference in the performance of the two controllers in terms of their ability to keep BG in the physiological range. With the integrated AID, BG was controlled within the physiological range on average in 80% and 76% of the perfusion time for human and pig livers, respectively. The presented work offers a method and shows the feasibility to maintain BG in the physiological range for multiple (up to ten) days during ex situ liver perfusion with the help of an automated AID. Maintaining BG within the physiological range is required to enable long-term ex situ liver perfusion.

Effects of the ovary and conceptus on uterine blood flow in the pig

Summary. Changes in uterine blood flow throughout pregnancy appear to be due to steroid-induced alterations in uterine arterial tone and contractility. Arterial contractility is a transient reduction in luminal diameter in response to nerve stimulation or to an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, leading to short-term reduction in uterine blood flow. Tone is the pressure exerted by an arterial segment against an intraluminal flow (distensibility) and is considered to set the baseline rate of flow. These phenomena appear to be regulated individually, with tone changes predominating during pregnancy. In pregnancy, tone is markedly depressed as oestrogen concentrations rise, and the vessel is distended and flaccid. Arterial tone is a function of the amount of calcium available to the contractile proteins of the arterial smooth muscle, which is derived from extracellular sources. Calcium availability is regulated by the opening and closing of calcium channels in the surface membrane in response to changes in the membrane potential. The loss of uterine arterial tone associated with oestrogen results from a markedly depressed uptake of calcium by the vessels. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.001; r = – 0.93) is observed between uterine arterial uptake of calcium and the concentrations of oestrogens in systemic blood of pigs throughout gestation. Several lines of evidence suggest that the blockade of potential-sensitive calcium channels associated with uterine hyperaemia is produced by catechol oestrogens, short-lived metabolites of oestrogens that are found in the circulation when oestrogen levels are high. Synthesis of catechol oestrogens from the parent oestrogens has been shown to occur in the placenta, endometrium and uterine arteries of pigs. In addition, perfusion of uterine arteries from nonpregnant pigs with catechol oestrogens, but not free oestrogens, in vitro significantly reduces both the tone and the uptake of calcium by the vessels. Contractility of the arteries to nerve stimulation or phenylephrine, however, is not affected. These data suggest that the pig conceptus, through production of catechol oestrogens, locally increases arterial distensibility, resulting in increased baseline flow to each fetal—placental unit. The contractility (reactivity) of the uterine arterial vasculature to adrenergic agonists or other vasoactive agents, however, is not affected. In this way, the conceptus can maintain the locally elevated flows necessary for its survival while the maternal system can continue to respond to life-threatening stimuli by transiently rerouting blood flow away from the uterus and towards other vascular beds more necessary for maternal survival.

Alkali- and glutaraldehyde-modified pig blood as renewable adhesives for engineered bamboo products

Environmentally friendly fabrication of engineered bamboo lumber is enabled by the application of renewable, formaldehyde-free bio-adhesives. In this study, protein-based adhesives made from pig blood (PB) were developed for this purpose. PB was modified by alkali (NaOH) and glutaraldehyde into either alkali-modified pig blood adhesive (APB), glutaraldehyde-modified pig blood adhesive (GPB), or alkali-and-glutaraldehyde-modified pig blood adhesive (AGPB), which were expected to be more water-resistant. Two-ply laminated bamboo lumber samples were assembled, and their bonding strengths were measured. The thermal properties, presence of functional groups, and cross-sectional micro-morphologies of the modified adhesives and unmodified PB were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stabilities of all the modified adhesives were improved compared to that of the unmodified PB. FTIR confirmed that the NaOH treatment successfully induced the unfolding of the PB protein, exposing the hydrophobic groups in the APB and that glutaraldehyde became grafted onto primary amides in the AGPB. Compared with the PB and APB, the cross-sectional micro-morphologies of the GPB and AGPB were more homogeneous and compact. The wet shear strength of the laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) was clearly increased by the modified adhesives. The AGPB had a higher wet shear strength of 4.6 MPa. Thus, the GPB and AGPB can be considered as potential protein adhesives for use in a variety of engineered bamboo products.

The Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) as a Possible Vector Transmitting Pathogens in Austrian Pig Farms.

This pilot study aimed to investigate stable flies from Austrian pig farms for the presence of defined swine pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), hemotrophic mycoplasmas in ingested blood and/or body parts and bacteria on the surface of the flies. Furthermore, the use of stable flies as a diagnostic matrix for the detection of pathogens in the ingested pig blood should be investigated. In total, 69 different microorganisms could be found on the surface of tested S. calcitrans from 20 different pig farms. Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium and could be found on flies from seven farms. In seven farms, hemotrophic mycoplasmas were detected in stable flies. PRRSV could not be found in any of the samples of these 20 farms but PCV2 was detected in six farms. Whether the stable fly can be used as a matrix to monitor the health status cannot be accurately determined through this study, especially in regard to PRRSV. Nevertheless, it might be possible to use the stable fly as diagnostic material for defined pathogens like Mycoplasma suis and PCV2.

Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus in pigs in Vietnam

BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic disease and has been reported around the world. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the sero-prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of HEV in Vietnam. Pig blood and fecal pooled samples were collected to assess the prevalence of HEV. We assessed the true prevalence (TP) of HEV from apparent prevalence (AP) by taking into account the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests using a Bayesian approach. For phylogenetic analysis, the data compared with worldwide HEV reference strains including all eight genotypes (G1-G8) which were identified in previous study.ResultsA total of 475 sera and 250 fecal pooled samples were collected at slaughterhouses and pig farms from five provinces, in Viet Nam. Overall, the sero-AP of HEV was 58.53% (95% confidence interval: 53.95–62.70) while the sero-TP was slightly higher (65.43, 95% credible interval: 47.19–84.70). In terms of pooled samples, overall, the RNA-AP was 6.80% (95% confidence interval: 4.01–10.66). One strain in Hanoi, two strains in Dak Lak, seven strains in An Giang, four strains in Son La and two strains in Nghe An were isolated. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that 19 Vietnamese strains were clustered into HEV 3 and 4.ConclusionsThis study provided evidence that HEV is circulating in domestic pigs in Vietnam. From a public health perspective, it is very important to raise public awareness for high-risk groups (e.g. slaughterhouse workers, pig traders, farmers and market sellers) who have more opportunities to come in contact with pig and contaminated meats.

Radiocesium transfer rates among pigs fed haylage contaminated with low levels of cesium at two differentiation stages.

The objective of this study was to determine the radiocesium transfer rates of pigs fed haylage contaminated with low levels of cesium at different growth stages. We measured the body weight of juvenile and adult pigs during the treatment period to confirm their health status. We also performed pig blood hematologic and biochemical analyses at both growth stages. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report pig radiocesium transfer coefficient rates after 1 month of chronic oral treatment, which is the period assumed to be required for body equilibrium under a diet of radiocesium-contaminated food. The results showed higher radiocesium retention rates in the kidneys, liver, spleen, genitals, psoas major, bladder, thyroid, and urine than in the blood and bone (tibia and femur) of pigs at both growth stages. The radiocesium retention levels were generally higher in juvenile pigs than in adult pigs, with the highest transfer coefficient ratio in the kidneys (16.2%).

Bonding performance of plywood with pig blood adhesives prepared by a novel method

Renewable and eco-friendly pig blood adhesives (PBAs) were obtained by modifying PBAs with a mild alkaline solution and glutaraldehyde and exposing them to an ultrasound treatment. The PBAs were subjected to thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the bonding strength and bonding interface of plywood were analyzed to evaluate bonding performance. The results showed that the alkaline solution unfolded the structure of blood proteins, and the glutaraldehyde crosslinked the blood protein. In addition, the ultrasound greatly increased protein expansion under weak alkaline conditions. The thermal stability of the PBAs exposed to ultrasound treatment under weak alkaline conditions was improved, but the crosslinking agent was not used, and the permeability, which was analyzed by a fluorescence microscope, improved. Further, the average and effective penetration depths on the bonding interface increased 53% and 55%, respectively. The bonding strength of plywood prepared with modified PBAs was greatly improved and compliant with relevant requirements.

Development of ELISA test kits for semi-quantitative detection of anti-HEV antibodies in pigs in the Republic of Belarus

Viral hepatitis E infection affects up to 80-100 % of domestic pigs worldwide and is characterized by high seroprevalence among domestic pigs in temperate climate countries. Epizootic monitoring of HEV infection is insufficient in the Republic of Belarus due to lack of the required number of available and inexpensive diagnostic ELISA kits with good sensitivity and specificity. In this regard, research on development of domestic ELISA kit for semi-quantitative detection of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in pigs with subsequent assessment of seroprevalence to HEV in pig population in the Republic of Belarus is relevant. The results of studies on development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for semi-quantitative determination of class G immunoglobulins to HEV in pig blood serum using recombinant proteins, including immunodominant amino acid sequences corresponding to the ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of HEV genotype 3 are presented in the paper. The optimal concentration for sorption of ORF2 and ORF3 proteins has been determined, which is 2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of this test kit makes 94.8 %, and the diagnostic specificity makes 100 %. Coefficients of variation being the criterion for assessing the intra-serial and inter-serial reproducibility of this test kit, make 3.5 % and 12.4 %, respectively, which allows to obtain reproducible results and identify specific anti-HEV antibodies in all positive samples of pig blood serum. When studying 1235 pig sera samples from various pig farms of Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk and Mogilev regions, seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies has been determined in 168 or 13.6 % of animals. The described diagnostic method can be widely used in science and practice for the further study of seroprevalence of anti-HEV. Acknowledgments. The research was carried out as part of the Interstate program of innovation cooperation of States - participants of the CIS up to 2020, with the financial support of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, the project ID RFMEFI61316X0 061, and the State Committee for Science and Technology of the Republic of Belarus.

Effects of increasing Fe dosage in newborn pigs on suckling and subsequent nursery performance and hematological and immunological criteria.

A total of 336 newborn pigs (DNA 241 × 600, initially 1.75 ± 0.05 kg bodyweight [BW]) from 28 litters were used in a 63-d study evaluating the effects of increasing injectable Fe dose on suckling and subsequent nursery pig performance and blood Fe status. GleptoForte (Ceva Animal Health, LLC, Lenexa, KS) contains gleptoferron which is an Fe macromolecule complex that is commercially used as an injectable Fe source for suckling piglets. On the day of processing (day 3 after birth), all piglets were weighed and 6 barrows and 6 gilts per litter were allotted within sex to 1 of 6 treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of a negative control receiving no Fe injection and increasing injectable Fe to achieve either 50, 100, 150, 200 mg, or 200 mg plus a 100 mg injection on day 11 after birth. Pigs were weaned (~21 d of age) and allotted to nursery pens based on BW and corresponding treatment in a completely randomized design. During lactation, increasing injectable Fe up to 100 mg improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and day 21 BW with no further improvement thereafter. There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) observed between the 200 mg and 200 mg + 100 mg treatments for growth. For the nursery period, increasing Fe dosage increased (linear; P < 0.05) ADG, average daily feed intake, and day 42 BW. There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) between the 200 mg and 200 mg + 100 mg treatments for nursery growth. For blood criteria, significant treatment × day interactions (P = 0.001) were observed for hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct). The interactions occurred because pigs that had <150 mg of injectable Fe had decreased values to day 21 and then increased to day 63 while pigs with 150 or 200 mg of injectable Fe had increased values to day 21 then stayed relatively constant to day 63. In summary, piglet performance during lactation was maximized at 100 mg while nursery growth performance and blood Fe status were maximized with a 200 mg Fe injection at processing. Providing an additional 100 mg of Fe on day 11 of age increased Hb, and Hct values at weaning and 14 d into the nursery but did not provide a growth performance benefit in lactation or nursery. These results indicate that providing 200 mg of injectable Fe provided from GleptoForte is sufficient to optimize lactation and subsequent nursery growth performance and blood Fe status.

Fattening of young pigs when using the compound feed with the inclusion of smectic kizelgur and calf skim milk replacer

The purpose of the researches was to study the influence of different doses of smectic kizelgur and calf skim milk replacer in the recipes of compound feed for young pigs under the conditions of industrial pork production technology. The experimental part of the work has been performed under the conditions of the pig complex of LLC “BMPK” in the Karachevsky area in the Bryansk region. The research materials were compound feed for young pigs on fattening in the inclusion of different doses of smectic kizelgur. The infl uence of feeding compound feed with different doses of smectic kizelgur and calf skim milk replacer to young pigs on productivity, digestibility of nutrients and use of nitrogen, morphological and biochemical parameters of blood, fattening and meat traits of young pigs has been studied. Effective recipes for feeding compound feeds to young pigs prepared with the inclusion of different doses of smectic kizelgur and calf skim milk replacer have been identified. The data have been obtained from the first experiment of young pigs when them fed compound feed with different doses of smectic kizelgur; it has been followed that at the end of fattening the biggest live weight of gilts had in the 4th experimental group fed compound feed, which included 3 % smectic kizelgur. The influence of the additive on changes in live weight and daily gains when adding smectic kizelgur to compound feed in doses of 1,5 and 2,0 % was less, but the trend to increase these indicators over the period of fattening has remained. In the second experiment young pigs have been fed by compound feed, which included different doses of smectic kizelgur and calf skim milk replacer the average daily gain in live weight was higher in the 3rd experimental group, where they fed compound feed with the addition of 2,5 % smectic kizelgur and 2,5 % calf skim milk replacer by 2,2 %, than in the control group. The highest efficiency has been also obtained in the 3rd experimental group, where the monetary revenue has been received by 2160 rubles more in comparison with the control group of pigs.

Effects of feeding increasing levels of iron from iron sulfate or iron carbonate on nursery pig growth performance and hematological criteria.

A total of 140 weanling pigs (241 × 600, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 5.5 ± 0.79 kg body weight) were used in a 32-d study evaluating the effects of increasing dietary Fe from either iron sulfate (FeSO4) or iron carbonate (FeCO3) on nursery pig growth performance and blood Fe status. The pigs used for this trial did not receive an Fe injection after birth in order to increase the sensitivity to added dietary Fe after weaning. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d and allotted to pens based on the initial weight in a completely randomized block design with five pigs in each pen and four pens per treatment. Experimental treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial with main effects of dietary Fe source (FeSO4 vs. FeCO3) and level (10, 30, or 50 mg/kg of added Fe) plus a negative control with no additional dietary Fe. The basal diet contained 40 mg/kg total dietary Fe based on ingredient contributions and was formulated with an Fe-free trace mineral premix. Experimental diets were formulated below the pigs recommended Fe requirement based on NRC (2012) estimates. Experimental diets were fed in pellet form in a single phase for the duration of the trial. From day 0 to 32, there was no evidence for source × level interactions for growth performance, hemoglobin (Hb), or hematocrit (Hct) values. There was no evidence for a difference (P > 0.10) in dietary Fe source. Providing increasing Fe levels in the diet from either FeSO4 or FeCO3 improved (P < 0.05) average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed ratio, and increased (P < 0.05) Hb and Hct values. A day effect (P = 0.001) was observed for both Hb and Hct with values increasing throughout the study. Increasing dietary Fe levels in the diet from either FeSO4 or FeCO3 increased (linear; P < 0.05) Hb and Hct values on days 14, 21, and 32. In summary, these data suggest that the micronized form of FeCO3 is a source of Fe that can be added to nursery diets to yield similar responses to those observed from FeSO4 supplementation. Similar to previous research, increasing dietary Fe improved the growth performance and increased Hb and Hct values when pigs have low Fe status at weaning.

Trypanosome prevalence in pigs and tsetse flies from selected areas of Jomoro district of the western region of Ghana.

Detection of trypanosomes in tsetse or domestic livestock is a basic requirement for epidemiological studies as well as for planning and implementing control measures against tsetse and trypanosomiasis. This epidemiological study aimed at assessing the prevalence of trypanosomes in pigs and tsetse flies in the Jomoro district of the western region of Ghana using molecular techniques. Blood was collected from pigs and biconical traps were used to collect tsetse flies. DNA was isolated from 300 pig blood samples and 300 flies for trypanosome detection and identification by PCR. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of blood samples from 300 pigs was measured using a micro-haematocrit reader. Glossina palpalis palpalis was the only tsetse species found in the area with fly apparent density of 18.4 fly/trap/day. An overall prevalence of trypanosomes in the study area was 4.3% and 0.8% in pigs and tsetse flies respectively. Mixed infection with Trypanosoma (T.) congolense forest and T. vivax was most prevalent 46.2% followed by single infection of T. vivax 15.4%, T. congolense and a mixed infection of T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei sl. were the least with 7.7% each. There were no significant differences in trypanosome prevalence among different age groups and between both sexes of the studied pigs (p>0.05). Trypanosome prevalence was lower in healthy looking 1.9% than the sick looking 20%, pigs (P<0.05). Mean PCV of parasitaemic pigs 29.3% was significantly lower than that of aparasitaemic pigs 37.8%. Two out of the five species-specific primers used could not identify any trypanosome species from the total blood samples examined. This could possibly mean that those species are not found in the present study area. These results provide useful background information for further study and justification to extend tsetse control to the Jomoro district.

Hydrogen peroxide discolors blood in the cavity of the hematoma under the nail and in the skin over the bruise

Purpose. Modern medical standards do not contain information about the urgent bleaching of nail hematomas and bruises. The aim of this work is developing of new ways and means for blood bleaching of the bruising and subungual hematomas for its immediate discoloration. Materials and methods. The peculiarities of hydrogen peroxide effect on blood color alteration in different environment have been studied in laboratory, by experiment and in clinical conditions. We studied the peroxide effect on liquid and dry venous blood in a Petri dishes, in bloody gauze bandages, on the surface of the skin, in hematoma under the nail in humans and in the skin over the bruise created by intradermal injection of pig blood. The studies take into account the role of local interaction such factors as the duration of interaction, the concentration of ingredients, local temperature, the value of alkaline and osmotic activity of the studied solutions. The results were recorded by color photo and video. Results. In laboratory and experimental conditions the red and blue blood as well as red, brown and/or blue stained tissues were shown to be urgently bleached by alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide. Hemoglobin was found to be the «dye» of blood-stained tissues. We listed the inventions to the intradermal bruising discoloration, subungual hematomas, and fresh and dried blood. The main ingredients of the inventions for intradermal and subungual hematomas bleaching are reported. The essence of the invented methods of skin and nail hematomas discoloration is presented. Conclusion. The alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide can be used for emergency discoloration subungual hematoma, the skin in the area of bruise and the bandage stained with blood.

Erythrocyte Membrane-Wrapped Magnetic Nanotherapeutic Agents for Reduction and Removal of Blood Cr(VI)

The hazard of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from environmental pollution and medical implanted metal has been recognized widely. However, removal of trace amount of Cr(VI) in the blood circumstance faces tremendous difficulties for that most of Cr(VI) located in erythrocytes, thus there is almost no literature to report the removal of Cr(VI) in blood. Herein, a removal strategy, named as reduction-adsorption-separation, is proposed to realize the removal of Cr(VI) in blood. First, magnetic core-shell mesoporous nanocomposite is fabricated by using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as magnetic core and mesoporous silica (MS) as shell, hyperbranched polyamide (HPA) as mesoporous channel modifier and ascorbic acid (ASC) as the reductant drug loaded in the mesoporous channels, which is also denoted as Fe/MS/HPA/ASC. Then, on the basis of the bionic idea, the erythrocyte membrane (EM)-wrapped Fe/MS/HPA/ASC to protect ASC from deactivation is obtained and named as the therapeutic agent (Fe/MS/HPA/ASC@EM). During removal process, the therapeutic agent can enter in erythrocytes to use ASC to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and HPA in mesoporous channels to adsorb Cr(III) and can then be recollected from blood by magnetic separation. Finally, an animal model of blood Cr(VI) poisoning is constructed and used to test the removal ability of Cr(VI) from pig blood in vivo, verifying the effectiveness of this blood Cr(VI) removal strategy, providing a possible way to design more efficient and biosafe therapeutic agents for blood purification.

Hematological profile of pig blood for feeding cellulose amylolytic additive

The level of provision of animals with basic nutrients, feeding conditions, physiological condition, age, sex was assessed according to blood parameters. Researched the content of total blood protein, albumin, globulins, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, hemoglobin, erythrocyte count and hematocrit, also calculated blood indices using a set of hematological techniques. The aim was to clarify the biochemical and morphological parameters of the blood of pigs for fattening, by adding additives to the diet. The eff ect of feeding cellulose amylolytic enzyme additive on the productive qualities of pigs for fattening was studied. The cellulose amylolytic additive comprises 0.5% of the enzyme cellulase, 1 gram of which provides 2700 units of activity, and 0.1% of the enzyme α-amylase, 1 gram of which provides 9342 units of activity, with an activity ratio of 1: 4, respectively. Studies in pigs were performed in two stages: the equalization period (15 days) and the main (71 days). Grain fodder grown directly on the farm - barley, wheat, soybeans - was used for feeding pigs. The diet of the control group consisted of 63% barley grain, 27.5% wheat grain, 9% soybean meal 0.5% mineral supplement. Pigs of the experimental group were fed cellulose amylolytic feed additive at the rate of 5 g of cellulase and 1 g of amylase per 1 kg of feed. The use of the above additive in the diets of pigs was observed to increase the immunity of animals due to an increase in gamma globulin in blood proteins by 9%. The increase in the amount of hemoglobin by 8% and erythrocytes by 14% during fattening, due to improved housing conditions and external antigenic stimulation of physiological processes. Decisions on the appropriateness of the inclusion of cellulose amylolytic additive in the diet are made on the basis of production tests of the proposed drug, which increased the average daily gain of live weight by 19.7% during the period of fattening pigs. Key words: pigs, blood, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, thrombocytes, albumins, globulins.

Study on fluorescence spectra: characteristics of broiler and pig blood

The fluorescence method has been used for identification of blood disease and blood type of human because of specific characteristics. In this research, we observed the fluorescence characteristics of broiler and pig blood. The blood of broiler and pig were obtained from the local slaughterhouse in Surabaya. Each blood was measured directly using fluorescence spectrophotometer. All experiments were conducted at wavelength of 200 nm to 800 nm with scan speed of 500 nm/min and SlitEx/Em of 10nm/10nm. Fluorescence characteristic of the blood samples was shown from these excitation and emission peaks. From investigation, the broiler bloods have fluorescence spectra at 350.5 nm for excitation and 349.7 and 698.0 nm for emission. Meanwhile, the fluorescence characteristic of pig blood was appeared at 311.0 nm and 309.0; 622.0 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The results showed that between broiler and pig blood have significant different fluorescence characteristic.