Physical Principles Of Operation Research Articles

On the issue of classification of inspection and search equipment

The subject of the study is the classification of inspection and search equipment. The object of research in the work is the tactical and technical characteristics of various samples of inspection and search equipment, the features of its design, the principles of operation of the devices. The paper discusses such classifiers as the type of the detected object, the design features of the product, the specifics of the impact on the surrounding space, the physical principle of operation. The author pays special attention to the search, formulation and discussion of classification features that allow us to fully characterize not only the purpose and design of a specific inspection or search technical means, but also the principle of operation, in order to form a single conceptual apparatus in the subject area. The main results of the study are a comprehensive consideration of the classification of inspection and search equipment, the formulation of the names of groups of inspection and search equipment, based on its principle of operation. Within the framework of individual groups, an additional division of equipment into subgroups is proposed, which allows even more accurately characterizing its capabilities. The novelty of the research also lies in the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of classifying signs of inspection and search equipment, in the proposal of a classification scheme based on the physical principles of the devices. For a more complete understanding of the developed classification, the author provides examples of search and inspection devices of different types according to the developed criteria.

A comprehensive and modular set of appliance operation MILP models for demand response optimization

Demand response programs are essential to enable accommodating larger shares of variable power generation based on renewable sources, the deployment of which is imperative for decarbonizing the economy and mitigating global warming. Consumers/prosumers are increasingly exposed to and may benefit from time-differentiated energy prices aimed to induce changes in regular consumption patterns. These changes are also beneficial for retailers and grid operators in face of the variability of wholesale market prices, renewable energy availability and grid conditions. The optimization models to be implemented in autonomous home energy management systems require a rigorous modeling of appliance operation to generate effective load scheduling solutions, respecting their physical operation principles and use patterns in everyday life. A balance should be sought between the detail level of optimization models and the computational requirements to generate usable solutions having in mind their implementation in low-cost processors. This paper presents a comprehensive and modular set of mixed-integer linear programming models aimed at enabling their seamless incorporation in home energy management systems, allowing for the integrated optimization of all energy resources (exchanges with the grid, load management, electric vehicle and stationary battery, local microgeneration). Detailed energy consumption optimization models for shiftable, interruptible and thermostatic loads are presented, also including the power cost component and ways of dealing with user's discomfort. The modular models are presented in a building block manner enhancing the flexibility of their utilization in overall models with different objective functions encompassing the economic and comfort dimensions. Computational results are presented for a case study using actual data, which considers a time-of-use tariff with six periods. In addition to comparing with a plain tariff scheme, different consumer profiles are simulated to assess the impact of comfort requirements on cost. These results show that whenever consumers have the flexibility to change their consumption patterns, they are able to lower the net electricity bill by having an energy management system endowed with the models herein proposed to make optimized decisions on their behalf.

Extended depth of focus by self-imaging wavefront division with the mirror tunnel.

The mirror tunnel is a component used to extend the depth of focus for compact imaging probes used in endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT). A fast and accurate method for mirror tunnel probe simulation, characterization, and optimization is needed, with the aim of reconciling wave- and ray-optics simulation methods and providing a thorough description of the physical operating principle of the mirror tunnel. BeamLab software, employing the beam propagation method, was used to explore the parameter space and quantify lateral resolution and depth of focus extension. The lateral resolution performance was found to depend heavily on the metric chosen, implying that care should be taken in the interpretation of optimization and simulation results. Interpreting the mirror tunnel exit face as an extended object gives an understanding of the probe operation, decoupling it from the focusing optics and potentially helping to reduce the parameter space for future optimization.

КВАНТОВЫЕ ВЫЧИСЛЕНИЯ INTEL-QS

The article is devoted to quantum processors and quantum programming languages. In particular, the features of technical processes and physical principles of operation and creation of the CPU are considered. The possibilities of practical application of the Intel-QS quantum computing language are considered.

An Overview of Autonomous Vehicles Sensors and Their Vulnerability to Weather Conditions.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on various types of sensor technologies to perceive the environment and to make logical decisions based on the gathered information similar to humans. Under ideal operating conditions, the perception systems (sensors onboard AVs) provide enough information to enable autonomous transportation and mobility. In practice, there are still several challenges that can impede the AV sensors’ operability and, in turn, degrade their performance under more realistic conditions that actually occur in the physical world. This paper specifically addresses the effects of different weather conditions (precipitation, fog, lightning, etc.) on the perception systems of AVs. In this work, the most common types of AV sensors and communication modules are included, namely: RADAR, LiDAR, ultrasonic, camera, and global navigation satellite system (GNSS). A comprehensive overview of their physical fundamentals, electromagnetic spectrum, and principle of operation is used to quantify the effects of various weather conditions on the performance of the selected AV sensors. This quantification will lead to several advantages in the simulation world by creating more realistic scenarios and by properly fusing responses from AV sensors in any object identification model used in AVs in the physical world. Moreover, it will assist in selecting the appropriate fading or attenuation models to be used in any X-in-the-loop (XIL, e.g., hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop, etc.) type of experiments to test and validate the manner AVs perceive the surrounding environment under certain conditions.

PROBLEM SOL PROBLEM SOLVING ME VING METHODS FOR SYN THODS FOR SYNTHESIS OF PH THESIS OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF MECHATRONIC MODULE OPERATIONS IN INTELLIGENT ROBOTIC SYSTEMS

The scientific paper investigates the methods for solving problems of synthesis of physical principles of operation of mechatronic modules of intelligent robotic systems are considered. In addition, it deals with the specifics of the process of synthesis of the physical principles of the operation ofmechatronic modules using predicate models, list models and information matrices of physical and technical effects. It shows the interpretation of the components of the model of the system for the synthesis of the physical principles of operation of mechatronic modules of intelligent robotic systems and automatic control and the features of the synthesis algorithm for the physical principles of operation of mechatronic modules of intelligent robotic systems based on list models of physical and technical effects are considered.

Design of a hydrogen/tritium permeation sensor for Gen-IV sodium fast reactors

A crucial issue for the design of a fission Generation IV Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) is to efficiently characterize the processes and the technical solutions devoted to the management and the control of tritium transfers and releases occurring in SFR circuits. In fact, the tritium balance in sodium fast reactor is a key aspect and the determination of the hydrogen isotopes (hydrogen/tritium) concentration in the liquid sodium has to be investigated for the operational control of tritium balance in the reactor. Therefore, the need for a fast and reliable sensor for the online measurement of hydrogen isotopes concentration in sodium is evident. In the present work, a new concept of hydrogen isotopes permeation sensor (HPS) is shown. The physical operating principle of the HPS is the permeation of hydrogen isotopes throughout a thin metallic membrane. Since the limit of detection and the accuracy of the integrated sensor has to be compatible with the range of tritium concentrations in sodium circuits, it is necessary for the sensor to be operated in high vacuum (HV) conditions in order to guarantee hydrogen isotopes measurements down to 10−5 Pa or even lower. The paper presents two designs foreseen not only for SFRs, but also for an experimental sodium loop where higher H2 concentrations will be adopted.

METHOD OF TELEPORTATION BASED ON NATURE-LIKE USING OF BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS

SEFER hA MINAGIM, p. 574 (photo 1), on behalf of an older book, writes that according to Jewish tradition, the navel does not close completely after childbirth, but remains partially open to extract various infections from the body. "From the "greenness" called "gable- zaht" (דזשאָנדַאַס איז קרענק די – disease jaundice), he will take a male pigeon for a man, and a dove for a woman; and put it on the navel, and the pigeon (dove), having drained all the infection from it (the patient), will die. Well-known veterinarian, Dr. Yekutiel Sharabi, owner of an elite veterinary clinic in Northern Tel Aviv, studied the causes of pigeon death after such a session. He found that immediately after treatment with pigeons, the patient's blood bilirubin level decreases by 25%, and recovery lasts an average of 3 days (as opposed to 28 days with conventional treatment). Autopsies of pigeons that died after the session showed liver enlargement and dysfunction. If the session was applied to a healthy person, not a single pigeon died. [1]
 In this paper, we consider a heuristic method for using quantum teleportation protocols in convergent dualuse biotechnologies based on new physical principles of operation [1-80]. The features of these biotechnologies will be considered within the framework of the possibilities of convalescence of pathological conditions (for example, nosological form: liver damage (lat. jecur, jecor, hepar, etc. - Greek ἧπαρ) by the hepatitis "C" virus (non-A, non-B hepatitis, or NANBH, or HCV infection). A hypothetical convalescence technology can be implemented by preparing cascades of entangled states of biological objects. In fact, this paper implies a certain information exchange in the planet's biogeosphere, hypotheses, protocols, and schemes for implementing these mechanisms based on new physical principles of action (NFP) [1-80].

Dual-Band Bandpass Filter Optimized for High Q-Factor

High quality factor bandpass filters based on a number of cascaded resonators of dual-resonance mechanism are proposed in the present paper. Each resonator is constructed as two overlapped coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonant structures. The cascaded resonators mediate microwave coupling between two isolated corner-shaped CPW feeders only at the resonant frequencies leading to a bandpass filter of high quality factor. The two resonant frequencies and the separation between them can be fine-tuned by the dimensions of the structure. The effects of the dimensional parameters of the resonator and the feeding CPW regions on the resonant frequencies and the performance of the bandpass filter are investigated. The effect of the loss tangent of the dielectric substrate material on the quality factors at the two resonant frequencies is studied. Three prototypes of the proposed filter are fabricated and experimentally studied for more understanding of the underlying physical principles of operation and for verifying some of the simulation results. The experimental results show good agreement when compared with the corresponding simulation results. It is shown that, at low enough absolute temperature, the proposed structure can operate as superconducting microwave resonator when made from the appropriate materials. Also, it is shown that an optimized design of the proposed bandpass filter, based on superconducting CPWR structure, can achieve quality factors high enough to form a quantum data bus for hybrid architecture of quantum information systems.

Ultrasensitive NO2 gas sensor with insignificant NH3-interference based on a few-layered mesoporous graphene

• A novel sub-ppm NO 2 gas sensor based on a few-layered mesoporous graphene (FLMG). • Few-layered mesoporous graphene is optimized at 100 min by a high-energy ball milling. • The room-temperature sensor exhibited high sensitivity, low cost and simple fabrication. • FLMG-based sensor shows an insignificant NH 3 and humidity interference. Few-layered mesoporous graphene (FLMG) is employed as a sensing material to develop an innovative and high-sensitivity room temperature NO 2 sensor through a simple manufacturing process. For this purpose, sensing material is optimized at 100 min by a high-energy milling process where natural graphite is used as a precursor: it is an inexpensive, sustainable and suitable active material. The large number of defects created and the enhanced degree of mesoporosity produced during the milling process determine the physical principles of operation of the designed device. NO 2 gas sensing tests reveal an improved and selective performance with a change in resistance of ∼16 % at 0.5 ppm under ultraviolet photo-activation, establishing a detection limit around ∼25 ppb. Interestingly, the response of the developed sensor to humidity is independent in the measured range (0–33 % relative humidity at 25 °C) and the dependency to the presence of NH 3 is rather poor as well (∼1.5 % at 50 ppm).

Gas-Coupled Laser Acoustic Detection technique for NDT of mechanical components

The use of non-contact ultrasonic detection techniques is essential to develop an apparatus capable of inspecting components in service, operating in adverse environmental conditions or whose surfaces are challenging to access. Among these techniques, Gas-Coupled Laser Acoustic Detection (GCLAD) is based on measuring the deviation that a laser beam sustains when intersecting an ultrasonic wavefront. The method has been recently developed, being hence unestablished in the non-destructive testing (NDT) field. The objective of the present work is to expand knowledge on the physical operating principles of the GCLAD system; this is obtained by investigating, both theoretically and experimentally, the influence of specific working parameters on the detected signals with the aim of maximizing the ultrasonic amplitude. These analyses are essential for proposing effective non-destructive investigation methodologies benefitting from the employment of the GCLAD technique. Based on the information obtained and from an NDT standpoint, test configurations are proposed with a different relative arrangement between the GCLAD system and the structure; these configurations provide peculiar results also based on the type of wave under investigation (surface or bulk waves). Finally, to highlight the capabilities of the GCLAD system in inspections of mechanical pieces, signals detected experimentally on a component (i.e., a railway axle) are presented in the presence and absence of a surface defect.

Possibilities of using infrared radiation in the food industry when processing raw materials for bakery production

The article provides an overview of studies on the use of infrared radiation in the food industry. Examples of its effect on the quality of wheat grain, as well as baking properties and microbiological contamination of wheat flour are considered. The physical principles of operation of this technology and the properties of the applied method are analyzed.

Physical principles of operation and basic capabilities of the four channel receiver 1288хк1т (mf-01)

In radar detection and radio navigation ensuring the reception of signals transmitted over the meteor channel of radio communication is often controversial[1-3]. Solving these problems requires the ability to synthesize precision signals directly[4, 5] for heterodyning systems in addition to modern analog-to-digital conversion devices, correlation analysis, and statistical processing of signal-noise complex. The step of adapting four channel receivers to dynamically changing conditions of transmitting information may include determining the composition of the signal-noise mixture, determining the phase characteristics of the communication channel, estimating the channel transmission rate, and obtaining QoS information. In addition, adaptation often implies the use of a logical channel control loop, which entails the need for complex feedback procedures. Software-defined radio systems are radio and telecommunication systems that can be tuned to an arbitrary frequency band and receive various types of modulated signal, consisting of programmable equipment with program control. SDR performs a significant part of digital signal processing on a conventional personal computer, signal processor or FPGA. In such systems and complexes, the parameters are changed by software configuration. The article considers the implementation of DDS for heterodyning an intermediate frequency signal on the FPGA basis for four channel receiver 1288хк1т (mf-01), which allows you to work with both narrow-band and wide-band communication channels (with simultaneous operation of 4 channels, the band can be expanded) and can be used in modern telecommunication communication systems.

ФЕРРОЗОНДОВЫЕ МАГНИТОМЕТРЫ С НОВЫМ СПОСОБОМ ВОЗБУЖДЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ МАГНИТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ

The analysis of the functional peculiarities of the known flux gates has shown that the constructive and technological methods used to increase their operational characteristics within the framework of traditional so-lutions have basically exhausted themselves. The paper proposes a method for exciting flux gates based on a new physical principle relying on the effect of magnetoelectric interaction. The possibility of obtaining a magnetoelectric effect in local inhomogeneities of solid-state structures of ferrite elements of flux-gates when exposed to an alternating electric field is analyzed and substantiated. In this case, in the entire volume of the fer-romagnetic core at the same frequencies of electromechanical and magnetic resonances, a modulating physical process is excited in the form of a standing magnetoelectric wave. This creates a corresponding magnetic modu-lation structure in the entire volume of the ferromagnetic system of the flux gate. The considered design of a fluxgate modulator implements a new method of exciting flux gates, containing a ferromagnetic rod system in the form of two ferrite rod half-elements, located coaxially and joined together by a ferrite permanent magnet with magnetization along the axis of the rods. The authors have experimentally studies a new method for exci¬ting flux gates. The proposed method for exciting flux gates opens up wide opportunities for research in a new direction in science – spintronics, in particular, the applied use of magnetoelectric interaction, which can be effectively used to create various options for flux gates based on new physical principles of operation.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ РОБОТОТЕХНІЧНИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ ПРИ ПІДГОТОВЦІ ФАХІВЦІВ З ЕЛЕКТРОНІКИ, АВТОМАТИЗАЦІЇ ТА КОМП’ЮТЕРНОЇ ІНЖЕНЕРІЇ

Purpose. The use of robotic systems in the training of specialists in electronics, automation and computer engineering. Involvement of which will improve the quality of training of students in the direction of robot design, programming and research. Methodology. Physical and logical principles of operation of components for building robots, computer simulation, programming on languages Scratch and Python, processes description in the form of block diagrams. Results. An example of program has been developed the main functions of which are: communication of Robomaster S1 with sensors via UART interface, recognition and tracking of a given trajectory, data collection from sensors with a certain time interval, return to the starting point of the trajectory, subtraction of average values measurement on the liquid crystal display. The general algorithm of interaction with a robotic complex, an example of interaction with the accompanying software, the basic technical characteristics, the detailed description of the main constituent elements of a complex and the main list of its functions and possibilities of application were presented. Originality. A method of training future specialists in electronics, automation and computer engineering using the robotic complex Robomaster S1 to improve the quality of learning. Practical Value. The use of robotic devices in learning through the involvement of the complex Robomaster S1, promotes the activation of cognitive activity, creates a basis for the development of creative potential and is the basis for individualization of learning. Thus, one of the promising areas of further research in the fields of electronics, automation and computer engineering is the improvement of the system of training of future professionals through the use of such systems. Figures 12, tables 1, references 16.

Prospects for the Development of a Sensitive Atomic Interferometer Based on Cold Rubidium Atoms

An overview of the research results obtained at the All-Russia Research Institute of Physicotechnical and Radio Measurements when creating a fountain type clock is presented. The possibility of using the results obtained for the development of a sensitive atomic interferometer (gravimeter) based on cold rubidium atoms is analyzed. The relevance of the study lies in assessing the prospects for creating an interferometer (gravimeter) based on cold rubidium atoms for absolute measurements of the local value of the gravitational acceleration. The physical principles of operation of an atomic gravimeter are described. A comparison is made between an atomic gravimeter and a fountain-type frequency standard based on cold atoms. The technical solutions required for the creation of an atomic gravimeter with given values of the sensitivity for measuring the acceleration of gravity are proposed. To achieve a gravimeter sensitivity of the order of 1 μGal/Hz1/2, the phase noise of laser radiation, the pressure of residual gases in the vacuum system, and the parameters of the magnetic shield system are estimated.

Magneto-Seebeck microscopy of domain switching in collinear antiferromagnet CuMnAs

Antiferromagnets offer spintronic device characteristics unparalleled in ferromagnets owing to their lack of stray fields, THz spin dynamics, and rich materials landscape. Microscopic imaging of antiferromagnetic domains is one of the key prerequisites for understanding physical principles of the device operation. However, adapting common magnetometry techniques to the dipolar-field-free antiferromagnets has been a major challenge. Here we demonstrate in a collinear antiferromagnet a thermoelectric detection method by combining the magneto-Seebeck effect with local heat gradients generated by scanning far-field or near-field techniques. In a 20-nm epilayer of uniaxial CuMnAs we observe reversible 180∘ switching of the Néel vector via domain wall displacement, controlled by the polarity of the current pulses. We also image polarity-dependent 90∘ switching of the Néel vector in a thicker biaxial film, and domain shattering induced at higher pulse amplitudes. The antiferromagnetic domain maps obtained by our laboratory technique are compared to measurements by the established synchrotron-based technique of x-ray photoemission electron microscopy using x-ray magnetic linear dichroism.Received 5 June 2020Accepted 12 August 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.094413©2020 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasAntiferromagnetismMagnetic domainsSeebeck effectSpintronicsPhysical SystemsAntiferromagnetsTechniquesAtomic force microscopyNear-field optical spectroscopyScanning techniquesCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Semiconductor whiskers for humidity sensors

In present paper p-type GaPAs whiskers doped with Cu were obtained by VLS method in close bromine system. The whiskers have various morphologies and geometries: imperfect needle-like crystals, ribbons, perfect needle-like crystals and thin plates. The whiskers of various morphologies serve as thermoresistores with TCR of about 1-2 %. The whisker I-U characteristics were investigated dependent on their geometry and external conditions (humidity). Voltage arising on the thermoresisor for two polarities of current passing through it was shown to be dependent on air humidity. Miniature semiconductor sensors of humidity based on GaPAs whiskers have been designed. Physical principles of operation, the perculiarities of design, and main performances of the microsensors were discussed. The whiskers of small diameter (d=50 μm) were shown to measure humidity in the range j=35...97% with sensitivity to humidity g =DU/Uj »2.5×10-3. The miniature dimensions of the whiskers provides very rapid response (of about a few sec) and small time of recovery (less than 30 sec).

Make invisible visible: to the guaranteed signal averaging for the distributed fiber sensor

Fiber-optic sensors are becoming wide spreading in many fields due to a lot of advantages such as high spatial resolution, small size, immunity to the electromagnetic disturbances and possibility of multiplexing. Many benefits are fundamentally unattainable for electrical sensors by the physical operation principles. The processing of signals received from the optical fiber temperature sensor is considered. Raman sensor provides high spatial resolution. The main problem of signal processing for the temperature calculating is a large noise arising from the low level of current received from opto-converter. A method for estimating the additive noise level is presented based on calculation of the standard deviation. Comments concern the multiplicative noise during the rise and fall of the signal are given. Possibilities of guaranteed identification of DTS signals based on experimental measurement of statistical characteristics and representation it as so-called potential characteristic is evaluated. The signal-to-noise ratio may be increased by averaging the potential characteristics.

Practical Estimation of HTS Dynamo Losses

In High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) DC magnet applications, the current leads contribute a significant fraction of the cooling load. Higher current operation requires larger current leads and a larger thermal bridge into the cryogenic superconducting components. Removal of current leads into the cryogenic environment would lead to a significant reduction in cooling load and hence reduce ongoing operation costs. Superconducting dynamos are a non-contact method of energising HTS coils, capable of producing significant currents in the connected superconducting circuits that exceed usual current lead arrangements. The use of superconducting dynamos has the potential to reduce the size and mass of a complete magnet system by replacing the power source, current leads, and cryocooler. Previous work on superconducting dynamos has focused on driving larger currents, and understanding the underlying physical principles of operation, but has not investigated the AC losses associated with operation. In this work the losses of a kA class multi-stator squirrel-cage superconducting dynamo are investigated experimentally, and compared to the losses expected in the conventional copper current lead based energisation method. The thermal load associated with conduction cooled copper leads prevents practical application of kilo-amp class dc HTS magnets, however we demonstrated the feasibility of using this superconducting dynamo as an energisation method to enable feasible portable high current HTS magnet systems.