Phrase Translation Research Articles

Gothic leiþu, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

Gothic <i>leiþu</i>, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

The Translation of the Indonesian Noun Phrases into English

The title of this research is the translation of the Indonesian noun phrases (NPs) into English. NPs are groups of words of which heads are nouns. Head nouns can be expanded to the right or to the left in a phrase. The discussion in this research was limited to the NPs with expansion to the right. Extending a head noun to the right in Indonesian can be done by adding modifiers with or without a determiner. The purpose of this study is to describe the types of modifiers of the Indonesian NPs with expansion to the right and their translation into English. This research is categorized as a descriptive qualitative study, the data were taken from the translations of the folk tales by the fourth-semester students of The English Department Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University, with the application of observation methods and documentation techniques. The data were then analyzed by applying the theory of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. The results showed that the types of Indonesian NPs have modifier elements in the form of nouns or noun phrases, adjectives or adjective phrases, verbs or verb phrases, prepositional phrases, clauses, and appositives. The Indonesian NPs with right expansion were translated into the English NPs with the right and left expansions.

Exploration of the Problems and Solutions Based on the Translation of Computer Software into Japanese Language

At present, the research on machine translation mainly focuses on English-Chinese translation, while the research on Japanese college students using Japanese Chinese machine translation software is relatively few. In order to solve the above problems in Chinese Japanese bilingual translation, this paper proposes a phrase translation method based on sequence intersection. This method regards sentences as word sequences and aligns the sequence intersection of all source sentences corresponding to the target sentence in the corpus with Chinese and Japanese sentences containing the phrases to be translated. By fully mining the information of sentence alignment bilingual corpus without word alignment resources, we can obtain high-quality phrase translation, syntactic analysis, and dictionary. Then, we focus on the automatic construction of sentence level aligned bilingual corpus and explore the automatic sentence alignment technology of Chinese and Japanese bilinguals. A ten-year alignment model based on combination cues and core extended square matching is proposed. The preprocessing of the computer corpus and the basic construction of the corpus are completed. This paper also puts forward corresponding countermeasures and approaches to the problems encountered in the construction of computer translation.

Category Shift Translation of Noun Phrase in The Cruella Movie Script and Its Translation

Each language has its own structure of grammar. The Indonesian language has a different rule of grammar structure from English. As Catford stated, there is a correlation between translation and linguistics. Shifting translation is helpful in learning how a unit of different levels can be brought down to create interesting structures. This paper is aimed to find the category shift of noun phrases in the Cruella movie script and its translation. The method used is a qualitative method. This paper is used Catford’s shift translation theory to analyze the data. As the result, there are 54 data for structure shift, 3 data for a class shift, 7 data for unit shift and 21 data for the intra-system shift. There are also 2 data which represent untranslated noun phrases. The total data found is 87 data.

Using search engines as a retrieval tool for translating newly coined expressions and terminology between Chinese and English

Abstract Translating terminology and newly coined expressions is a daunting challenge for technical translators. Translation of such words or phrases between, e.g. Chinese and English has received little help from dictionaries. With this as motivation, this study explores four methods by analysing results from an experiment with search engines as a retrieval tool for tackling such translation tasks. Specifically, taking 700 new terminologies from The Oxford English Dictionary as the research objects, this study experimentally examines the four terminology translation extraction methods. For each method, the effectiveness is assessed. This article finds that template-based and dictionary-based translation extraction methods have the highest accuracy rates of 86 and 89%, respectively. The semantic prediction search method proves to be the most flexible with the highest retrieval rate of 95%, although its results are not always accurate. Based on the results, this study proposes a model for quantitatively and qualitatively verifying the accuracy of translation results obtained from search engines. The quantitative analysis examines the use frequency of all translations obtained, while the qualitative analysis looks into their contexts. These findings have implications for translating, via search engine retrieval tools, terminology between other language pairs.

SHIFT OF NOUN PHRASE FOUND IN BILINGUAL TEXT “TALES FROM DJAKARTA”

This study aims to analyze the shift of noun phrase implemented in bilingual text “Tales from Djakarta” and their translation. This study used the theory that is proposed by Catford (1965) which divided the shift in translation into two major types, which is level shift and category shift. This study used descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data found in the story “Tales from Djakarta”. The analyzed was started with the types of shifts in translation found in the data source. The findings indicate that there are two types of shifts in translation of noun phrase found in the story “Tales from Djakarta”. They are structure shift and category shift.

Exploring the translation process for multilingual implementation research studies: a collaborative autoethnography

IntroductionIn an increasingly globalised and interconnected world, evidence to evaluate complex interventions may be generated in multiple languages. However, despite its influence in shaping the evidence base, there is little...

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN THE INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF TOWARDS ZERO

This is linguistic research of translation that presents an analysis of translation shifts in the novel entitled “Menuju Titik Nol,” which is the Indonesian translation of an English novel “Towards Zero.” The purpose of this research is to find out the types of translation shifts and the most frequent type of translation shifts that occur in the translation. The method that is used in this research is a descriptive qualitative research method. From the translation, the researcher takes the first 100 data of translation shifts and then analyzes the data to identify the types and the most frequent translation shifts in the target text using related translation shifts theories. The results of this research show that the types of shifts found in the Indonesian translation of Towards Zero are level shifts and all types of category shifts, which are structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. The occurrence of all types of translation shifts in the translation is due to the difference in some linguistic systems of both languages. The most frequent shifts that occur in the translation is structure shifts. The structure shifts are found in the translation of noun phrases and the translation of active sentences into passive or vice versa.

CATEGORY SHIFT USED IN NOUN PRHASE AND ITS QUALITY IN THE NOVEL DIVERGENT

The aims of this research were to find the type of category shift, and quality assessment of noun phrase translation in the novel Divergent. Based on theory Catford (1965). Also, theory Nababan (2012) for quality assessment. This research used a descriptive–qualitative method. To achieve the aims of this study, the researcher used some techniques to analyze the data such as reading and collecting data, underlining the type of category shift in the text of the novel, categorizing types of translation shift, assessing translation accuracy, assessing translation readability and acceptability. Based on the data analysis, it was found that 92% of the data were accurate because the category shift of noun phrase in the target language has equivalent meaning with the source language; 6% of the data were less accurate because the category shift of noun phrase had no equal meaning with the source language and the equivalence seemed less natural, and 2% of the data were not accurate. Meanwhile, 93% of the data were readable because the translation was very easy to understand; 5% of the data were less readable because the translation was not very easy to understand, and 2% of the data were unreadable because the translation was difficult to understand. Furthermore, 92% of the data were acceptable because the translation sounds natural; the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of the source text, 6% of data were less acceptable, and 2% of data were not acceptable. The dominant data of category shift are the structure shift which got the percentage of 56%, followed by intra-system shift 32%, class shift 8%, and unit shift 4 %.

Multimodal Data-Driven Robot Control for Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly

Abstract In human–robot collaborative assembly, leveraging multimodal commands for intuitive robot control remains a challenge from command translation to efficient collaborative operations. This article investigates multimodal data-driven robot control for human–robot collaborative assembly. Leveraging function blocks, a programming-free human–robot interface is designed to fuse multimodal human commands that accurately trigger defined robot control modalities. Deep learning is explored to develop a command classification system for low-latency and high-accuracy robot control, in which a spatial-temporal graph convolutional network is developed for a reliable and accurate translation of brainwave command phrases into robot commands. Then, multimodal data-driven high-level robot control during assembly is facilitated by the use of event-driven function blocks. The high-level commands serve as triggering events to algorithms execution of fine robot manipulation and assembly feature-based collaborative assembly. Finally, a partial car engine assembly deployed to a robot team is chosen as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed system.

Subtitle Translation of Red Film from the Perspective of Purpose Theory

In recent years, as China is opening up more to the outside world, the foreign exchange activities of the film and culture industry are increasing, and a large number of domestic high-quality films have been continuously exported to overseas markets. Based on this background, the translation of Chinese films for foreign promotion is also facing a huge and unprecedented challenge, and both Chinese film circle and translation academics failed to fully realize the importance of subtitle translation for spreading Chinese films abroad. As a popular red-themed movie nowadays, "The Battle at Lake Changjin" see the integration of abundant phrases with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, this paper studies the subtitle translation of specific phrases in this film of 100th anniversary of the founding of CPC celebration, and examines the translation of red films from four aspects, including research background, translation purpose theory, CEA theory explanation and subtitle translation evaluation in a bid to summarize the pattern of red movie subtitle translation, so as to better promote Chinese culture and contribute to the international communication of movies with unique Chinese characteristics.

Use of Lexical Compression in the Translation of Phrases from English to Uzbek

The article discusses the methods of translation used in the process of translation from English into Uzbek, in particular, one of the specific techniques of simultaneous translation - lexical compression. In particular, the application of the lexical compression method in the translation process and the essence of the content is also very important in the short and meaningful translation of texts and phrases.

Language Code Mixing in the Discourse of IT Companies

The mixing of English with national languages in business communication is a consequence of global processes: the development of transnational corporations, modern technologies, the intensification of communication flows and the dominance of English in intercultural communication. Mixing and switching of language codes is quite often observed in the corporate media discourse of IT companies. For organizations in this sphere, English is the main language of business communication, but its use goes beyond professional slang and terminology, creating characteristic forms of language codes mixing. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to identify and analyze situations of mixing English and Russian in the corporate media discourse of IT companies. The research material was corporate media texts in Russian and English posted on the pages of official websites, corporate blogs and in the social networks Twitter and Facebook. In the analyzed texts in Russian, English inclusions (phrases, individual words and their parts) are often observed to denote work programs and tools, corporate events. As part of the professional slang of IT professionals, English words are transmitted using the Cyrillic alphabet and in accordance with the rules of Russian grammar. The influence of English on Russian media discourse in the IT field is also observed in the expansion of the meanings of some words. In Russian media texts, there are also phrases that are not typical for the Russian language, but represent a literal translation of English phrases. English-language sentences are used in Russian texts as mottos or slogans of the company, as congratulations or advice. As a result of the content analysis of the selected media texts, it was also found that along with the English language, the values typical for the discourse of American corporations are being borrowed. It was found that the value dominants of the corporate discourse of IT companies are change and progress, success, equality, partnership.

The Role of Comparative analysis of Phraseologies in Phraseodidactics and Phrase Translation

Many ethnocultural characteristics of language carriers, peculiarities of traditions, everyday life are reflected in the lexical groups of phraseologies. Phraseologisms preserve the thoughts of a certain epoch society, expressing the ethnos’s worldview, phobias, superstitions and traditions. The paper presents a comparative analysis of French and English phraseologies, which aims to reveal semnatic features, while emphasizing the importance of research in the areas of phraseodidactics and translation. Ongoing scientific research in the field of comparative linguistics in relation to these new disciplines will be written in a practical linguistic context, which emphasizes the importance of understanding and using them in the process of translation and foreign language learning/teaching.

PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN OF THE NOVEL EAT PRAY LOVE

The aims of this research are to find out what the inaccuracies in the translation of words, phrases, and sentences from English into Indonesian of the novel EAT PRAY LOVE and what Factors lead to those inaccuracies. This research employs descriptive method and qualitative approach approach proposed by Cresswell and Lodico at al. The key instrument in this research is the researcher herself. The data of this research are obtained from both the original and the translation of the novel EAT PRAY LOVE, which consists of the inaccuracies in the translation of words. Based on the data, the researcher finds quite of few inaccuracies in the translation of words, phrases, and sentences, which the problems findings are the tendency in using free translation which it caused the translator sometimes give addition, omission, and substitution in the translation, and the inaccuracy in choosing equivalent that sometimes make the translation sound unnatural. This indicates that (a) the translator fails to find the good equivalents. (b) The loss of concentration and carefulness while translating. (c) Misinterpretation of the meaning and the message in the source text. (d) unfamiliar with idioms/expression. (e) miscomprehention of the English sentence structure, especially complex sentences and noun phrases. (f) Misuse of omission, addition, and substitution strategy in the translation. (g) Miscomprehention of the theory of translation.

International Trade English Phrases and Grammar Translation

With the frequent occurrence of international trade communication, in order to improve the quality of communication, this paper proposes a study on the translation of international trade English phrases and grammar. First, with the help of a rectangular window function, the composition principle of international trade English phrases is determined. Then, the horizontal feature aggregation point method is introduced to build a mathematical model of the characteristic identification of the English phrases. Finally, the sparse matrix representation of the source phrase is constructed to complete the extraction and preprocessing of the English phrase features. The input English sentence is converted into the output sentence, the form and POS factors of the English semantic translation are extracted, and a lemma is introduced to obtain the surface form of international trade English language factors. According to the international trade grammar analysis method, this paper decomposes the translation model, decomposes English sentences into small phrases for translation, and completes the research on international trade English phrase and grammar translation. The experimental results show that this method has high accuracy in the feature extraction of international trade English phrases, and the error rate is low, which is feasible.

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE OF NOUN PHRASE USED BY THE THIRD SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF TIDAR UNIVERSITY

Translation is a skill about changing language to deliver message from source language into target one. The translation class at Tidar University starts at 3rd semester and those students are novice translators. Since they are novice translator, majority of them use literal translation technique or word by word translation to translate text. The objectives of the research are: 1) to know what translation techniques are used and 2) to know the most dominant translation technique used by the 3rd semester students of English Department of Tidar University. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive research. The writer collected the data by using documenting the students midterm test of translating English to Indonesia. The writer identifies translation of noun phrase and analyze on Hartono translation techniques(2017). The results of the analysis show there are 17 noun phrases from 21 sentences and 41 texts. There are 6 translation techniques that were used by the students to translate noun phrase and those are borrowing that were used 3 times or 7.31%, literal translation that were used 16 times or 39.02%, compensation that were used 2 times or 4.87%, established equivalent that were used 2 times or 4.87%, generalization that were used 6 times 14.63% and reduction consist of 11 times or 26.82%. Related to result above, the most dominant translation technique that used by the students is literal translation consist of 16 times or 39.02%. The writer suggestions are: 1) It better for English Lecturer to teach the students other translation technique so the students can translate noun phrase better. 2) It would be better for the students to try translating the text first to what their understanding, then learn more about translation techniques to help them translating noun phrase that hard to be translated by using literal translation techniques. 3) The writer hoped that by using this research other researchers can carry out a deeper research about translation technique in noun phrase.

Автоматизований переклад та його «постмашинне» редагування

The article examines the peculiarities of text editing, in cases the translation is performed by using one of the automated translation systems. The relevance of the study is justified by the widespread use of automated translation programs, on the one hand, and the insufficient quality of machine translations, on the other. The introduction of automated systems into the practice of translation allows the analysis of machine translation texts to be included in the range of research tasks. In the applied aspect, there is a need to develop training courses that highlight the issue of machine translation. The purpose of the article is to define the nature of the tasks facing the editor of machine translation, and to develop general approaches to text editing. The task of the study is to analyze the journalistic text, to identify the nature of errors in the machine translation of phrases and sentences of the analyzed text, and to select methods for editing specific translation units. The objectives of the study also include the identification of typical errors of machine translation, followed by the definition of the post-editing algorithm, as well as the formulation of recommendations for machine translation editing. The study examined examples of machine translation, or rather examples of losses in translation from British English. It has been established that the most typical mistake in the translation of set phrases or set expressions is a word for word translation. The greatest difficulty for a machine translator is the translation of metaphorical expressions and phrases containing realities. At the same time, the degree of difficulty in translating a metaphor can be different. It was noted that post-editing is a mandatory element of working with the texts of machine translation. In automated translation, the machine acts as a supporter of word for word translation, and a human editor as a supporter of free translation. Post-editing of machine translation includes the ability to see logical errors and inconsistencies, the ability to select matches, to offer a descriptive translation, and, if necessary, to add a comment. During the analysis of automated translation, a certain dependence of the error rate on the characteristics of language units, namely, on the nature of lexical bindings, was revealed. In the course of the study, such correlations were established as typical characteristics of the text and the nature of automated translation errors; the nature of machine translation units and the degree of difficulty in editing. In general, it was concluded that the degree of participation of the translator or the linguist in editing the machine translation depends on the typical characteristics of the text.

Structural and Formal Constructions of Translating the Attributive Phrases of the Story “A Matter of Life and Death” by Les Martovych into English

The study deals with the translation of attributive constructions featured in the story “A Matter of Life and Death” by Les Martovych into English. The paper focuses on the ways of rendering adjectival lexemes as semantic-syntactic attributive components of the nominal group, their taxonomy by means of Gordon Tucker’s systemic functional approach and the relation between the elements of the quality or quantity group and the word with respect to William McGregor’s typology of syntagmatic relations. Roma Franko achieved the comprehensive rendering of various adnominal attributive modifiers through a variety of ways. To translate syntagmas with associative (classification) attributive adjectives and nouns in the attributive function, Ms Franko addresses herself to five structural-formal constructions that are topically related to the domain of community administration and identify socially privileged classes. Two structures furnish for gradual adjectives of the quality group. Twenty structures render attributive relations, where adjectival lexemes refer to one or more features of the property described. The use of attributive constructions, which are the result of unfolding of the denotative meaning of the nominal lexeme of the source language in the translation, has been commented. The findings of the study will serve to those involved in the synchronic-comparative study of language systems, the study of the Ukrainian writer’s signature world-view for the purposes of producing fiction translation, as well as at analyzing semantic and grammatical features of the attributive adjectives. The prospect of future studies may include comparing the translation of attributive phrases of the story into German.

Forty Narratives in the Wyandot Language

Many people have heard of the concept of dead languages often assuming that precontact Indigenous languages have been lost or forgotten in the wake of colonization and colonialism. However, as John L. Steckley demonstrates in Forty Narratives in the Wyandot Language, these languages are not dead but, rather, are asleep and waiting to be found in the sources of the past. Alongside other modern Wyandot language revitalization movements, he helps wake up the Wyandot language by compiling an extensive collection of forty narratives that help explain Wyandot history, stories, values, and ideals from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Indeed, as Steckley states, “the Wyandot language is a teacher” providing ways to understand Wyandot perspectives of the past surrounding relationships, social organization, and spiritual beliefs (8).Steckley’s work uses Western-created source materials such as missionary dictionaries and anthropological studies by scholars like Pierre Potier and Marius Barbeau, who both lived among Wyandot communities during the dispersal. Barbeau himself, for instance, worked in Wyandot communities in Anderdon and Kansas, which allowed him to receive these narratives directly from Wyandot speakers such as Mary McKee (Anderdon, 1838–92), Smith Nichols (Oklahoma, c. 1826–1916), Catherine Coon Johnson (Oklahoma, 1844/5–97), among many others. Including these Wyandot speakers underscores that the Wyandot language was not lost postcontact in the dispersed nations but instead remained resilient during colonization and removal. Along with using these materials, Steckley engages in comparative analysis using dictionaries of sister languages of the Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, and Tuscarora. Finally, he participates in community engagement with the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma, who helped support this project financially, and is currently the Oklahoma tribal linguist.The book comprises two parts. Part 1 offers the narratives in English. These stories include both pre- and postcontact aspects of Wyandot life and history and illuminate the leadership roles of Wyandot women. In “The Lion Fraternity,” for instance, a female leader known as White Otter had a vision in which she saw a four-day female ceremony known as the uhstura (ooh-stoo-rah) that became integrated into Wyandot ceremony (17). Other stories highlight challenges of colonialism and removal, such as starvation in “How a Famine Was Ended” (48). Including both pre- and postcontact elements in these stories emphasizes the resilience of Wyandot customs and the ability to adapt to the changing circumstances of settler colonialism and forced removals. Steckley’s work demonstrates that Wyandots continued many of their precontact traditions, including the centrality of women and female leadership, while also incorporating new survival strategies they deemed beneficial during the dispersal.Part 2 shows Steckley’s English dictionary translations of words and phrases of the original narratives in Wyandot. Equally as important as the narratives themselves, this dictionary breaks down difficult phrases of the Wyandot language in accessible ways so that individuals can learn the language. These translations help explain Wyandot understandings and worldviews, especially for certain words and phrases that do not have direct translations into English or other settler languages. Overall, this book is invaluable and will be a great teacher for Wyandots and those studying the Wyandot peoples.