Gothic leiþu, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

Introduction. Like any other food product, alcoholic drinks are subject to falsification. The present research featured various methods of analysis that can be applied to control the quality and authenticity of wine production. In case of doubt, experts apply national and interstate standards, the most informative of which are based on the isotopic mass spectrometry principle. Fruit winemaking relies on beet or cane sugar. Researchers have to develop a method to identify the difference between conditionally exogenous alcohols, which are formed during fermentation, and real exogenous alcohols, introduced in the form of rectified ethyl alcohol of grain origin. In order to identify non-grape alcohol, experts measure the ratio of ethanol carbon isotopes in the wine. However, δ13C‰ alone is not sufficient to analyze fruit wines and other alcohol drinks. Ratios of 18O/16O and D/H isotopes can become an extra criterion to test the authenticity of fruit table wines.
 Study objects and methods. The mass spectrometric complex Delta V Advantage Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA) provided a precise analysis of 13C/12C, 18O/16O, D/H isotopes. Wine samples were prepared in laboratory conditions from six types of fruits: apples, pears, cherries, black currants, plums, and chokeberries. Apple wine was obtained from fermented wort; other samples were fermented from pulp. Fermentation temperature was 20 ± 2°C, while the yeast race was represented by Vishnyovaya 33.
 Results and discussion. In fruit wine production, grain ethanol is the most popular falsification tool: it increases alcohol content instead of sugar, and sometimes even without fermentation process. In this regard, the research focused on carbon, oxygen, and grain alcohols hydrogen isotope characteristics, as well as fruit wines, obtained as a result of technology violation. The fruit wine alcohol mixes developed from joint fermentation of fruit sugars and introduced sugary substances. Cane sugar, beet sugar, and corn glucose and fructose syrup were added to the wort or pulp to establish the isotopic characteristics of the mix. The rate of exogenous alcohol production was 5% by volume.
 Conclusion. The analysis of δ13C‰ indicator failed to detect introduced grain alcohol. The analysis of isotopes of all atoms in the ethanol molecule, namely carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, proved to be much more effective. The introduction of sugary substances prior to or during fruit juice fermentation provided the required alcohol content. It also reduced the numerical value of δ18O‰ of ethanol, which makes it significantly different from that of fortified fruit wines obtained by introducing grain alcohol into fermented fruit juice. Thus, the δD‰ indicator can serve as an additional criterion in order to identify possible violations of technological process of fruit table wines production.

This study aimed to compare chemical properties, in terms of the content of volatile substances, antioxidant compounds, and antioxidant activity (AOA), in samples of fruit and grape wines. For this purpose, the following types of wine were selected, namely fruit wines (apple, strawberry, and elderberry) and grape wines (Müller-Thurgau, St. Lawrence Rosé, and Blue Portugal). Basic analyses of fruit and grape wines were conducted by using the ALPHA method and volatile substances in wines were determined by the GS/MC method. The antioxidant content and AOA were estimated by spectrophotometry, using two types of DPPH method. The results of the experiment showed that the highest values of antioxidant compounds (anthocyanins and flavanols) were found in the samples of Blue Portugal wine and elderberry wine. Significant differences were determined among the wines in antioxidant content, which may have been influenced by the production technology. The results showed that the alcohol content of the wines ranged from 10.99% to 19.49% vol. The highest alcohol content was measured in the elderberry wine samples and the lowest in those of the apple wine. The strawberry wine had the highest titratable acid content, which corresponded to a pH of 3.38. The lowest content was measured in the apple wine samples. Due to the higher acid content of the strawberry wine, a higher residual sugar level of 46.9 g.L-1 was obtained. We noted that the red fruit wines contained a higher proportion of valuable bioactive substances than white grape wines. Wines with superior sensory properties did not contain higher levels of antioxidants or higher AOA. The research results can provide a helpful reference for the widespread use of grape and fruit wines in medical, nutritional, and other fields.

Non-grapefruits with unique sensory properties and potential health benefits provide added value to fruit wine production. This study aimed to explore consumers’ fruit wine preferences and descriptors for the varied fruit wines. First, 234 consumers participated in an online survey concerning their preferences for different wines (grape, blueberry, hawthorn, goji, Rosa roxburghii, and apricot). In addition, their attitudes towards general health interests, food neophobia, alcoholic drinks, and sweetness were collected. Grape wine and blueberry wine were the most favored wines, and goji wine was the least liked fruit wine sample. Moreover, 89 consumers were invited to evaluate 10 commercial fruit wines by using partial projective mapping based on appearance, aroma, and flavor (including taste and mouthfeel) to obtain a comprehensive sensory characterization. Multifactor analysis results showed that consumers could differentiate the fruit wines. Participants preferred fruit wines with “sweet”, “sour”, and “balanced fragrance”, whereas “bitter”, “astringent”, “deep appearance”, and “medicinal fragrance” were not preferred. Attitudes toward health, food neophobia, alcohol, and sweetness had less influence than taste and aroma (sensory attributes) on the preferences for fruit wine products. More frequent self-reported wine usage resulted in higher consumption frequency and liking ratings compared to non-users. Overall, the main factors influencing consumer preference for fruit wines were the sensory characteristics of the products, especially the taste.

Quantification and numbers, numerals and number words have been in the focus of research on different levels of linguistical studies. The mathematical thinking and understanding of primitive arithmetical manipulations have been covered from both the mathematical and psychological points of view. The concept of distribution developed from the ability to group objects and belongs to the second wave of the mathematical understanding of primitive people. Being one of the first concepts developed in the human consciousness it stayed un-nominalised until the development of the number consequence paradigm. The distributive constructs existing in the Modern German language are a result of development from the Proto Indo European through the Proto Germanic, Old High German, and Middle High German languages. However, the modern standard concept of distributivity is built on the preceding word – i.e., a number of colloquial variations keep being used in some German dialects.

Clinical observations of 23 patients (23 eyes) with persistent corneal defects after traumatic injury of eye were discussed. 8 patients were treated in special narcological hospital and had not alcohol drinks. 5 patients had small and strong alcohol drinks systematically. We studied activity of plasmin-like enzymes of tear and influence of protease inhibitor contrycal (aprotinin) and autologous fibronectin on healing of corneal defects. At the first day of observation the activity of lacrimal plasmin-like enzymes was 234.5 ± 19.0 arbitrary units (AU) for control group, 249.0 ± 21.5 AU for patients from narcology hospital and 352.6 ± 24.2 AU for patients who had alcohol drinks (50.72 ± 7.73 AU for normal persons). Combined use of contrycal and autologous fibronectin accelerated regeneration process of corneal defect: 6.60 ± 1.28 days for control group, 5.75 ± 1.25 days for patients from the narcology hospital and 19.4 ± 4.48 days for patients who had small and strong drinks during long time before and at the moment of the present study.

270 Reviews 'cats', 'dogs' (both section 110), and 'doves' (section 171), should surely be recorded; as published, only equine varieties are accorded this privilege. It is also unfortunate that each entry begins with an upper-case letter, thereby eliminating the possibil? ity of an immediately obvious distinction between common and proper nouns; here, 'Casals' is a common noun (defined in n. 95). Finally, while the superscript numbers on each page of the text relate to the correct footnotes, many of the index refer? ences to footnote numbers are incorrect. To locate the intended notes, add one to the note numbers cited in the index forAmalric, Ayyubids, Baldwin I, Benedict, Casals, Chamberlain, Cyprus, Farms, Hattin, Julian, Khwarizmian Turks, La Forbie (last three references), Marguerite, Primitive Rule, Roussillon, Simon Mendes, Squires, Tortosa (Spain), Tripoli, Villel, Visitors, and to those under 'Masters, Grand' relat? ing to Thomas Berard (last two) and William of Sonnac (last one). 'Martin Sanchez' {sie), the 'Commander of Spain' in the index (references to sections 158, '159 n. 89' (here, conversely, subtract one to reach section 158 n. 88)), is in fact described by the Rule (and, at least momentarily, by its editor: pp. 66-67) as the 'Commander of Portugal'. Nor is the bibliography entirely consistent, with publisher but no place of publication given for some works (Hindley, p. 105; Seward, p. 108), while most have place but no publisher; the entryfora 'Catalan dictionary' (p. 105) cites neither editor nor publisher. The number of volumes is not cited for Muntaner (p. 104), nor for Deschamps (p. 106). In short: this historically important text now has an accessible edition, but does not yet have anything like its optimum supporting material. University of Bristol David Hook A History of the German Language through Texts. By Christopher Young and Thomas Gloning. London: Routledge. 2004. ?60. ISBN 0-415-18331-6. Teaching the history of German has become rare in the British Isles, and those col? leagues who wish to offerthis subject as a university degree course face two major problems. First, we must decide whether we want to teach the whole history of the language, from Old High German to the present day (as is done, for example, at Oxford, Cambridge, or Manchester), or only individual, recognized periods such as Middle High German (MHG) or Early New High German (ENHG), as at New? castle or Bristol. In general, MHG fares rather better than other stages since there are still a substantial number of literary scholars of that period who need to teach MHG language in order to enable their students to engage with original texts. The second major problem we historical linguists face is the choice of material, both primary and secondary literature. Given the range of other subjects our students study, the time they can devote to a unit or two on historical linguistics is limited and the decreasing presence of the field in other modern languages means that often students' exposure to the principles of linguistics and in particular historical lin? guistic analysis is rather isolated. Hence in establishing a curriculum for our units we need to strike a fine balance between a general knowledge about the history of German and actual analysis of real texts, unless we are prepared to return to the olden days where sound-changes were taught without any textual examples?and luckily we have moved away from that. However, while there are plenty of histories of German available in German (most recently: Wilhelm Schmidt's ninth edition of his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (Stuttgart: Hirzel, 2004), and for the firsttime Peter Ernst's Deutsche Sprachgeschichte (Munich: UTB, 2004) and Gudrun Brundin's Kleine deutscheSprachgeschichte (Munich: UTB, 2004)), which all act as sensibly sized alternatives to Peter von Polenz's monumental Deutsche Sprachgeschichte in three vo? lumes (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1994-2000), there are none available in English. Rudi MLR, ioi.i, 2006 271 Keller's The German Language (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1978) and C. J. Wells's German: A Linguistic History to 1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985) are both out of print, and to the reviewer's knowledge there simply is no his? toryof German available in English. In addition, none ofthe aforementioned...

For a century, Old Frisian has largely remained in the shadows of its Germanic sister languages. While dictionaries, concordances, and grammars have been readily and widely available for learning and researching other Germanic languages such as Middle High German, Middle Low German and Middle English, whose timelines roughly correspond to that of Old Frisian, or their earlier counterparts, e.g., Old High German, Old Saxon and Old English, few materials have been available to scholars of Old Frisian. Moreover, as Siebunga (Boutkan & Siebunga 2005: vii) notes, “not even all Old Frisian manuscripts are available as text editions”1 making the production of comprehensive core research materials more difficult. Consequently, what materials there have been, e.g., von Richthofen (1840), Heuser (1903), Holthausen (1925), and Sjölin (1969), have typically not taken into consideration the full range of extant Old Frisian texts, or have focused on specific major dialects, e.g. Boutkan (1996), Buma (1954, 1961). This has left a gap in the materials available providing an opportunity for Old Frisian scholars to make substantial contributions to the field by filling these gaps.

The product of consecutive fora and colloquia in 2016 and 2017, the concurrently held Forum “Sprachvariation” of the Internationale Gesellschaft für Dialektologie des Deutschen and the doctoral seminar of the Verein für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung, this volume assembles eight essays in four thematic areas: three studies on Middle Low German language, three on Middle Low German (MLG) literature, and one each on MLG and Early New High German (ENHG) literature, and ENHG language. Chronologically spanning the thirteenth through seventeenth centuries, the collection does not cohere strongly around a topic or disciplinary focus (“Schriftkultur,” p. 1, is rather broad). Rather it seeks to advance the field of MLG Studies, which have languished significantly compared to diachronic and synchronic studies in High German varieties. To this end, the studies provide fertile ground for future research, despite often rather narrow emphases without recourse to comparative developments in Middle High German (MHG) or other Germanic languages and literatures.

Reviewed by: Germanica selecta: Ausgewählte Schriften zur germanischen und deutschen Philologie zum 75 by Stefan Sonderegger John M. Jeep Germanica selecta: Ausgewählte Schriften zur germanischen und deutschen Philologie zum 75. Geburtstag des Autors. By Stefan Sonderegger. Ed. by Harald Burger and Elvira Glaser. Tübingen: A Francke, 2002. Pp. 659. ISBN 3772027830. $153.83 (Hb). Published in recognition of Professor emeritus Stefan Sonderegger’s 75th birthday, Germanica selecta contains thirty-three of the honoree’s many published articles on Germanic and German philology. Dating from 1959 through 2000, the articles display Sonderegger’s unusual scholarly breadth and depth while simultaneously documenting and acknowledging a long and illustrious research agenda. Sonderegger taught at the University of Zurich for well over thirty years and was celebrated upon his retirement in articles by his colleagues, former students, and friends in a remarkable and important festschrift Verborum amor (ed. by Harald Burger, Alois M. Haas, and Peter von Matt, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1992). These two collections present complementary aspects of Sonderegger’s solid work in Germanic philology, with a strong concentration on the medieval period as well as scholarly works which frequently draw on territory Sonderegger himself has charted. Germanica selecta includes an update of the bibliography in the festschrift, with some seventy-five items for the period 1992–2002. The six headings under which the essays are classified help outline Sonderegger’s wide range, thus the appeal this collection offers: ‘Comparative history of the Germanic languages’, ‘Germanic-German legal and charter language’, ‘The history of the German language in general’, ‘Old High German language and literature’, ‘Middle High German and Early New High German’, and ‘The history of the study of Germanic philology and the Brothers Grimm’ [translations mine]. Only one of the articles (‘Languages and culture in the Germanic-speaking world: The history of the written word’, translated for publication in 1997) is in English. But these headings, as broad as they sound, only hint at the areas Sonderegger commands: Gothic, his native Alemannic dialect, Swedish, Dutch, Latin, and Greek, onomastics, runes, historiography, legal issues, translation, rhetoric, oral and written registers, lexicology, humanism, theology, xenophobia, and St. Gall, among others. Had an index been provided, it would have been extensive and impressive indeed. No fewer than six articles deal with Notker Labeo, the Benedictine monk (d. 1022) whose translations and commentary of classical and Biblical texts Sonderegger has studied in great detail. In his descriptions of historical linguistic phenomena, Sonderegger strives to uncover both that which is consistent across time and that which is changing, following, as it were, in Jacob Grimm’s footsteps—Grimm having described language as ‘that which never stands still’ (das unstillstehende). One of the masterworks of twentieth-century historical linguistic studies of German is Sonderegger’s own Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte: Diachronie des Sprachsystems, vol. 1 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1979). The editors claim they have selected Sonderegger’s most important articles from 1959–2000, without attempting to justify their choices. Not only are [End Page 190] the essays reprinted (and retypeset), but some small corrections have been included. Equally important, the editors have thankfully added wording to alert the reader to cited articles that are in this collection. Original publication data are provided, although the references to the reprinted articles do not include updated pagination, a minor irritation. Nearly two-thirds of the essays first appeared in festschrifts, some of which may not be readily available in libraries, a further justification for this new volume. Some lack of consistency occurs naturally, due to editions being available at various junctures or to original editing norms (for example, the use of abbreviations). Those familiar with Sonderegger’s work will here again appreciate his use of reproductions from manuscripts and other books (some from his own remarkable private library), the inclusion of tables and charts, and his unfailing strategy of providing rich original linguistic documentation as well as critical footnotes. Like few others in the field, Sonderegger has a command of the history of the discipline of Germanic philology and has made its founder, Jacob Grimm, an object of his research. For readers of Language, of special interest might be Sonderegger’s investigation of Grimm’s...

The Historic German Valency Dictionary should not be only a synchronic description of the valency of a selection of Old High German, Middle High German and Early Hew High German verbs, but also illustrate the history of valency (diachronic) of these verbs within a semantic field. This paper gives an overview of the previous research undertaken in the field of the history of valency. Based on a case study, it develops a method to illustrate the history of valency by the comparison of synchronic historic cross-sections.

Fruit wines contain a wide range of phenolic compounds with biological effects, but their composition and potential benefits to human health have been studied to the much lesser extent compared to grape wines. The aim of this research is to study the phenolic profile of different types of fruit wines and to evaluate their antioxidant and biological potential. Commercially available fruit wines from blackberry, cherry, raspberry, blackcurrant, strawberry and apple produced in Croatia were analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive screening of Croatian fruit wines. The phenolic characterization was performed by spectrophotometry and HPLC-PDA/MS analysis. The antioxidant capacity was determined using ABTS and FRAP assays, while in vitro biological activity was analyzed by the cytotoxicity assay on human breast (MCF-7), colon (CaCo-2) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. Among the studied fruit wines, blackberry, cherry and blackcurrant wines contained the highest amount of total phenolics, while the last two also contained the highest amount of total anthocyanins. The analysis of individual phenolic compounds showed distinctive phenolic composition of each type of fruit wine, notably as regards anthocyanins. Blackberry, followed by cherry, raspberry and blackcurrant wines also had a significantly higher antioxidant capacity than strawberry and apple wines. Fruit wines inhibited the growth of human cancer cells in vitro in a dose--dependent manner with differing susceptibility among tested cancer cells. Blackberry, cherry, raspberry and blackcurrant wines in the volume ratio of 10 and 20% showed to be the most effective anti-proliferative agents, with higher susceptibility in HeLa and MCF-7 cells than CaCo-2 cells.

Fermentation is one of the most important stages in the production of fruit wines that determines the formation of their varietal characteristics. The purpose of the work is to investigate quality indices of variety fruit wines and establish interrelation between application of different types of yeast and organoleptic 
 characteristics of wines obtained with their application. Influence of yeast race on apple wine sensory profiles, dynamics of apple wort fermentation, formation of secondary fermentation products determining organoleptic characteristics of apple wines has been studied. Yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Lalvin V-1116, 
 Oenoferm C2, France CB and Saccharomyces byanus –Oenoferm Freddo, Fermivin PDM were used in this work. For the nutrition of wine yeast we chose Maxafarm’s nutrient mixture consisting of inactivated yeast, thiamine and ammonium salts. The significant influence of yeast races on the qualitative and quantitative 
 composition of secondary fermentation products, the formation of varietal signs of fruit and berry natural wines was shown. It is recommended to use Fermivin PDM and Oenoferm Freddo yeast at a fermentation temperature from 22 °C to 26 °C and France CB yeast at a fermentation temperature from 16 °C to 18 °C for the production of apple natural wines for the formation of varietal characters.

While the development of German -ung-nominalization (e. g. Landung ›landing‹, Bildung ›education‹, Heizung ›heating installation‹, Bedienung ›service; waiter/waitress‹) from Early New High German to New High German is fairly well-studied, the Middle High German (MHG) period has been neglected so far. This paper aims at filling this gap with a corpus-based study of MHG -ung-nominals. The data are derived from the document archive of the new MHG dictionary, containing about 7 million word forms from 207 texts. From these data, a corpus of 2355 -ung-nominals in their respective contexts has been assembled and analyzed. The corpus provides evidence for the hypothesis that the MHG -ung-nominals adopt the semantic content of their respective base verbs altogether more comprehensively than their NHG equivalents. However, the tendency towards lexicalization (and, thereby, loss of transparency and decrease of ›verb-proximity‹) is already visible. Therefore I argue that the development of ung-nominals from rather peripheral to more prototypical nouns by means of lexicalization started as early as in the MHG period.

Reviewed by: Zur Geschichte der Nominalgruppe im älteren Deutsch: Festschrift für Paul Valentin: Akten des Pariser Kolloquiums März 1999 ed. by Yvon Desportes John M. Jeep Zur Geschichte der Nominalgruppe im älteren Deutsch: Festschrift für Paul Valentin: Akten des Pariser Kolloquiums März 1999. Ed. by Yvon Desportes. (Germanistische Bibliothek 5.) Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 2000. Pp. 290. ISBN 3-8253-1054-X. 42.00 Eur-D. To celebrate the retirement of Paul Valentin after 30 years as Professor of Germanic Philology at the Sorbonne (as Jean Fourquet’s successor), Yvon Desportes organized a conference in Paris in March 1999 under the title ‘On the history of the nominal phrase in German with special consideration of determinants’ (translation JMJ). The eleven papers—all in German—presented at that time now appear as a Festschrift under a slightly different title, On the history of the noun phrase in Older German. Examples cited range from Germanic to modern German, but the majority of the papers focus on the earlier stages of High German. Despite the change in the wording of the title, determinants still play a major role in the essays. Rosemarie Lühr analyzes the word order of quantifiers in Old High German and beyond, discussing partitivity in some detail and with numerous examples. Jean Haudry outlines the prehistory of the article in the Germanic languages, postulating Indo-European ‘article-like pronouns’. Elvira Glaser looks at the article as preserved in Old High German glosses, often overlooked as sources of syntactic data. Glaser includes insightful remarks on the varying degrees of reliability of glosses and glossaries. Yvon Desportes attempts to apply to Middle High German Paul Valentin’s model for describing the modern German article. He describes the evolution of binary categories (+/− definite, +/− countable) and their relationship to number, leading to a new (modern German) operative category: indefiniteness. Erika Oubouzar traces the development of ein (both an article, ‘a’, and a number, ‘one’) within Old High German, again underscoring the varying semantic and morphological aspects involved. Appropriately, then, ein plays a significant role in a volume focusing on a topic that intersects morphology, parts of speech, syntax, and semantics. Some of the studies deal with syntax somewhat more narrowly. John Ole Askedal’s study investigates sentence length and noun phrase frequency in selected writings of three philosophers: Immanuel Kant, Hermann Cohen, and Joachim Kopper. Askedal’s cautious conclusions suggest a tendency of formal written German to evolve in an unusual direction, one that is different from less formal and from dialectal German. Jörg Riecke looks at noun phrases in medical/medicinal texts diachronically (Old High German through sixteenth century), identifying both genre-specific and production/reception factors such as orality. In a similar fashion, Odile Schneider-Mizony relates the evolution of extended attribute phrases (late fifteenth century and beyond) to the expansion of an audience of readers. Hans Ulrich Schmidt continues his work on the Old High German suffix -lîh, a once very highly productive morpheme, and its relationship to adverbial phrases. Maxi Krause investigates the interior structure of temporal noun phrases in the accusative and genitive and includes a detailed table of the results (82–95). The longest contribution is Franz Simmler’s analysis of the adjective morphology of pre- and post-nuclear phrases (sixteenth through eighteenth century); his comments on the necessity of using extensive databases are poignant. Furthermore, Simmler concludes that periodization attempts must consider internal linguistic factors as well as external historical considerations. Throughout the Festschrift, comparisons to other Germanic languages are made, making the lack of an index particularly unfortunate. Closing remarks from the conference by Paul Valentin, addressed to ‘Old High Germans’, and a list of Valentin’s publications round out the volume. Once again, Desportes has edited and contributed to a volume on Old High German of lasting value; see also Syntax und Semantik, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 1992; Semantik der syntaktischen Beziehungen, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 1997. As a note, the cover illustration, ‘Rechts von N.’ (‘to the right of N.’) is borrowed from...

Статья посвящена исследованию роли конфессиональных факторов в истории становления современного немецкого языка. Авторы анализируют языковую ситуацию, на фоне которой формировалась традиционная периодизация немецкого языка, впервые установленная Якобом Гримом, и наметившая основные вехи языкового развития. В соответствии с данной периодизацией история немецкого языка делится на три основных периода: древневерхненемецкий, средневерхненемецкий, нововерхненемецкий. The article is devoted to the study of confessional factors role in the history of the modern German language formation. The authors analyze the language situation, against which the traditional periodization of the German language was being formed, which was first established by Jacob Grim and outlined the main milestones of language development. In accordance with this periodization, the history of the German language is divided into three main periods: Old High German, Middle High German, New High German.