Photonic Quasi-crystal Fiber Research Articles

High-sensitivity lossy mode resonance sensor by deposition of perovskite nanofilms on the eccentric core quasi D-shaped photonic quasi-crystal fiber

Lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensors have garnered widespread attention in recent years. This work proposes a quasi-D-shaped eccentric core photonic quasi-crystal fiber LMR (PQF-LMR) sensor with an M-type perovskite coating surface. The sensor is based on a ten-fold Penrose PQF structure, featuring four kinds of air holes and perovskite coating deposited on the micro-groove surface. The sensing characteristics are analyzed using the finite element method. The results indicate that multiple LMRs can be excited in both Y-polarization and X-polarization. The 2 nd and 3 rd lossy modes exhibit outstanding performance in terms of sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM). The 2 nd lossy mode achieves a maximum sensitivity of 84,985 nm/RIU and an average sensitivity of 46,358 nm/RIU. In the 3 rd lossy mode, the maximum FOM reaches 904.34 RIU−1. For comparison, the quasi-D-shaped PQF-LMR sensor with a flat surface is also investigated. The PQF-LMR sensor with perovskite coating demonstrates superior sensing performance and significantly broadens the prospects for LMR sensors in various fields.

Two-core photonic quasicrystal fiber - surface plasmon resonance (PQF-SPR) methane sensor comprising the ZnO/Au composite film: design and FEM simulation

A photonic quasicrystal fiber - surface plasmon resonance (PQF-SPR) methane sensor made up of the eight-fold photonic quasicrystal fiber has been designed and analyzed. The PQF is used to construct the double-core D-type structure with air holes forming a hole groove on the D-type surface. The grooves are plated with ZnO and Au films successively, following the deposition of a methane-sensitive film containing Cryptophane-E. The effects of the air hole diameter, materials, and relative thickness of the composite film on the sensing properties are studied by finite element simulation. The results show that the wavelength sensitivity of the sensor with the ZnO-Au and TiO2-Au composite film with the same thickness is significantly higher than that with a single gold film coating in the methane concentration range of 0%–3.5%, confirming that the composite film enhances the SPR effect and improves the sensing properties. The ZnO-Au composite film has the best properties such as maximum and average wavelength sensitivities of 64 nm/% and 40.24 nm/%, respectively. The performance of this sensor is notably superior to that of comparable methane sensors previously documented.

A Novel High Birefringence Single Elliptic Photonic Quasicrystal Fiber

This A novel single elliptical photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) structure based on ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF (ZBLAN) is proposed. There is a single elliptical air hole at the fiber core and a ten-fold Person-type quasi-crystal structure distributed in the outer layer. The birefringence and confinement loss (CL) of the PQF are numerically proposed in short-wavelength infrared region (SWIR) based on finite element method. The high birefringence is achieved thanks to a single ellipse near the fiber core breaking the symmetry of the structure. Fluoride materials ZBLAN have lower CL in SWIR than traditional quartz glass. The birefringence of this novel PQF can be maintained above 10-2, which will have great potential in optical devices.

Ge-Se-Te based penrose photonic quasi-crystal fiber for SCG covering 2–21 μm MIR regime

This work proposes a Penrose-based photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) composed of Arsenic-free, non-toxic chalcogenide glass for Supercontinuum (SC) generation consisting of quasi-crystal lattice of air holes having eight-fold rotational symmetry. Following optimizing the structural parameters, the proposed PQF offers zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) at around 3.8 μm, an effective mode area of 30 μm2, and a respective high nonlinearity of 824 W−1Km−1 at 2 μm wavelength. By injecting a secant hyperbolic optical pulse having a central wavelength of 4 μm with 20 kW peak power and pulse width of 50 fs, a broadband SC of 2–21 μm is generated, which mostly covers the transparency range of the proposed material as well as Mid-IR regime. To the best of our understanding, this particular type of PQF for broadband SC generation has been proposed for the first time, serving as the novelty factor. Apart from novelty, the wide-band SC assists the proposed PQF in becoming a better counterpart for applications like optical coherence tomography (OCT), frequency metrology, and other Mid-IR applications.

Photonic quasi-crystal fiber electro-optical modulator

The integration of graphene with optical fiber is considered to be a new interdisciplinary research hotspot for functional fiber. In this paper, an electro-optical modulator based on a six-fold Stampfli-type photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) is theoretically proposed with a sandwiched graphene/hexagonal boron nitride/graphene (Gr/hBN/Gr) film covering all the hole walls. This design exhibits a strong light-graphene interaction with an excellent modulation depth of ∼64 dB mm−1 at 1550 nm by applying an external bias voltage (below 30 V) on both graphene layers. As the Fermi level of the graphene changes with voltage, the fiber shows ‘On’ and ‘Off’ states, serving well as a light-switch. For the modulator performance, the dependence of modulation depth on multiple factors is studied in terms of the layer numbers of graphene and hBN films, the incident wavelength, and the structure parameters. Interestingly, an attenuation peak occurs due to the epsilon-near-zero effect in graphene and shows a linear relationship between the wavelength and the Fermi level. This design provides a guidance for the integration of PQF and graphene, and holds great promise for future all-fiber systems.

Surface plasmon resonance methane sensor based on the D-type photonic quasi-crystal fiber with double-layer films

A high-sensitivity photonic quasi-crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance (PQF-SPR) methane sensor is designed and analyzed. The six-fold Penrose PQF has a D-type structure with two grooves on which TiO2 and Au films are deposited, and methane-sensitive film containing cryptophane-E is coated on the surface of the D-type structure. The characteristics of the sensor are analyzed by the finite element method and the influence of different coating materials (Au-TiO2, Au-MgF2, Au-ITO) on the sensitivity and FOM of the sensor is analyzed and compared. The results show that the PCF-SPR sensor with the dual Au-TiO2 film has better sensing properties. The maximum wavelength sensitivity and average wavelength sensitivity reach 40 nm/% and 34.74 nm/% in the methane concentration range of 0–3.5 % respectively. These properties are significantly better than those of similar sensors reported recently, and the sensor thus has large potential in the development of high-sensitivity and miniaturized methane sensors.

Numerical investigation on the D-SPR-PQF — High Refractive Index and temperature sensor for transport fuel adulteration

This study presents a Surface Plasmonic Resonance based D-shape oval open loop Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber (SPR-PQF). There is necessary to concurrently measure the changes in transport fuels temperature and Refractive index for onsite fuel quality measurements. However, the sensing methods and material selectivity significantly impact the sensor performance. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a good choice for solving the propagation characteristics of the modes using Maxwell equations. The composite coating of Silver (Ag) and Graphene Oxide (GO) in the open loop D-PQF-structure effectively tunes the SPR condition in the external sensing approach. This FEM-based numerical study reaches the high-temperature sensitivity (22 nm/ ∘C), wavelength Sensitivity (150000 nm/ RIU), amplitude Sensitivity (-6000/ RIU), Figure of Merit (FoM) (1457.85), and detection accuracy (0.66 mg/L, 1.4 mg/L) in the RI range of 1.4185 to 1.448. This sensitivity response is six times larger than the existing SPR PCF sensor in the literature. Hence, this sensor has enormous potential in the petrochemical sensing applications.

The Multiplexing of Six Vortex Modes in a Multicore Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber

We propose a photonic quasi-crystal fiber which has five ring-shaped cores in the cross section. It realizes the multiplexing of 6 vortex modes. The fiber is based on SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and has an octuple photonic quasi-crystal structure. It achieves four independent dual-core coupling pairs with the optimization of geometric parameters. By adjusting the thickness of five ring-shaped cores, the fundamental mode (HE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> ) in the small side ring-shaped fiber cores couple to different higher order vector modes (TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> , HE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> , TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> , HE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sub> ) in the large center ring-shaped fiber core, which makes the light field transfer from small side cores to large center core and realizes the multiplexing of 6 vortex modes (TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> , <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{OAM}_{ \pm 1,1}^ \pm $</tex-math></inline-formula> , TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> , <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{OAM}_{ \pm 2,1}^ \pm $</tex-math></inline-formula> ). The transmission characteristics are analyzed with supermode theory. The <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {n}_{\text{eff}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of adjacent vector modes is larger than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${10}^{ - 4}$</tex-math></inline-formula> due to the thin center ring core. The coupling length ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${L}_c$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) keeps in the order of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${10}^{ - 2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> m between 1500--1600 nm and the coupling efficiency is larger than 90% in 1550 nm for four dual-core coupling pairs. We believe this design will have great potential in the field of all-fiber vortex mode division multiplexing.

Numerical Demonstration of Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber–Surface Plasmonic Resonance Urinary Methanol Sensor

Numerical Demonstration of Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber–Surface Plasmonic Resonance Urinary Methanol Sensor

Quasiperiodic photonic crystal fiber [Invited

In the fields of light manipulation and localization, quasiperiodic photonic crystals, or photonic quasicrystals (PQs), are causing an upsurge in research because of their rotational symmetry and long-range orientation of transverse lattice arrays, as they lack translational symmetry. It allows for the optimization of well-established light propagation properties and has introduced new guiding features. Therefore, as a class, quasiperiodic photonic crystal fibers, or photonic quasicrystal fibers (PQFs), are considered to add flexibility and richness to the optical properties of fibers and are expected to offer significant potential applications to optical fiber fields. In this review, the fundamental concept, working mechanisms, and invention history of PQFs are explained. Recent progress in optical property improvement and its novel applications in fields such as dispersion control, polarization-maintenance, supercontinuum generation, orbital angular momentum transmission, plasmon-based sensors and filters, and high nonlinearity and topological mode transmission, are then reviewed in detail. Bandgap-type air-guiding PQFs supporting low attenuation propagation and regulation of photonic density states of quasiperiodic cladding and in which light guidance is achieved by coherent Bragg scattering are also summarized. Finally, current challenges encountered in the guiding mechanisms and practical preparation techniques, as well as the prospects and research trends of PQFs, are also presented.

A novel methane and hydrogen sensor with surface plasmon resonance-based photonic quasi-crystal fiber

The predecessor of China Optics was China Optics and Applied Optics Digest, which was founded in 1985. At that time, it was the only retrieval journal in the field of optics in China. At the end of 2008, China Optics and Applied Optics Digest was renamed

A Novel Methane and Hydrogen sensor with Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Photonic Quasi-crystal Fiber

The predecessor of China Optics was China Optics and Applied Optics Digest, which was founded in 1985. At that time, it was the only retrieval journal in the field of optics in China. At the end of 2008, China Optics and Applied Optics Digest was renamed

Molded high curvature core-aligned micro-lenses for single-mode fibers.

A polymer-based fiber micro-lens molding fabrication technique with, to our knowledge, unprecedented performances is presented along with its advantages and applications. This technique is a fast and affordable tool to achieve a wide variety of possible spherical and aspherical micro-lens sizes and curvatures. The alignment of the micro-lens mold with the fiber core receiving the lens is done optically, which allows high precision. Using the proposed technique, different micro-lenses are fabricated. Then the output beams of two different micro-lenses on single-mode fibers are characterized. Fiber micro-lenses with curvature as small as 5 µm are achieved. This shows how low curvature micro-lenses can achieve collimation and how high curvature ones on single-mode fibers lead to high focusing (FWHM=λ) that is much smaller than what most conventional commercial techniques can reach. Given that this technique imposes no stress and causes no damage to the fiber receiving the micro-lens, it presents a significant potential for compatibility with non-silica-based and micro-structured fibers such as photonic crystal and quasi-crystal fibers.

Highly sensitive dual-core photonic quasicrystal fiber methane sensor based on surface plasmon resonance.

A highly sensitive dual-core photonic quasicrystal fiber methane sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is designed and analyzed. In this sensor, cryptophane E is doped with polysiloxane and Ag and used as the sensitive film and plasma medium, respectively, for sensitive detection of methane. The influence of the structural parameters on the sensor properties is analyzed by the finite element method. The optimized dual-quasi-D-shape structure has excellent methane-sensing properties such as maximum and average wavelength sensitivities of 14 and 10.98 nm/%, respectively, in the methane concentration range of 0%-3.5%. The sensitivity is better than that of similar sensors reported previously.

Liquid core photonic quasi-crystal fiber plasmonic refractive index sensor for wide refractive index detection range

In this paper, a photonic quasi-crystal fiber plasmonic refractive index sensor is numerically analyzed. The fiber core is infiltrated with six hypothetical liquids, which refractive indices of them vary from 1.44 to 1.49. The reason for filling the core with different refractive index of liquids is that changeable refractive index of the core is an option to adjust the sensor performance at different intervals of analyte refractive index. Due to changes in the core refractive index, a large RI detection range from 1.38 to 1.53 is obtained and the sensor exhibits maximum spectral sensitivity of 10,000 nm/RIU. The properties of the sensor are calculated by the finite element method. The geometrical parameters of the sensor such as analyte height and gold thickness are also evaluated. The proposed sensor has a tunable capability which can be suitable for RI detection of biomedical liquid analytes in various ranges of refractive indices.

Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber-Based Plasmonic Biosensor: a Platform for Detection of Coronavirus.

Since the coronavirus pandemic began, research groups worldwide developed diagnostic tests. One of the promising platforms for testing is an optical and plasmonic biosensor. Localized surface plasmon resonances owing to their highly concentrated field intensity provide highly sensitive devices. A beneficial approach to excite localized surface plasmon modes for field-based applications is using photonic crystal fibers while photonic quasi-crystals demonstrate a higher order of symmetry, the more isotropic Brillouin zone, and the easier achievement of photonic bandgap as compared with conventional photonic crystals. In this work, by exploiting a photonic quasi-crystal fiber, we are designing a surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the on-chip and real-time detection of coronaviruses. In our miniaturized design, a thin gold layer is employed on the outer layer of an air hole of a photonic quasi-crystal fiber with a 12-fold symmetry where the leakage of the fiber core mode can excite the surface plasmon resonance mode on the gold. According to three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations, the proposed biosensor shows the sensitivity of 1172 nm/RIU in the detection of coronaviruses within the saliva. Moreover, the smallest detection limit obtained in the simulation is about 12 nm. These promising results altogether indicate that this reconfigurable and lab-on-a-chip platform can potentially be used in the detection of all kinds of coronaviruses.

A Highly Versatile Porous Core Photonic Quasicrystal Fiber Based Refractive Index Terahertz Sensor.

Miniaturized real-time fiber optic sensing systems with high sensing performance are in extreme demand. In this work, we propose a novel photonic quasicrystal fiber sensor in the terahertz region and test its sensing characteristics using the finite element method. The proposed simulated sensor numerically investigates the cancer-infected cells from the normal cells in the human cervix, blood, adrenal glands, and breast based on the difference in their refractive index changes. The effective refractive index of core-guided mode is due to the interaction of light between the refractive index of the fiber material and infiltrated normal and cancer cells, respectively. The proposed sensor exhibits a high birefringence of 0.03, a low dispersion of 0.35 ps/THz/cm, along with a high numerical aperture of 0.99. Besides, the sensor holds a less-effective material loss of 2.53 × 10 (dB/cm), a maximum power fraction of 88.10, a maximum relative sensitivity of 82.67%, and an effective mode area of 3.16 mm. The results envisage that the proposed sensor displays high sensing performances with a rapid cancer detection mechanism.

Realization of all-optical JK flipflop in mid-IR wavelengths using triple-core photonic quasi-crystal fiber

Realization of all-optical JK flipflop in mid-IR wavelengths using triple-core photonic quasi-crystal fiber

Ring-Core Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber With 34 Polarization Multiplexing Modes

We propose a ring-core photonic quasi-crystal fiber (RC-PQCF) featuring a ring-shaped fiber core and two symmetrical SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> stress-applying parts (SAPs). By optimizing the mole percentage of GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and geometrical parameters of the fiber, the design supports 34 full vector polarization modes (FV-PMs). The effective refractive index difference ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {n_{eff}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) of adjacent FV-PMs is larger than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.07 \times {10^{ - 4}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 1550 nm. The confinement loss ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm{\alpha }}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) of FV-PMs is less than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${10^{ - 6}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , which is sufficient to confine the light field in the ring-core. Through numerical analysis, broadband performance is investigated subsequently in the 1500–1600 nm. The dispersion ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${D_\lambda }$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) of FV-PMs is less than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$138.14{\mathrm{\ ps}} \cdot {\mathrm{n}}{{\mathrm{m}}^{ - 1}} \cdot {\mathrm{k}}{{\mathrm{m}}^{ - 1}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and maintains a flat trend. The mode field area ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${A_{eff}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) of FV-PMs is larger compared to single mode fibers and the nonlinear coefficient ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm{\gamma }}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) of FV-PMs is within ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$6.97 \times {10^{ - 4}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.54 \times {10^{ - 3}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\mathrm{m}}^{ - 1}} \cdot {{\mathrm{W}}^{ - 1}}{\mathrm{\ }}$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the 1500–1600 nm. The fiber is a promising design for mode division multiplexing (MDM) that supports the MIMO-free processing and improves the transmission capacity and spectral efficiency.

High-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance sensor based on the ten-fold eccentric core quasi-D-shaped photonic quasi-crystal fiber coated with indium tin oxide

The predecessor of China Optics was China Optics and Applied Optics Digest, which was founded in 1985. At that time, it was the only retrieval journal in the field of optics in China. At the end of 2008, China Optics and Applied Optics Digest was renamed