Approach In Philosophy Of Science Research Articles

Perkembangan Berpikir Kritis pada Anak Usia Dini (Tinjauan Filsafat Ilmu dalam Pendidikan Awal)

This research explores the development of critical thinking in early childhood (0-6 years) through a philosophy of science approach. This research discusses children's critical thinking skills, including questioning, viewpoint formation, rationality, information seeking, and analysis. This research uses the literature review method, namely data obtained through literature from journals, articles, and book references to form a solid foundation with the analysis techniques carried out, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study on the ontological, epistemological, and axiological aspects contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of philosophy of science in shaping children's critical thinking from an early age.

Interpretive Paradigms in Accounting Research Methodology: A Philosophy of Science Approach – Gadamer's Hermeneutics

This article discusses interpretive paradigms in accounting science research methodology. The methodology discussed refers to the philosophy of hermeneutics developed by Hans-Georg Gadamer, namely subjective hermeneutics. One of the developments in the philosophy of hermeneutics is adopted its application to the field of accounting through an intrerpretive paradigm. The discussion in this article is expected to enrich knowledge in the study of interpretation paradigms in the field of accounting with a hermeneutic approach.

Transdisciplinary Philosophy of Science: Meeting the Challenge of Indigenous Expertise

Abstract Transdisciplinary research knits together knowledge from diverse epistemic communities in addressing social-environmental challenges, such as biodiversity loss, climate crises, food insecurity, and public health. This article reflects on the roles of philosophy of science in transdisciplinary research while focusing on Indigenous and other subjugated forms of knowledge. We offer a critical assessment of demarcationist approaches in philosophy of science and outline a constructive alternative of transdisciplinary philosophy of science. While a focus on demarcation obscures the complex relations between epistemic communities, transdisciplinary philosophy of science provides resources for meeting epistemic and political challenges of collaborative knowledge production.

PETA PEMAHAMAN ILMU USHULUL FIQH JALALUDDIN AS-SUYUTHI DALAM KITAB AL-ASYBAH WA AN-NADHAIR

The science of ushul fiqh occupies a very important position in the science of Sharia because it has a very large role in takhrij al-ahkam al-islamiyyah. The science of ushul fiqh stood as an established scientific discipline in the hands of Imam Syafi’i. He made the science of ushul fiqh interesting to study or carry out a multidisciplinary approach. To understand the scientific framework of ushul fiqh, the author will formulate a map of understanding the science of ushul fiqh Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi in his work al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair. This article aims to find out the map of understanding the science of ushulul fiqh Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi in the book al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair from the aspect of the object of knowledge, the process of obtaining knowledge, and the benefits of knowledge. This article is qualitative library research using a philosophy of science approach from ontology, epistemology, and axiology. The subjects of this study were Imam Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi and the book al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair. Data will be collected using documentation techniques. The results of this study are from the ontology aspect, the main object of the study includes dalil, istidlal, and mustadil, while one follow-up object is the mass object (masail). From the aspect of epistemology, the process of knowing Imam as-Suyuthi regarding objects in the book al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair goes through three coherent stages, these stages are the heuristic stage, the critical stage, and the explanation stage. From an axiological aspect, this book deserves to be one of the main references in the science of ushul fiqh of the Shafi'i school, both for beginners and experts.

HERMENEUTIKA SEBAGAI TEORI INTERPRETASI DALAM TRADISI BARAT

Hermeneutics functions as a theory of interpretation, closely related to language. One that cannot be separated from language is text, which requires a series of reading tools to understand it, one of which is the theory of hermeneutics. This article aims to find out the thoughts of Schleiermacher and Dilthey as the originators of romantic hermeneutics and their application in hadith. This article is qualitative in nature with literature data related to Schleiermacher and Dilthey's hermeneutical thinking and hadith about women's leadership. Through a philosophy of science approach, this article finds that Schleiermacher is the father of modern hermeneutics whose ideas about the mental world were developed by Dilthey who explained about the socio-historical world. Through these readings, women can become leaders

HERMENEUTIKA SEBAGAI TEORI INTERPRETASI DALAM TRADISI BARAT

Hermeneutics functions as a theory of interpretation, closely related to language. One that cannot be separated from language is text, which requires a series of reading tools to understand it, one of which is the theory of hermeneutics. This article aims to find out the thoughts of Schleiermacher and Dilthey as the originators of romantic hermeneutics and their application in hadith. This article is qualitative in nature with literature data related to Schleiermacher and Dilthey's hermeneutical thinking and hadith about women's leadership. Through a philosophy of science approach, this article finds that Schleiermacher is the father of modern hermeneutics whose ideas about the mental world were developed by Dilthey who explained about the socio-historical world. Through these readings, women can become leaders

Brain death debates: from bioethics to epistemology.

50 years after its introduction, brain death remains controversial among scholars. The debates focus on one question: is brain death a good criterion for determining death? This question has been answered from various perspectives: medical, metaphysical, ethical, and legal or political. Most authors either defend the criterion as it is, propose some minor or major revisions, or advocate abandoning it and finding better solutions to the problems that brain death was intended to solve when it was introduced. In short, debates about brain death have been characterized by partisanship, for or against. Here I plead for a non-partisan approach that has been overlooked in the literature: the epistemological or philosophy of science approach. Some scholars claim that human death is a matter of fact, a biological phenomenon whose occurrence can be determined empirically, based on science. We should take this claim seriously, whether we agree with it or not. The question is: how do we know that human death is a scientific matter of fact? Taking the epistemological approach means, among other things, examining how the determination of human death became an object of scientific inquiry, exploring the nature of the brain death criterion itself, and analysing the meaning of its core concepts such as "irreversibility" and "functions".

Rethinking Ethnography for Philosophy of Science

AbstractWe lay groundwork for applying ethnographic methods in philosophy of science. We frame our analysis in terms of two tasks: (1) to identify the benefits of an ethnographic approach in philosophy of science and (2) to structure an ethnographic approach for philosophical investigation best adapted to provide information relevant to philosophical interests and epistemic values. To this end, we advocate for a purpose-guided form of cognitive ethnography that mediates between the explanatory and normative interests of philosophy of science, while maintaining openness and independence when framing such an investigation to achieve robust unbiased results.

Independensi Dan Keunikan Ilmu Hukum Dalam Tinjauan Ontologi, Epistemologi Dan Aksiologi

The discourse on the status of legal science included in the category of science or not science has always been a matter of debate. The difference between the empirical and normative schools of thought gives rise to differences in perception, making it a never-ending problem, especially in Sui Generis jurisprudence. Studying through the philosophy of science becomes an effective way to solve these problems based on the ontological, epistemological, and axiological aspects. The development of legal science through the realm of research is a challenge that must be done in order to achieve solutions to various problems in society. This research is a qualitative research using a philosophy of science approach so that a conclusion is obtained that philosophically, legal science is included in the category of science. Legal science is also a substantial study of the rule of law that comes from one's own mind and is useful for the process of developing and applying legal science.

Reflex theory, cautionary tale: misleading simplicity in early neuroscience

This paper takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach to the topic of "simplicity out of complexity". The reflex theory was a framework within early twentieth century psychology and neuroscience which aimed to decompose complex behaviours and neural responses into simple reflexes. It was controversial in its time, and did not live up to its own theoretical and empirical ambitions. Examination of this episode poses important questions about the limitations of simplifying strategies, and the relationship between simplification and the engineering approach to biology.

Two approaches to natural kinds

Philosophical treatments of natural kinds are embedded in two distinct projects. I call these the philosophy of science approach and the philosophy of language approach. Each is characterized by its own set of philosophical questions, concerns, and assumptions. The kinds studied in the philosophy of science approach are projectible categories that can ground inductive inferences and scientific explanation. The kinds studied in the philosophy of language approach are the referential objects of a special linguistic category—natural kind terms—thought to refer directly. Philosophers may hope for a unified account addresses both sets of concerns. This paper argues that this cannot be done successfully. No single account can satisfy both the semantic objectives of the philosophy of language approach and the explanatory projects of the philosophy of science approach. After analyzing where the tensions arise, I make recommendations about assumptions and projects that are best abandoned, those that should be retained, and those that should go their separate ways. I also recommend adopting the disambiguating terminology of “scientific kinds” and “natural kinds” for the different notions of kinds developed in these different approaches.

Ilmu dan Agama dalam Perspektif Filsafat Ilmu

This paper aims to understand the two basic concepts that are the focus of the discussion, namely science and religion through a philosophy of science approach. This approach assumes seeing the foundation that allows the development of theoretical arguments about the nature of science (knowledge, science) and religion studied in the basic concepts of Philosophy of Science. The Philosophy of Science that is meant must have been formulated in a contextual-humanist-sociological manner that is social salvation. So that it can make a significant contribution to humanity as a whole. Thus, the Philosophy of Science will dynamically always be in line with the main mission of Islam, namely rahmatan Lil 'ālamīn.

Сравнительный анализ принципа эволюции классической и неклассической науки

The relevance of the study of the mechanism of evolution is determined by the fact that the understanding of scientific laws is changing in modern science. From the microworld to the megaworld, the historical nature of the processes occurring in them is recognized, which should be reflected in the interpretation of laws. The author sets out to reveal the prerequisites of the idea of self-organization, which is a distinctive feature of evolutionary processes in the synergetic picture of the world of post-non-classical science. The idea of self-organization grows out of the concepts of evolution developed in the classical and non-classical periods of the development of modern science. The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the concepts of the evolution of these periods. The dominant approach in the modern philosophy of science is the history of science, so the author is guided by the methodology of historical and scientific research, when comparative analysis is implemented through finding out the similarities and differences of the stages of interest. The article substantiates the thesis that at this stage the concept of evolutionism is based on the recognition of the time parameter either in the form of an infinite sequence of events embodied in the present («external time»), or in the form of the principle of historicity («internal time»). The classical concept of evolution was a hypothesis. In non-classical science, the concept of evolution receives a scientific — empirical and theoretical — justification. To specify the principle of evolution in this period, the material from astrophysics, biology and historical science is given. The novelty of the obtained results is connected with the recognition of the hypothetical nature of the idea of evolution in the non-major non-rationalist branch of descriptive natural science of classical stage, the acquisition of scientific justification by it (the idea of evolution) at the non-classical stage, as well as with the transition from the concept of «external» to «internal» time. «Internal» time is the essence of the new concept of historicism, where evolution is interpreted as self-organization. A new concept of evolution and a new type of scientific laws set the prospect for further research. Key words: the concept of evolution, classical / non-classical science, time, the principle of historicism, V. I. Vernadsky, M. Foucault, sciences of inorganic / organic nature, historical science.

The institutional stabilization of philosophy of science and its withdrawal from social concerns after the Second World War

ABSTRACT In this paper, I criticize the thesis that value-laden approaches in American philosophy of science were marginalized in the 1960s through the editorial policy at Philosophy of Science and funding practices at the National Science Foundation. I argue that there is no available evidence of any normative restriction on philosophy of science as a domain of inquiry which excluded research on the relation between science and society. Instead, I claim that the absence of any exemplary, professional philosopher who discussed the relation between science and society sufficed to narrow the focus of philosophers of science, given the institutional stabilization of the domain within professional philosophy from 1959 onwards.

PERKEMBANGAN KAJIAN KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN DI KOTA MALANG : SEBUAH META ANALISIS

Abstract This research is a meta-analysis of the development of the study of marketing communication undergraduate thesis in Malang during 2014-2018. This research aims to find out how the development of marketing communication studies with the philosophy of science approach in order to provide references for mapping marketing communication studies. The undergraduate thesis researched in this research is 229 theses from three different universities with a focus on the use of theory in marketing communication theses. The results of the research show that the most widely used communication theory in marketing communication thesis is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) theory. The interesting thing found in this research is the more use of marketing concepts and theories than the use of communication theory in undergraduate thesis with the theme of marketing communication. Keywords: marketing communication, meta-analysis, philosophy of science DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v5i1.2782

The Discovery-Justification Distinction and the New Historiography of Science: On Thomas Kuhn’s Thalheimer Lectures

I will examine the first of Thomas Kuhn’s Thalheimer Lectures delivered in 1984, with the purpose of establishing a connection between Kuhn’s historiographical thought and his criticism of the traditional distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification, or, as I call it, the DJ distinction. In order to do this, I will start by exploring the Kuhnian view of the so-called static approach in philosophy of science, taking as my main reference the work of Bacon, Descartes, and foundationalist epistemology. I will continue by examining the relationship between Kuhnian historiography and the DJ distinction, comparing the first Thalheimer Lecture with other texts published by Kuhn. Finally, I will assert that Kuhn’s rejection of the DJ distinction is the result of adopting a historiographical matrix whose philosophical consequences are irreconcilable with the static approach in history and philosophy of science, for which the DJ distinction is essential.

Philosophy of Science, Technique and Technology

The philosophy of technology constitutes a relatively recent area of reflection, compared to other topics of philosophical interest such as science or morals. This fact is not independent of the change in public sensitivities regarding technological change and anti-essentialist tendencies of contemporary philosophy. On the one hand, the traditional essentialist approach in philosophy of science and knowledge, typical of currents such as logical empiricism, conceived of technology as applied science and, more globally, practical activity as an application of general rules or principles. Recent historicist and naturalistic approaches in philosophy of science, and the development of ICT studies, have favoured a more realistic and contextualized view of science and its relations with technology, facilitating awareness of the great diversity of problems. specific philosophical posed by technology. Technology, on the other hand, has been categorized as a social problem in recent decades, becoming prominent in the media, public forums and political agendas. With the current intense technological development, the close dependence of the economy, institutions and ways of life on technological devices and processes, as well as the serious environmental repercussions or ethical and legal dilemmas caused by nuclear energy, has become especially evident. As a result of both factors, the interest in technology acquires in recent decades a remarkable impulse and ends up making it an object of study in more and more monographs, specialized magazines and international conferences. The academic conceptualization of technology, understood as applied science, only reflected a culturally generalized point of view during much of this century.

Visões sobre natureza da ciência em artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais da área de ensino de ciências: um olhar para a educação em química

A inserção da abordagem História e Filosofia da Ciência (HFC) no Ensino de Ciências tem recebido atenção por parte dos documentos oficiais, bem como dos pesquisadores da área. Tal abordagem pode possibilitar ao aluno, dentre outras questões, a compreensão sobre o fazer científico e suas limitações, os aspectos históricos envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento e a percepção da Ciência como uma atividade humana. Tendo por base tais considerações, este trabalho objetivou investigar quais visões sobre Natureza da Ciência (NdC) são veiculadas em artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais que tratam da educação em química. Assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objeto artigos que tratam da Educação em Química, publicados em onze dos principais periódicos da área de Ensino de Ciências brasileiro, desde as primeiras publicações de cada revista até o ano de 2015. Os artigos foram analisados segundo “descritores específicos”, por meio da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). Foram utilizadas duas categorias de análise: visões deformadas, as quais são baseadas nas concepções epistemológicas acerca da NdC e da construção do conhecimento científico; e, visões de enfrentamento, as quais contrapõem-se às possíveis visões deformadas da NdC. Os resultados demonstram que os artigos que apresentam visões de enfrentamento superam os que apresentaram visões deformadas sobre a Ciência.

Etika Bimbingan dan Konseling dalam Pendekatan Filsafat Ilmu

ETHICS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE APPROACH. In philosophy view, ethic was a valueable and evaluation about a good and bad things in the human self. Ethic is also call moral philosophy as a apart of axiology in science philosophy. In every science has an axiology that purpose of utilization for prosperity of a human life. Guidance and counseling is a science full of values, that because of it’s a multidicipliner science. This based of four field guidance which of personal, learning, social and career. This field has make a counselor must understand and proficiency with sociology, antrophology, psychology, and eduation science. That will lead a counseling as multidicipliner science has a full of values to covering the process of counseling practice. However the axiology of counseling make little complex to discuss in philosophy foundation, also in psychology, sociology, antrophology and education. In this article will describe and discuss an ethics in counseling as a multidicipliner science in the view point of philosophy, psychology, and education. Also an ethics in counseling profession as applicative science.

Research of European Union's Common Agricultural Policy: disciplinary boundaries and beyond

Based on the philosophy of science approach and literature analysis, this contribution demonstrates that over time, the focus of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy research has shifted from market distortions to international trade and budgetary decision-making frameworks, as well as broader societal issues, such as food, environment and development. The array of disciplinary approaches has changed accordingly: from (agricultural) economics towards political and social sciences. Some key gaps in the existing research indicate the limits of overly problem-oriented and partial approaches towards science, calling for inter- and trans-disciplinary work when it comes to indivisible layers of the research object.