Tillering Phase Research Articles

УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ МЕСТНЫХ СОРТОВ ЯЧМЕНЯ К ГРИБНЫМ БОЛЕЗНЯМ

The work was carried out on the Dagestan OS VIR in the conditions of South-flat Dagestan. The field resistance of barley samples to fungal diseases (powdery mildew, dwarf rust) was studied. On a natural infectious background, 558 local barley varieties from the world collection of VIR of different ecological and geographical origin, systematic affiliation and type of development were estimated. Local forms, being most adapted to the dynamics of environmental conditions of a certain region, where their formation took place, can be used in the study of ecological and geographical confinement of the sign. The studied local varieties cover all the main centers of cultural diversity in N. I. Vavilov: Abyssinian, Persian, Central Asian, East Asian, Mediterranean, European-Siberian and new World. The front-Asian, Mediterranean and European-Siberian centers were more widely represented. According to resistance to pathogens, the samples were distributed in the corresponding 5 classes: very low (1 point), low (3 point), medium (5 point), high (7 point), very high (9 point). The hydrothermal regime of South-planar Dagestan favors the development of fungal diseases. Powdery mildew and dwarf rust are widespread in the region. The observed annual incidence of infectious background allows us to assess the resistance of accessions to these pathogens. Powdery mildew appears in early spring when barley plants are in the tillering phase. The second peak is observed in the earing phase. The disease affects the leaf, the vagina of the leaf, the stem, and in some years can cover the ear. Most studied barley is susceptible to powdery mildew. The causative agent is characterized by broad environmental plasticity. Practically during the whole ontogenesis of plants the possibility of their damage is determined by the presence or absence of genetically determined resistance. Dwarf rust appears much later powdery mildew in the phase of earing-pouring grain. Sometimes the leaves of plants due to weather conditions, early ripening varieties or severe defeat powdery mildew dry before the disease manifests. Therefore, dwarf rust usually develops on late-maturing samples. Care of the plant from the disease is not genetically determined resistance. As sustainable (9 point) is marked 75 varieties, susceptible - 85 (1 point) Among the barleys, Persian, Mediterranean, European-Siberian origin discovered both susceptible and resistant forms, and medium - and East Asian barleys differ in the sensitivity to the pathogen. The samples resistant to powdery mildew and dwarf rust were isolated and can be used as sources.

Формування фотосинтетичної продуктивності агроценозу пшениці ярої на дерново-підзолистому ґрунті Передкарпаття залежно від обробітку ґрунту і удобрення

The results of the research carried out for the period 2016-2018 on the influence of the main tillage and fertilizer system on the fertility of the sod-podzolic soil of Precarpathian and the formation of photosynthetic productivity of spring wheat in short-rotation crop rotation are presented. The purpose of the research is to establish and theoretically substantiate the agroecological conditions of optimization of the formation of photosynthetic productivity of spring wheat of Claris depending on soil cultivation and soil nutrition system in the conditions of Precarpathian. The research was carried out in conditions of the FG "Fortuna", which is in the village Negivci of Kalush district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. An analysis of the conditions for the formation of the leaf area of the plants of wheat of Clarias strain showed that the intensity of forming the area of the leaf surface was significantly dependent on the fertilizer system and the method of cultivating the soil. It was established that the most powerful leaf machine of wheat plants was formed in the variant of the organo-mineral system of fertilizer for superficial (8-10 cm discrepancy) cultivation of the soil in the tillering phase - 18.4 thousand m 2 /ha, which is 8.3 thousand m 2 /ha more, and in the ear staging phase - 46.3 thousand m 2 /ha, which is 17.6 thousand m 2 /ha more compared to the control. In this variant, the photosynthetic potential of agrocenosis was 3.1 million m 2 /ha, which is 1.2 million m 2 /ha more compared to control. The net productivity of plant photosynthesis in the tube outlet was 2.3 g/m 2 per day, or 0.6 g/m 2 per day more compared to control. The processes of accumulation of dry substances were most intensively carried out by the organo-mineral fertilizer system (the introduction of pumice manure obtained at the outlet of the biogas plant) at a dose of 20 t/ha + N 40 P 30 K 40 ) for the surface cultivation of the soil (discovery at a depth of 8-10 cm). Thus, during the tillering phase, the accumulation of dry matter was 24.3 g/m 2 more, in the phase of the output of the tube - by 59.9 g/m 2 and in the ear staining phase - by 388.3 g/m 2 more compared to the control. It has been established that for organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems, the conditions for enhancement of the photosynthetic activity of agrocoenosis of wheat of wheat were more favorable than the other (4-16 cm) plots and the surface (8-10 cm dispersion) of soil fertilizers, which were more favorable than other experimental variants Claris variety. Key words: sod-podzolic soil, Precarpathians, wheat, fertilizer system, soil cultivation, fertility, photosynthesis

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЕМОВ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ГРЕЧИХИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЯНДЖА-КАЗАХСКОЙ ЗОНЫ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА

The article presents the results of the study aimed at optimizing technological methods of buckwheat cultivation in Ganja-Kazakh zone of Azerbaijan. Buckwheat is the most important cereal crop. The study was carried out in the Ganja Regional Center of Agricultural Science, Information and Advisory in the western part of Azerbaijan, in Samukh District. The study was conducted in 2016-2018. The soil of the experimental site was carbonate, irrigated, gray-brown (chestnut), light loamy. The content of nutrients decreases from top to bottom in the meter horizon. Due to adopted gradation in the Republic, the agrochemical analysis showed that these soils were nutrient-poor, such soils require organic and mineral fertilizers. The study was conducted on Krupinka variety in three replications, the plot area was 54 m 2 , seeding rate was 2.0-2.5-3.0 million pcs/ha of viable seeds respectively. Agrotechnics of cultivation was according to the adopted technique for Ganja-Kazakh zone. Each year, sowing was on 1-5, 10-15 and 20-25 April. Phenological observations and biometric measurements were conducted on 25 plants. Every year, 100% of manure, 60% of phosphorus and potassium were used during plowing in autumn, nitrogen fertilizers and the rest of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were used at tillering phase. The results of the study established the sowing period (10-15 April), seeding rate (2.5 million pcs/ha) and quantity of fertilizers to administer every year (10 t/ha + N 60 P 60 K 30 kg/ha) in order to obtain high quality yields of buckwheat and to restore soil fertility in gray-brown (chestnut) irrigated soils in this region.

How Kentucky bluegrass tolerate stress caused by sodium chloride used for road de-icing?

Salts used in road de-icing during winter season inhibit the growth and development of lawn grass species. The mechanism of plant tolerance/sensitivity to such treatments is still not clear. Moreover, there is a lack of fast and non-invasive tool to detect the effect of these salts on plants growth. This study was designed to understand the tolerance mechanism of Kentucky bluegrass plants on salinity, based on some biometric and physiological parameters. In this experiment, we simulated the urban conditions where salts are used intensively for roads de-icing. Germination capacity was evaluated at five salt solutions of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM), and physiological parameters were measured during the tillering phase at salinity levels of 0, 150 and 300 mM of NaCl. Seeds of Kentucky bluegrass did not germinate under salinity. During tillering phase, salinity affected length, area and dry mass of roots as well as the relative water content of plants, negatively. Moreover, it influenced the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield, quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transport rate at early period of stress. This allows us to recommend these parameters for early detection of soil salinity effects on Kentucky bluegrass plants. It seems to be that the tolerance of this plant towards salinity is based on retaining water content in leaves that allow more efficient functioning of photosynthetic apparatus.

Biological technologies are the factors of winter wheat productivity improvement

The studies were conducted in 2012–2014 in OOO “Znamenskoe” in the Znamensky district of the Orlov region in order to determine the influence of forecrops on winter wheat productivity. Field trials have shown that the forecrops have a great effect on soil moisture. The use of weedfree fallow and oil radish as green manure crop provides 1.3–3% soil moisture increase in the 0–10 cm layer before winter wheat sowing compared with annual grasses. Sown in bare fallow, winter wheat infestation was on 17.6–18.8% less in the tillering phase compared with the use of oil radish oil as green manure crop and annual grasses for green mass. It was determined that the forecops had an effect on the height of winter wheat plants. In weedfree fallow it was the maximum (122.7–127.1 cm), depending on the fertilizing ratio, which was on 8.0–10.3 cm more than in other variants of the trial. It was established that winter wheat sown in bare fallow exceeded other variants by the number of productive stems, kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weight on 2.1–7.2; 1.7–4.4; 13.9–19.5% respectively. This ensured a higher productivity of winter wheat. It has been identified that the use of oil radish improves the winter wheat quality, namely protein and gluten content, grain unit on 2.0–2.2, 1.4–2.2; 11–12.5 g/l respectively. The norm of mineral fertilizers N98R64K64 in comparison with N66R32K32 in all forecrops provided an increase in protein and gluten content on 0.4–0.7% and 0.7–2.6% respectively. Thus, biological technologies provide productivity improvement of winter wheat.

The dynamics of methane (CH4) emissions in organic and conventional paddy fields on Alfisols and Andisols at Karanganyar Regency, Indonesia

The increase in greenhouse gas concentration, one of which is Methane (CH4), is the main cause of global warming and climate change. Organic materials which easily decomposed are the main sources of CH4 production in paddy fields. The research aimed to find out and analyze the dynamics of CH4 emission in each stage of rice growth, seasonal CH4 emission, and rice productivity cultivated both organically and conventionally on Alfisols and Andisols at Karanganyar Regency, Indonesia. All treatments were conducted by local farmers with common agricultural practices. In conventional farming, for Andisols only fertilizer has applied the chemical whereas for Alfisols the chemical fertilizer was applied with the addition of fresh chicken manure. The sampling of CH4 gas conducted four times in each location at 15, 35, 65, and 100 days after planting (DAP), respectively, using box chambers (50×50×100 cm). The gases were analyzed using gas chromatography, while productivity was determined by calculating total yield 2.5 m−2 (Indonesian Statistical Bureau). The treatment of Andisols C (Andisols with Conventional Farming Management) resulted in the highest CH4 emission in paddy fields for one planting season. The highest CH4 emissions were obtained at the active tillering phase (35 DAP), because of the effect of flooded conditions. For both andisols and alfisols conventional farming management resulted in higher rice productivity, whereas organic farming management resulted in better economically and in preserving the environment.

CREATION OF AGROCENOSES OF FODDER CROPS FOR SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER USE IN THE FORESTSTEPPE ZONE OF THE TRANS-BAIKAL TERRITORY

Experimental data on the creation of fodder agrocenoses for the production of green feed in the spring and early summer period is presented. The research was conducted in 2014-2016 in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The study included winter and spring rye crops and cabbage. It was established that the promising crop that gives the earliest green feed is the winter rye of autumn sowing. It was characterized by a high regrow capacity and formed two yield cuttings in the tillering phase. The yield of green mass was 7.7 t/ha, dry matter – 1.36 t/ha, output of feed units was 1.34 t/ha, the amount of digestible protein – 279 kg/ha. In the phase of stem elongation, the figures were 10.0 t/ ha, 2.17 t/ha, 1.93 t/ha, 287 kg/ ha, respectively; in the earing phase (one cutting) – 9.3 t/ha, 3.30 t/ha, 2.65 t/ha, 287 kg/ha, respectively. Feed biomass was of higher quality when used in the period of tillering, where the content of digestible protein per one feed unit was 206-210 g. The spring sowings of winter rye were inferior to the autumn sowings in the amount of two cuttings in the tillering phase: green mass by 3.3 t/ha, dry matter 0.58 t/ha, feed units 0.58 t/ha, digestible protein 113 kg/ha; in the stem elongation phase: 5.5 t/ha, 1,27 t/ha, 1.15 t/ ha, 168 kg/ha, respectively. Crops of spring rape, oil radish and spring rye are also important, since they allow to obtain a sufficiently high yield in the early summer period. In the budding phase the yield of green mass of cabbage crops was 22.8 and 18.3 t/ ha, dry matter – 2.69 and 2.78 t/ha, feed units – 2.70 and 2.25 t/ha, digestible protein – 648 and 599 kg/ ha; in the flowering phase the figures for oil radish were 21.5 t/ha, 2.56 t/ha, 2.57 t/ha, 499 kg/ ha, respectively. In the tillering phase the figures for spring rye in the amount of two cuttings were 7.3 t/ ha, 1.31 t/ha, 1.11 t/ha, 210 kg/ ha, respectively; in the phase of stem prolongation – 3.8 t/ha, 0.82 t/ ha, 0,87 t/ha, 105 kg/ha, respectively.

Passive Reflectance Sensing and Digital Image Analysis Allows for Assessing the Biomass and Nitrogen Status of Wheat in Early and Late Tillering Stages.

Proximal remote sensing systems depending on spectral reflectance measurements and image analysis can acquire timely information to make real-time management decisions compared to laborious destructive measurements. There is a need to make nitrogen management decisions at early development stages of cereals when the first top-dressing is made. However, there is insufficient information available about the possibility of detecting differences in the biomass or the nitrogen status of cereals at early development stages and even less comparing its relationship to destructively obtained information. The performance of hyperspectral passive reflectance sensing and digital image analysis was tested in a 2-year study to assess the nitrogen uptake and nitrogen concentration, as well as the biomass fresh and dry weight at early and late tillering stages of wheat from BBCH 19 to 30. Wheat plants were subjected to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer applications and differences in biomass, and the nitrogen status was further created by varying the seeding rate. To analyze the spectral and digital imaging data simple linear regression and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were used. The green pixel digital analysis, spectral reflectance indices and PLSR of spectral reflectance from 400 to 1000 nm were strongly related to the nitrogen uptake and the biomass fresh and dry weights at individual measurements and for the combined dataset at the early crop development stages. Relationships between green pixels, spectral reflectance indices and PLSR with the biomass and nitrogen status parameters reached coefficients of determination up to 0.95∗∗ through the individual measurements and the combined data set. Reflectance-based spectral sensing compared to digital image analysis allows detecting differences in the biomass and nitrogen status already at early growth stages in the tillering phase. Spectral reflectance indices are probably more robust and can more easily be applied compared to PLSR models. This might pave the way for more informed management decisions and potentially lead to improved nitrogen fertilizer management at early development stages.

ОЦЕНКА СОРТОВ ЯЧМЕНЯ, ВОЗДЕЛЫВАЕМЫХ В ТАТАРСТАНЕ, НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСВА ЗЕРНА

The estimation of Raushan variety of barley and the new Kamazhevsky variety, which was regionalized in Tatarstan in 2017, is given. The experiment revealed the influence of weather conditions and varieties during the years of research (2015-2017), on the formation of grain productivity, the content of total nitrogen in the aboveground mass of plants, the accumulation of protein in grain and gross harvest of protein per hectare. It is noted that the productivity for different years are different, the highest yields of grain of Raushan and Kamashevsky varieties were obtained in 2017 - 4.62 and 5.21 tons per hectare, respectively, when the hydrothermal coefficient was 1.3 units. In comparison with 2015 the productivity of Raushan variety was higher to 1.89 tons per hectare and to 1.69 tons per hectare in 2016. The same pattern was also found in Kamashevsky variety, 1.64 and 1.52 tons per hectare, respectively. The average productivity of Raushan variety for 3 years was 3.43 tons per hectare, less to 0.73 tons per hectare than Kamashevsky. The highest nitrogen content (close to the optimum 4.7-5.1%) in the aboveground mass was found in 2016 in plants of Raushan variety of 4.3%, Kamashevsky variety 4.0%, whereas in 2017 - 2.89% and 3.32%, respectively. The nitrogen content in dry years is higher in the aboveground mass of the Raushan variety, beginning with the tillering phase - 4.3%, Kamashevsky variety - 4.0%. It was revealed that the maximum content of protein in grain grade Kamashevsky accumulate in arid 2015-2016 years - 13.84%, more by 0.95% than the Raushan variety. In 2017 the protein content in the grain was formed at the same level Raushan 11.77%, Kamashevsky 11.07%. Evaluation of varieties on the gross harvest of protein per hectare, shows that the Kamashevsky variety forms on average 5.37 tons per hectare of protein over 3 years, more than Raushan grade by 1.08 tons per hectare.

EFFECTIVE MICROFERTILIZER POLY-FEED 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME OF THE COMPANY "HAIFA-CHEMICALS LTD." FOR FOLIAR FERTILIZATION OF CEREALS AND SPRING RAPE

One of the highly effective measures to ensure a cost-effective production of agricultural raw materials is the optimization of mineral nutrition of plants throughout the vegetative period of plants. The efficiency of foliar fertilization with the microfertilizers of Poly-Feed 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME brand of the company "Haifa Chemicals Ltd." was studied on the development and productivity of cereals: winter and spring wheat, spring barley, and spring rapeseed. Production tests were carried out on the basis of the experimental center of LLC "Kazan Agrokhimservis", located in Pestrechinsky district of Tatarstan. It is established that as a result of foliar application of Poly-Feed fertilizer 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME, the productive characteristics of the studied crops are improved, such as plant height, spike length, grain size, mass of 1000 seeds; the spring wheat yield is increased by 6.8 centners per hectare, winter wheat - by 11.2 centners per hectare, spring barley - by 5.2 centners per hectare, spring wheat rape - by 4.5 centners per hectare, which is significantly higher that for control plants. At the same time, the qualitative characteristics of the grain are improved: in winter and spring wheat in the experimental variant, it corresponded to grade 3, and in control – to grade 4-5. Utilization of fertilizers by Haifa Chemicals Ltd. of the trade mark Poly-Feed 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME can be recommended for two-fold foliar application of cereals: winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley in the tillering phase and in the spike phase, spring rape - in seedlings-rosette and after flowering phase. The recommended dose is 5 kg / ha.

The reaction of oats and peas to the weediness of crops and the intensity of processing for organic production

The article presents the results of scientific research on the effect of soil treatment intensity on weed infestation and the yield of oat and pea field grain in single-species and mixed crops for organic production during 2013-2015.
 From the minimization of the autumn plowing of the soil (replacement of autumn plowing by 20-22 cm in autumn small discs by 10-12 cm), the weed infestation of oats in the tillering phase increased from 15 to 25 pieces / m2 or by 67%.
 At the time of ejecting panicles from oats from the combination of pre-emergence loosening of the soil with autumn plowing and autumnal small discs, the weed infestation decreased on average in three years - by 30 and 24%, respectively.
 Soil cultivation reduced the weediness of crops and largely affected the yield of oats and peas field in both single-species and mixed crops.
 The maximum grain yield of 2,61 t / ha was provided by a variant where autumn plowing by 20-22 cm was supplemented by loosening the soil 6-8 cm in single-species oats. The maximum total yield of grain of oats and peas field was 2,69 t / ha, when mixed crops were sown.

WHEAT YIELD DEPENDING ON THE DIFFERENT LABILE PHOSPHORUS SOIL SUFFICIENCY

The goal of research is to study the influence of long-term (55 years) fertilizer application in grain and soybean crop rotation on the productivity and mineral nutrition of wheat. The object of research was wheat of variety Aryuna, sown in the 3rd field of crop rotation. The study of nutritional conditions of wheat was conducted in the production process phase – the tillering at 3 levels of provision of soil with mobile phosphorus, formed as a result of long-term application of comparatively low (background 1), middle (background 2) and high (background 3) average annual fertilizer load per 1 hectare of rotation area. The maximum accumulation of nitrogen in wheat plants was noted against the background of the aftereffect of long-term application of increased rate of fertilizers. The amount of mobile phosphorus in soil correlated with the background of provision, formed as a result of long-term fertilizer application; the value of accumulation of the element in top mass corresponded to a high level – the parameter of content in the tillering phase. On the average for 3 years, the excess of crop yield relative to control amounted to 0,21…0,26 t/ha on the background 1, 0,27…0,28 on the background 2 and 0,76…0,78 t/ha on the background 3. The increase in the accumulation of air-dry top mass in the tillering phase and wheat productivity by 93 and 85%, respectively, is due to the level of provision of topsoil with mobile phosphorus.

Water stress index on sugarcane in different developmental phases

ABSTRACT Brazil is the world leader in the production of sugar and ethanol due to its intensive cultivation of the sugarcane crop, mainly in the Southeast region of the country. However, its expansion into other areas has gained strength in recent years and has caused significant variations in the harvest due to problems related to the climate of the region. The use of water stress indexes in the developmental phases of the crop can be an essential tool for irrigation control, preventing the negative effects of water stress on the plants. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal time to irrigate a sugarcane crop, using a water stress index found using infrared thermometry. The research was developed in an area called the “Experimental Hydrographic Basin” and employed surfaces with different slopes (0% to 40%) and solar exposures (North, South, East and West), under an induced water deficit. The analyses were performed in the field and in the laboratory. The results of this study indicate that the ideal time for irrigation differs for each phase of sugarcane development, in a range between 2.0 °C and 5.0 °C, and is more critical in the tillering phase. A surface maintained at field capacity had a lower water stress index and a higher productivity (124 Mg ha-1).

Growth and Development of Triticum Monococcum L., Triticum Dicoccum Sch. and Triticum Spelta L. in Organic Farming Conditions

Summary During the 2014-2016 period in Agroecological Center at the Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria growth and development of three species of wheat in terms of organic farming had been tracked in order to return the species in the crop rotation, maintenance of biodiversity and receiving of cleaner and healthy products from organic farms. The three species of wheat Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Sch, and Triticum spelta L., differ between its rate of growth, development, general and productive tillering. In tillering phase the plants reached 12,3 cm of height for Triticum monococcum L., 15,7 cm for Triticum spelta L. and 19,4 cm for Triticum dicoccum Sch. Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum dicoccum Sch, reached ear formation phase 5 days earlier than Triticum spelta L. The interfacial period of stem elongation - ear formation in them, was about 21 days compared to 25 days for Triticum spelta L.. From ear formation to full maturity inter-phase periods were shorter in Triticum dicoccum Sch., which specifies the species as an early mature (6 days earlier) compared to the other two. After phenophase of stem elongation plants were growing the most intensive and in full ripeness reached a height of 94 cm in Triticum monococcum L., 81,5 cm in Triticum dicoccum Sch. and 82,5 cm in Triticum spelta L.

Molybdenum application associated with nitrogen fertilization on yield and physiological potential of wheat seeds

Molybdenum (Mo) is a micronutrient that plays a fundamental role in the assimilation of nitrogen (N) in plants, and top-dressing N fertilization associated with different forms of molybdenum application can increase the yield and physiological potential of wheat seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and physiological potential of wheat seeds treated with different forms of Mo application associated with N fertilization. The experiment was performed using the wheat cultivar CD150 in randomized blocks in split plots, with four replicates. Plots were evaluated for four forms of Mo application: 0 g ha-1 of Mo, seed treatment with 40 g ha-1 of Mo, foliar treatment with 40 g ha-1 of Mo, and seed + foliar treatment each at 20 g ha-1. In the subplots, four N rates (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1 N) were applied at the start of the tillering phase. We evaluated the following parameters: seed yield, mass of one thousand seeds, germination, first germination count, seedling root and shoot length, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence in sand, emergence speed index, and crude and soluble protein contents. The yield of wheat seeds increased with increasing rates of N in the top-dressing. Nitrogen fertilization associated with different forms of Mo application did not interfere with the crude and soluble protein contents or with any of the parameters related to the physiological potential of wheat seeds.

Влияние азотных удобрений на продуктивность ярового тритикале в сухостепной зоне Казахстана

Provision of stable grain production ensures food security for any state. Wheat is the main grain crop in Kazakhstan. But harsh climate does not allow to get high yields on the regular. Therefore, it is necessary to find grain reserves by introducing other grain crops. Triticale has been focused on here recently though it is not widely spread, and its cultivation technology, including the use of fertilizers, almost has not been studied yet. The aim of the research is to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of spring triticale on dark chestnut soils of the Akmola region of Kazakhstan. The object of the research is spring triticale of Amigo variety. In 2015-2017 the rates and time of nitrogen application were studied. The climatic conditions during the years of research differed both by temperature range and the amount of rainfall during the vegetation period. On average for three years the highest yield (1.98 t/ha) was obtained on P60 background in variants: N60 before sowing; N30 before sowing in complex with N30 during the tillering phase. With nitrogen application on P60 background the yield increase was 0.55-0.7 t/ha, the protein content in triticale grain raised from 7.6 to 9.9-10.7%. Increase in fertilizer rates led to rise in grain yields, but payback of 1 kg of acting matter of fertilizer in grain has reduced. The greatest return of 1 kg of the acting matter was obtained by applying N30 during the tillering phase on phosphorus-free background -10.2-10.4 kg of grain. To increase the yield and quality of spring triticale the variant with nitrogen application at rate N60 both by single and dosing application on P60 background is recommended.

Влияние метеоусловий вегетации на содержание фотосинтетических пигментов в листьях мягкой яровой пшеницы

Under the conditions of the Kirov region the state of the pigment complex of leaves of soft spring wheat of 2 varieties and 9 promising lines was studied during “tillering - flowering” period to determine the influence of weather conditions in years contrasting in moisture availability and temperature indicators. During the study period of 2016-2017, the content of chlorophylls (Chl a, Chl b) and carotenoids (Car) in the majority of genotypes in one and the same phases of plant development statistically significantly varied (at p ≤ 0.05). The C-65, C-122 and C-129 lines were selected, the leaves of which contained more than the average of the experiment or an equal amount of pigments. It is shown that vegetation conditions had a greater impact on the quantitative content of pigments, and to a lesser extent on their ratio. An insignificant and medium (7.1 - 14.5%) inter-varietal variability in the content of Chl a in the reaction centers (RC) of photosystems, Chl b and Car in the leaves was noted. The average variability noted in the flowering phase allows to use the absolute values of the pigment content as an additional component in the selection of breeding lines. Under conditions of excessive moisture, paired correlations (at p ≤ 0.05) were found between plant height and Chl a and Chl b content in the tillering phase (r = -0.67 and -0.69, respectively), and also with Car content in the flowering phase (r = -0,65). The number of Chl a, Chl b and Car in the phase of entering the tube was statistically significantly correlated with productive bushiness (r = 0.67, 0.64 and 0.68, respectively), the number of grains of the main spike (r = 0.70, 0.63 and 0.68) and the mass of grain per plant (r = 0.69, 0.61 and 0.73). Under drought conditions, the content of Chl a and Chl b was significantly correlated with the length of the main spike (r = 0.71 and 0.65, respectively) and the mass of the main spike grain (r = 0.73 and 0.77). An assessment of genotype-environment interactions between the same parameters characterizing the pigment complex in different years showed that the growing season conditions strongly influenced the severity of most of them. Weak interaction genotype - year was manifested by the Car content in 1 g of dry matter in the flowering phase (r g = 0.61).

Sowing qualities and yield characteristics of spring barley seeds, depending on predecessors and fertilizers, and a way to increase them

The objective was to study the influence of fertilizers and predecessor on the sowing qualities and yield characteristics of spring barley as well as the effect of plant growth regulator on the yield capacity.Material and methods. The study was conducted in the fields of the Plant Production Institute named after. VYa Yuriev of NAAS. The predecessor of barley was pea.The yield characteristics were studied on seeds of barley varieties Parnas and Modern obtained from parent plants that had been grown after different predecessors: sugar beet, soybean and grain corn as well as on different nutrition (no fertilizers and aftereffect of 30 t/ha manure + N30P30K30). Seed dressing with Vitavax 200 PF, 2.5 L/t, was combined with treatment with growth regulator Vegestim, 250 mL/t. Plants were sprayed with growth regulator Vegestim, 50 mL/h, in the tillering phase, using shoulder sprayers at the working fluid flow rate of 300 L/ha.Spring barley seeds were sown at the optimal time by the continuous conventional method with the seeding rate of 4.5 million of germinable seeds per hectare.Results and discussion. The cultivation of spring barley varieties Parnas and Modern with fertilization contributes to the increase in the sowing qualities of the seeds produced: on average, in the 1000-seed weight - by2.8 g, and in the germinability - by 2 %.The cultivation of barley variety Parnas after sugar beet and of variety Modern after grain corn with ferilization allows increasing the yield characteristics of the seeds produced. When they had been sown, the yields were 4.57 and 3.60 t/ha, respectively.The use of Vegetestim provides a further increase in the yield characteristics of spring barley seeds. On average in 2014-2015, in the experiments with seeds grown after sugar beet (variety Parnas) or after grain corn (variety Modern) on fertilization the yields were 4.63 and 3.67 t/ha, respectivdely.Conclusions. The optimal components of varietal agrotechnology for growing seeds of spring barley varieties Parnas and Modern, which allow obtaining seeds with enhanced yield characteristics, are as fololows: predecessors – sugar beet (Parnas) or corn (Modern) on the aftereffect of 30 t/ha of manure + N30P30K30. Pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying of plants in the tillering phase with Vegestim were more effective, when seeds that had been grown with fertilizers, were used for sowing

СПЕКТР РАСТВОРИМЫХ БЕЛКОВ ЛИСТЬЕВ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ НЕКОРНЕВОЙ ОБРАБОТКЕ ХЕЛАТНЫМ МИКРОУДОБРЕНИЕМ ЖУСС-2

The spectrum of soluble proteins of spring wheat leaves was studied for foliar treatment with chelated copper, molybdenum-containing microfertilizer ZhUSS-2 (0.1% solution). Electrophoretically, polypeptides with a molecular mass of 13.2 - 145 kD were detected. The qualitative composition of soluble proteins in the leaves of spring wheat plants under the influence of foliar treatment during the vegetation did not change, however, their quantitative changes were observed. During a single treatment of spring wheat in the tillering phase, an increase in polypeptides with a molecular mass of 145 and 94 kD was recorded; the content of polypeptides with molecular weights of 13.2 - 66 kD decreased in comparison with the control sample. When the plants were sprayed twice in the tillering and tubing phases, the content of these polypeptides as well as polypeptides with molecular weights of 45 and 41 kD increased. The content of other detected polypeptides also decreased compared to the control variant. During a three-fold treatment of spring wheat plants in the tillering, tubing and blossoming-flowering phases with the ZhUSS-2 preparation, the number of all detected polypeptides increased in comparison with the control sample. Thus, the response of the metabolism of soluble proteins in the cells of spring wheat leaves to the action of foliar top dressing with copper, molybdenum-containing chelate microfertilizer of ZhUSS-2 brand in different phases of vegetation is different and depends on the dose of exposure. Particular attention should be paid to the role of two polypeptides in the treatment of vegetative plants by ZhUSS-2 M.M. 94 kD and, mainly, 145 kD. There is a reason to believe that copper molybdenum-containing chelate microfertilizer ZhUSS-2 exhibits the action of an abiogenic elicitor, which leads to activation of the gene apparatus of cells. The possible functional role of these proteins is discussed.

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Introduction . In Ukraine barley sow on 3-4 million hectare area, where he take second place after winter wheat both for area and gross grain harvest parameters. Barley spring – feed, food and technical crop. For FAO data 42-48% of gross barley grain capacity use in industrial processing, 16% on feed aims, 15% - on food and 6-8% - in brewing. Thereby, quite actual rises a question about creation new and improving existing technology of barley spring growing, which could get high and strong yields of high-quality grain. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In 20 th cen. started an age of agricultural chemicals. Excessive and uncontrolled using agricultural chemicals, amount of genotoxic and mutagen substance, saturation with their dusts cause globalization of ecological, and even climate changes. Especially it touches plant growing, which is become one of the most malicious for human health being because of elevated level of agricultural chemical content in environmental, which put on large areas on farmlands. So further technology growth have to be orientated on moving to wide range of using biological means to elevate harvest. One of modern ways for harvest and quality elevating in plant growing is introducing efficient energy saving technologies with using plant growth stimulators, which contribute good realization of genetic potential and is a rival to GM technologies. Goal of our researches was to dedicate influence and advisability of plant growth stimulators of nature biology origin on cereal productivity of barley spring without using fungicide or insecticide preparates. Research materials and methods. Researches in studying effectivity of using growth stimulators on barley spring yields of brewing sorts Gelios and Comandor conducted on black soil with 4.5% (for Tyurin) level of humus in arable layer in state enterprise “Experimental farm “Nadiya” NAAS of Ukraine, which situated in Romensky district, Sumy region. Soils of the farm rich on nutrients, except phosphor, which is in hard soluble form. Experimental farm is in zone of sufficient moisture (hydrothermal coefficient – 1,3 – 1.4). Growing technology (except experimental ones) is typical for zone. Seeding – 4 million similar seeds. Research area – 100 m 2 , accounting - 50 m 2 . Repeating – 4-time. Statistical analysis was made with MSExcel according to methods written in works of Dospehov B. Results and their analysis. Expedience pre-processing seeds operating was proved 300 years ago. As scientists of Institute of Grain Farming NAAS of Ukraine noticed, at the beginning of 17 th cen. sowing seeds soaked in salt sea water contribute less plant shock disease In our researches for pre-processing incrustation of seeds were used: Biolan – product of nature origin. Active substance Emistil C, has high content analogues phytohormones, polyunsaturated fatty acids responsible for producing volatile and chelated forms of biogenic trace elements (20 ml per 1 ton seeds), Biosyl - improved analogue of plant growth regulators - Agrostimulin. This integrated regulator of natural origin, synthetic phytohormones nutrients and microorganisms (20 mL per 1 ton of seeds), Vermistim - liquid organic fertilizer obtained after vermykultyvuvannya a worm waste product after processing their organic waste. In komplesi organic and mineral preparation - humates, fulvic acids, strains of beneficial soil microorganisms, ristrehulyuyuchi matter of macro - and micronutrients, vitamins, fitoharmony - all that is needed for germination and early growth. For detection efficient method of using these preparates also used spraying plants in tillering phase by Biolan (20 ml/g) and Vermistim (8 liters per hectare). After a phenological observation we can say that plants of barley spring develope better with using growth stimulator Vermistim. Data in table 1 show that thanks to pre-processing incrustation with Biolan, Biosyl, Vermistim, yield of Helios sort grow, in accordance, on 2.3, 5.7 and 8.0 %, and Comandor sort – on 4.5, 7.7 and 6.6 %. Plant spraying in fertility phase by experimental preparates gave bigger access of seeds: Helios – on 4.5, 7.7 and 9.2 %, Comandor – on 4.5, 10.6 and 11.6 %. Mixed using of these preparates (incrustation + spraying in fertility phase) gave additional yield growth of barley spring on 0.46, 0,67 and 0.82 tones per hectare in comparison with control group. Received raises are allowances, mathematically proved. Conclusion and perspectives. In our research the most efficient growth stimulator was Vermistim, using which in pre-processing seeds incrustation yield growth of barley spring was: Helios – 8%, Comandor – 6.6% Above root feeding by Vermistim in fertility phase gave better harvest growth – till 9.2 and 11.6 %. For reaching maximum harvest should use mixed plant growth stimulators: in pre-processing seed incrustation and above root feeding in fertility phase. In perspective, It is desirable to make researches with using of growth stimulators in other phases of growth and progress of plants.