Tillering Phase Research Articles

Influence of electron radiation of spring barley seeds on phytopathogenic microflora

Under the conditions of a model pot experiment, the effect of electron irradiation on the phytopathogenic microflora of plant roots and leaves was studied. The studies were carried out on spring barley seeds of the Vladimir variety (reproduction 1), affected by helminthosporiosis (pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem.), (natural infectious background). This pathogen causes root rot and leaf spot. The grain was irradiated using a wide-aperture electron accelerator “Duet” with a mesh plasma cathode and the output of the generated beam of a large cross-section into the atmosphere in doses of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kGy. The total administered dose was increased by changing the number of pulses. The radiation dose rate was 100 Gy/pulse, the electron energy was 130 keV (mode 1) and 160 keV (mode 2). The depth of dose absorption did not exceed 300 μm. Based on the conducted studies on the effect of electron irradiation on root rot (pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana) of spring barley, it was noted that in the tillering and heading phases, when irradiating seed material with a dose of 2 kGy in mode 1 (130 keV), the disease incidence and prevalence decreased by more than 1.5 times compared to the non-irradiated control. In the phase of full grain maturity, the highest value of root infestation (45–50%) and prevalence (95–100%) of Bipolaris sorokiniana were recorded, but statistically significant differences between the irradiated variants and the control were absent. The records of the damage of vegetative plants showed that in the tillering phase, for all irradiation variants in mode 1, the degree of damage to leaves 1–3 increased by 23% compared to the control, and in the heading phase, the degree of damage to the upper leaves (1–3) exceeded the control when irradiated at doses of 2–5 kGy (mode 1) and 1–5 kGy (mode 2) – 2.1–2.8 times for 1 leaf, 1.9–2.0 times for 2 leaves and 1.2 times for 3 leaves.

Infuence of new agrochemicals on the development of fungal diseases of spring barley

The research was carried out in 2020–2023. at the Federal State Budgetary Institution FANTS of the North-East. The purpose of the research is to study the biological effectiveness of new agrochemicals with phytoregulatory, adaptive and immunomodulatory properties when cultivating spring barley under conditions of instability of climatic factors during the plant growing season. The FANC North-East selection varieties Novichok, Pamyati Rodinoy, Rodnik Prikamye were treated during the tillering phase of the plants with the organomineral fertilizer Amino Start (1 l/ha) and the urea-ammonium fertilizer KAS-28, (1 l/ha) at heading - with the growth regulator Alfastim ( 0.05 l/ha). Net and dark brown spotting and root rot were recorded using well-known meth ods. The experimental data were compared with the control (without treatment). The variety Pamyati Rodinoy is the most responsive to chemicalization; the least responsive is Rodnik Prikamye. The growth regulator Alfastim is quite effective in protecting against net spot in these varieties (disease development on average 11.8±3.61 % and 16.6±2.35 %; on control – 13.8±5.34 % and 20. 3±3.91 %), in the Novichok variety – Amino Start (6.8±2.68 %; on the control – 8.8±2.39 %). The drug Alfastim also has a more prolonged protective effect against all helminthosporium diseases, as evidenced by the lower PCRP value than in the control: by 5-96 for the Pamyati Rodinoy variety, by 30-120 for Rodnik Prikamye, by 32-118 for the variety Pamyati Rodinoy. Newbie. It is possible to highlight the inhibitory effect of the drugs CAS 28 and Amino Start in the Novichok variety (disease development 11.8±3.85 % and 11.5±2.16 %; on the control - 15.7±3.79 %) and CAS-28 in the Rodnik Prikamya variety (disease development 12.7±1.65 %; on control – 14.5±2.89 %). It was found that the greatest contribution to the development of leaf spots (40.0 and 48.5 %) is made by the combined effect of the “variety-year-preparation” factors; root rot – variety-drug interaction (23.7 %). The contribution of the genotype to the development of helminthosporium diseases of barley ranged from 19.0 to 22.0 %.

Positive properties of a biological preparation based on the consortium genus bacillus

Abstract An experiment to study the use of a biological preparation was carried out on spring wheat in plot experiments in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe. A fungicidal seed protectant, a bacterial preparation BP (Bacillus simplex / B. Megaterium consortium, secondary metabolites, titer 108 Coe/ml), Biocoal were studied. When treating seeds, plant development was 7 days higher than control when using BP at a rate of 2.5 l/t, where an increase in sprout length by 1.25 cm was noted. When applying the drug to day-old seedlings, the use of BP variants in pure form and with biochar at a rate of 5.0 l/t had a greater effect with an increase in the length of the sprout by 3.2-4.2 cm, a decrease in the population of pathogenic fungi in seeds at the level of 60%, stimulating effect on root length by 1.7 cm, sprout length by 1.5 cm and germination by 6-8%. The use of a bacterial preparation during seed treatment did not affect the reduction of crop root disease. Measuring plant development parameters in the tillering phase, BP with a rate of 1.5 l/t had a greater effect on the length of the upper leaf, exceeding the control by 1-2 cm. The development of morphometric parameters of the flag leaf in the filling phase - milky ripeness had a leaf length of 18-23 cm with a width of 1.0-1.2 cm, with an increase at BP rates of 2.5-5.0 l/t. For seed treatment options, the impact at this stage is minimal or absent. Taking into account biometric indicators of the mass of formed plant organs showed an excess of indicators for BP options in pure form and with biochar at a rate of 5.0 l/t when treating seeds and using them during the growing season. Structural analysis of the ear determined a significant excess of the results of the preparations used during the growing season; the weight of 1000 grains was higher by 2-3 g when the seeds were treated with a chemical disinfectant and using BP at rates of 2.5-5.0 l/t. The crop yield increased by 0.1 t/ha in variants with a rate of bacterial preparation BP of 2.5-5.0 l/t in its pure form.

Productivity of spring barley at different seeding rates and doses of fertilizers

In the forest-steppe of the Euro-North-East of the Russian Federation (The Republic of Mordovia), the research has been carried out to optimize methods for cultivating spring barley of the Zazersky 85 cultivar, which allow to increase yield and improve grain quality. The experiment was carried out in 2020–2022 on leached medium-humic heavy loamy chernozem. There were studied seeding rates (4.5; 5.0; 5.5 million germinating seeds/ha) and doses of fertilizers (Ν0Р0К0; Ν32Р32К32 – before sowing (background); background + Ν30-60-90 – in top dressing). It has been established that increasing the seeding rate from 4.5–5.0 to 5.5 million significantly reduced the barley grain yield by 0.61–0.70 t/ha, respectively, on average over the years of the research. The crop yield increased significantly under the influence of mineral fertilizers – by 1.62–3.42 t/ha compared to the control (2.68 t/ha). In general, the highest grain yield (6.29–6.47 t/ha) was obtained when sowing barley at rates of 4.5 and 5.0 million germinated seeds/ha by the application of Ν32P32K32 before sowing and Ν60-90 as a top dressing in the tillering phase. Under the influence of fertilizers, the quality parameters of grain changed: the grain unit increased by 15–33 g/l, the weight of 1000 grains – by 0.63–1.53 g, the protein content – up to 13.2 %; the film content decreased by 0.3–0.7 abs.%. The highest grain uniformity (93.0–94.8 %) was observed at the seeding rate of 4.5 and 5.0 million germinated seeds/ha in the variants with nitrogen fertilizers (Ν60-90) against the background of Ν32P32K32. The highest profitability of grain production of the Zazersky 85 barley cultivar (103,18 %) was obtained at the seeding rate of 4.5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha with the application of Ν32P32K32 before sowing and N60 as a top dressing in the tillering phase.

Mitigation of the Negative Effect of Drought and Herbicide Treatment on Growth, Yield, and Stress Markers in Bread Wheat as a Result of the Use of the Plant Growth Regulator Azolen®.

Most chemical pesticides, in addition to their main functions (protection against diseases, weeds, and pests), also have a noticeable inhibitory effect on target crops. In a laboratory experiment and two-year field experiments (Russia, Trans-Urals), a study was made of the effect of the biopreparation Azolen® (Azotobacter vinelandii IB-4) on plants of the Ekada 113 wheat variety under conditions of drought and stress caused by the exposure to the herbicide Chistalan (2.4-D and dicamba). The biopreparation and the herbicide were used separately and together on wheat during the tillering phase. Treatment with the biological preparation under stressful conditions had a significant effect on the hormonal balance of plants (a decrease in the amount of abscisic acid and a normalization of the balance of indolyl-3-acetic acid and cytokinins in shoots and roots of plants was noted), while the osmoprotective, antioxidant, and photosynthetic systems of plants were activated. In drought conditions, the treatment of plants with biological preparation prevented the inhibition of root growth caused by the use of the herbicide. This, in turn, improved the absorption of water by plants and ensured an increase in wheat yield (1.6 times). The results obtained give reason to believe that microbiological preparations can be used as antidotes that weaken the phytotoxic effect of herbicidal treatments, including in drought conditions.

SPL50 Regulates Cell Death and Resistance to Magnaporthe Oryzae in Rice

BackgroundThe identification of spotted leaf 50 (spl50), a novel lesion mimic mutant (LMM) in rice, provides critical insights into the mechanisms underlying programmed cell death (PCD) and innate immunity in plants.ResultsBased on ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis, the spl50 mutant mimics hypersensitive responses in the absence of pathogen by displaying spontaneous necrotic lesions after the tillering phase. SPL50, an ARM repeat protein essential for controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and boosting resistance to blast disease, was identified by map-based cloning techniques. This work also demonstrates the detrimental effects of spl50 on photosynthetic efficiency and chloroplast development. The crucial significance of SPL50 in cellular signaling and stress response is shown by its localization to the cytoplasm and constitutive expression in various plant tissues. In light of growing concerns regarding global food security, this study highlights the pivotal role of SPL50 in regulating programmed cell death (PCD) and enhancing the immune response in plants, contributing to strategies for improving crop disease resistance.ConclusionsThe novel identification of the SPL50 gene in rice, encoding an ARM repeat protein, reveals its pivotal role in regulating PCD and innate immune responses independently of pathogen attack.

Photosynthetic activity of crops and sequestration of atmospheric carbon by meadow clover and spring wheat in crop rotation

The purpose of the research is to estimate the intensity of absorption of light energy by crop rotation crops during the growing season and determine the amount of atmospheric carbon absorbed during photosynthesis. In a long-term stationary experiment, the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (FAR) by crops of meadow clover for 2 years of use and spring wheat in variants without fertilizers and when applying N60P60K60 was studied. Chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and carotene, which serve as photoreceptors-pigments of photosynthesis in higher plants, were used to assess the intensity of absorption of light energy. The most active period of absorption of HEADLIGHTS by meadow clover leaves was noted from the stalking phase to flowering, the amount of chlorophyll A and B in the leaves was 11.08…14.32 mg/g dry weight, carotene – 2.2…3.3 mg/g dry weight. During photosynthesis, the carbon content in clover leaves varied in the range of 40.4…45.5 %. The content of the main products of photosynthesis, sugars, decreased from 9.8 % in the stalking phase to 3.4 % during seed formation. The most intensive process of photosynthesis of spring wheat took place during the period from the tillering phase to the beginning of maturation, the chlorophyll content was 9.14…11.90 mg/g dry weight, carotene was 2.5…4.3 times lower. Most sugars were noted at the beginning of entering the tube: without fertilizers – 15.3 %, when applying NPK of 60 kg d. v./ ha – 17.2 %. The amount of carbon absorbed by meadow clover crops during photosynthesis during the growing season, depending on the experimental options, was 2.26…2.42 t/ha (8.09…8.66 t/ha CO2), spring wheat – 1.49…1.93 t/ha (5.33…6.90 t/ha CO2).

Влияние минеральных удобрений в различных сочетаниях на урожайность и качество зерна яровой мягкой пшеницы в условиях Предкамья Республики Татарстан

The results of two-year experiments to study the effect on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of a full dose of mineral fertilizers in various combinations for pre-sowing cultivation, as well as foliar top dressing at a dose of N30 in the tillering and milk ripeness phase are reported. Fertilizers increased grain yield to varying degrees and had different effects on the technological qualities of grain. According to the grain yield of spring wheat of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety, on average for 2 years, the best options were: N90P90K30 (an increase of 3,6 t /ha) and N30P90K30 + N30 with top dressing in the tillering phase (an increase of 3,71 t/ha). According to the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the best is the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer (N30P90K30) with one and two top dressing (an increase in yield of 0,53 and 0,57 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on grain quality in both varieties of spring wheat. The grain quality of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety is significantly improved under the influence of fertilizers. The vitreous content of the grain in the control was 52% in 2022 and 64% in 2023. In all variants with fertilizer, it is in the range of 60,0-79,0% in 2022 and 68,5-75,9% in 2023. In the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the vitreous content of grain in 2022 increased from 45% in the control to 49 ...60% in other variants, and in 2023, respectively, from 57 to 60 ... 71%. The content of the mass fraction of gluten in the grain of the control variant in 2022 was 17,1%, protein 10,5%. The use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the amount of gluten to 28,8%, protein to 11,6...13,8%. A similar situation was observed in 2023. The highest content of protein and gluten in the grain of the harvest of 2022 and 2023. it was observed in the variant with one and two nitrogen fertilizers (13,5...13,8% and 14,5...14,9%), 26,0...28,8 % and 33,0...33,6%, respectively.

Integrating NDVI, SPAD, and Canopy Temperature for Strategic Nitrogen and Seeding Rate Management to Enhance Yield, Quality, and Sustainability in Wheat Cultivation.

This study explores the interplay between nitrogen doses and seeding rates on wheat yield, biomass, and protein content. Utilizing tools such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) measurements, and canopy temperature (CT), we conducted experiments over five growing seasons. The treatments included three nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 kg/ha) and three seeding rates (300, 400, 500 seeds/m2) in a split-plot design with 90 plots and two replications. Our results show that an intermediate nitrogen dose (60 kg/ha) combined with a moderate seed rate (400 seeds/m2) enhances wheat yield by 22.95%. Reduced nitrogen levels increased protein content, demonstrating wheat's adaptive mechanisms under nitrogen constraints. NDVI analysis highlighted significant growth during the tillering phase with high nitrogen, emphasizing early-stage nutrient management. SPAD measurements showed that early nitrogen applications boost chlorophyll content, essential for vigorous early growth, while CT data indicate that optimal nitrogen and seed rates can effectively modulate plant stress responses. As crops mature, the predictive capacity of NDVI declines, indicating the need for adjusted nitrogen strategies. Collectively, these findings advocate for refined management of nitrogen and seeding rates, integrating NDVI, SPAD, and CT assessments to enhance yields and promote sustainable agricultural practices while minimizing environmental impacts.

Precision Agriculture: Computer Vision-Enabled Sugarcane Plant Counting in the Tillering Phase.

The world's most significant yield by production quantity is sugarcane. It is the primary source for sugar, ethanol, chipboards, paper, barrages, and confectionery. Many people are affiliated with sugarcane production and their products around the globe. The sugarcane industries make an agreement with farmers before the tillering phase of plants. Industries are keen on knowing the sugarcane field's pre-harvest estimation for planning their production and purchases. The proposed research contribution is twofold: by publishing our newly developed dataset, we also present a methodology to estimate the number of sugarcane plants in the tillering phase. The dataset has been obtained from sugarcane fields in the fall season. In this work, a modified architecture of Faster R-CNN with feature extraction using VGG-16 with Inception-v3 modules and sigmoid threshold function has been proposed for the detection and classification of sugarcane plants. Significantly promising results with 82.10% accuracy have been obtained with the proposed architecture, showing the viability of the developed methodology.

Effectiveness of tank mixtures of protectants and micro fertilizers against a complex of pests and diseases of spring barley

Seed dressing is a mandatory environmentally and cost-effective technique for cultivating spring barley in modern technologies. The work aimed to increase the efficiency of protection of spring barley by using tank mixtures of new insecticidal, fungicidal, and insectofungicidal protectants with micro fertilizers. The studies were conducted in 2021–2022. on crops of spring barley of the Grace variety in the forest-steppe conditions of Russia’s Central Black Earth Region (the soil is leached medium-loamy chernozem). It was established that the insectofungicide Armor Quadra (0.8 l/t) and a tank mixture of the Bombarda insecticide (1.0 l/t) with the Heraklion fungicide (1.0 l/t) when treating spring barley seeds were highly effective against a complex of pests: molding of seeds, root rot, striped flea beetles, grain flies. About pests, the effectiveness of the tank insectofungicidal mixture Bombarda (1.0 l/t) + Heraklion (1.0 l/t) corresponded to the level of individual use of the drug Bombarda (1.0 l/t). It was higher than the standard and the drug Armor Quadra (0 .8 l/t) against grain flea beetles by 6.8–8.5%, against grain flies – by 6.2–6.4%. Using the studied pesticides with microfertilizers Polishing (0.2 l/t) and MegamixPhosphorus (2.0 l/t) increased the field germination of spring barley seeds by an average of 5.0–6.0% relative to the control. The addition of microfertilizers increased the effectiveness of pesticides against root rot in the tillering phase by 4.5–7.0% and in the heading phase – by 4.8–6.8%. Results of evaluation of the insectofungicide Armor Quadra (0.8 l/t) and the insectofungicidal tank mixture Bombarda (1.0 l/t) + Heraklion (1.0 l/t) individually and in combination with Polishance microfertilizers (0.2 l/t ) and Megamix-Phosphorus (2.0 l/t) showed a positive effect of seed treatment on the formation of crop structure elements and the yield of spring barley. The addition of microfertilizers to the studied tank mixtures contributed to a significant increase in the yield of spring barley by an average of 3.0–4.7 c/ha, which made it possible in variants with seed treatment with the insectofungicide Armor Quadra (0.8 l/t) and the insectofungicidal mixture Bombarda (1 .0 l/t) + Heraklion (1.0 l/t) in combination with microfertilizers Polishing (0.2 l/t) and Megamix-Phosphorus (2.0 l/t) to obtain the most significant increases in grain yield compared to the control – 11.0–13.2 c/ha.

Growth and development of winter wheat when using growth regulators with retardant properties under conditions of the Non-Chernozem belt

High efficiency of using growth regulators is achieved only against the backdrop of balanced plant nutrition and a high level of agricultural technology. The use of growth regulators alone without balanced mineral nutrition of agricultural plants does not give the desired results. Thus, due to lodging of plants we can lose from 10 to 50 % of the cultivated products. As a result, in the country as a whole the shortage of grain can reach up to 15 million tons, which negatively aff ects the production of food and feed grain. The introduction of new progressive technologies using retardants is highly relevant, because will allow us to obtain stable grain yields even under unfavorable weather conditions. The purpose of the research was to identify the effectiveness of using growth regulators with retardant properties of a new generation when growing winter wheat with diff erent seeding rates, as one of the elements of agricultural technology under the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem belt of the Russian Federation. Under the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem belt of the Russian Federation the infl uence of growth regulators with retardant properties of a new generation on the productivity of winter wheat variety Nemchinovskaya 17 and the degree of plant lodging was studied in a multifactorial experiment. Features of the growth and development of winter wheat plants of Nemchinovskaya 17 variety, the formation of the main structural indicators and yield under the infl uence of growth stimulants with retardant properties were revealed. It was established as a result of the conducted research that when cultivating winter wheat under the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem belt of the Russian Federation on sod-podzolic, medium loamy soils, it was recommended to use the growth regulator with retardant properties Raggi at a dose of 1,5 l/ha in the tillering phase – the beginning of booting with a working solution consumption of 300 l/ha. When cultivating we recommend to use a sowing rate of viable seeds of 5,5 million/ha.

Studying the Powdery Mildews Disease Effect on the Vegetative Stage of Triticum aestivum Genotypes

The article studied the effect of powdery mildews on the vegetative stage using the Morocco variety, introduced from international breeding centers in 2016-2018, and local varieties Nurlu 99, Mirbashir 128 and Murov. The research work was carried out in two versions (experimental (infected) and control (healthy)) in 4 repetitions. It was established that the varieties in question were infected with powdery mildews in different phases of development (the Morocco variety introduced from abroad at the beginning of the tillering phase, the local variety Nurlu 99 at the end of the booting phase, the Mirbashir 128 variety at the end of the tillering phase and the Murov variety at the beginning of the booting phase). These varieties were infected at different levels at different developmental stages, so powdery mildews affected the developmental phases differently. As a result of the research, it was established that powdery mildews in the experimental (infected) version influenced the duration of the vegetative stage, contributed to its reduction, and in the period from the heading phase to full ripeness of the grain, it accelerated ripening, which ultimately caused a decrease in the structural components and yield of the product. The effect of powdery mildews on the vegetative stage largely depends on the biological characteristics of the varieties, the level of infection, the developmental phases during which the infection occurred and the duration of the disease.

Influence of induced drought on photosynthetic performance in Dactylis glomerata varieties during the early growth stage

Drought significantly impacts the growth and yield of forage grasses, particularly its effect on Dactylis glomerata photosynthetic apparatus during the initial phase of development remains largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of drought on physiological parameters of various D. glomerata varieties. The seedlings obtained after seed germination under optimal and simulated drought conditions by PEG 6000 (three variants) were planted in small pots filled with garden substrate. Over a span of 42 days, the plants were initially kept well-watered (70% capillary water capacity, CWC), after which half of the seedlings from each variant were subjected to drought. This drought stress was applied during the tillering phase for 12 days. Subsequently, the plants were rehydrated (at 70% CWC) and allowed to recover for 14 days. Throughout both drought and recovery periods, measurements were taken. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were assessed, and the JIP-test analysis was utilised to provide detailed insights into the functionality of D. glomerata photosynthetic apparatus under drought stress and post-recovery conditions. Several parameters were identified as indicative of the plants’ sensitivity to drought, such as performance indices PI ABS and PI tot, along with quantum yield parameters Ψ E0, φ E0, and φ P0. The results highlighted that var. Minora and Tukan exhibited greater tolerance to water deficit when compared to the other varieties studied. They showed a large increases in PIABS and PItot values after drought stress as well as after the re-watering (recovery period) compared to control plants. This suggests their potential for better adaptation to drought conditions.

Preparations based on bacteria from frozen rocks during the dressing of spring wheat seeds

The analysis of the effect of the applied biologies and chemical protectant in seed treatment carried out using paper rolls showed germination against the background of chemical dressing + bacteria – 85-96% at the control of 88%, against the background of pure bacteria 81-88% decrease by 2-10% from the background with chemical dressing. The root length was 11-13 cm, the root mass significantly exceeded the control on the variants of mixtures of chemical dressing and biopreparation. The length of the coleoptile significantly decreased by 1.6-2.6 cm according to the chemical dressing options, the sprout length varied between 9.6-12.0 cm, and a decrease in the sprout length was observed in most variants with a chemical protectant. Against the background of pure chemical protection (seed dressing), the protection efficiency was 100% during the tillering phase and 86% by the end of the growing season of the crop against root rot, mixed versions of the protectant with bacteria reduced faster the protection level. As a result, experimental data were obtained for testing mixtures of bacterial strains of R. Bacillus in the system of pre-sowing dressing of spring wheat seeds, with a positive effect on yield, strains of biological products were isolated (szr + 875 x 9-08; szr + 875 x Mm8; szr + 9-08 x Mm8).

Effect of methyl jasmonate seed treatment on physiological processes in wheat plants under conditions of increased zinc content in substrate

The effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 10 μM) seed treatment on seed germination, growth and some parameters of photosynthesis and water metabolism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants of the Zlata variety grown at optimal (5 mg/kg) or excessive (46 mg/kg) zinc content in the substrate was studied. It was shown that elevated zinc concentrations inhibited shoot growth and led to a decrease both in chlorophyll content and transpiration intensity. MeJA seed treatment stimulated germination, but slightly inhibited plant growth during the tillering phase at optimum zinc content in the substrate. Conversely, at higher zinc levels, MeJA seed treatment reduces its inhibitory effect on plant growth and transpiration rate.

БОРЬБА С СОРНЯКАМИ В ПОСЕВАХ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

It is known that the contamination of cultivated crops with weeds greatly complicates agricultural work. Weeds significantly reduce the yield, worsen the quality of products and increase their cost. In the system of weed control measures, the use of herbicides is one of the most important means of combating field contamination, it is especially effective in combination with agrotechnical control measures against the background of high agricultural culture. The purpose of the study is to study the effect of herbicides on the contamination of crops, increase productivity and improve the quality of winter wheat grain. The experiment was laid down in three-fold repetition with a randomized placement of options in experiments with a total area of 30 m2, accounting for 16 m2. The use of herbicides in the tillering phase on wheat crops, the reduction of weeds was 69.8 – 88.2%, and before harvesting by 58.1 – 74.6%. The highest yield of winter wheat grain was provided by the fourth option, the use of the herbicide Dart, KKR (0.4 l/ha) + Singer, SP (5g/ha) – 4.93 t/ha of the Bagrat variety, according to the Trio variety – 4.88 t/ha. The main indicators of grain quality are protein, gluten and vitreous. The maximum values were characterized by grain obtained from the fourth variant, where the protein content of both varieties was 14.7 – 14.9%, gluten 28.4 – 28.9%, vitreous – 71.1 – 71.2%. The weight of 1000 grains was 44.1 – 44.6 g, which is 3.3 g more than the control variant. Efficiency calculations show that the costs are recouped on the varieties of winter wheat Bagrat and Trio in all variants of the experiment. In the fourth option, the cost of expenses increased by 0.96 thousand rubles compared to the control, while the profit of this option amounted to 31.12 – 31.62 thousand rubles with a profitability of 176 – 178.8%.

Stimulation of growth processes and productivity of grain crops in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The results of three years of research (2021-2023) are presented to study the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of seeds of grain crops (spring wheat, spring barley and oats) to regulate growth and development, increase yields and improve product quality. The research was carried out on leached chernozem of the Novosibirsk Ob region (JSC Irmen breeding plant, Ordynsky district, Novosibirsk region) and on gray forest soil (TPP “Michurintsev Garden”). The varieties of grain crops (spring wheat Licamero, spring barley Paustian and oats – Max) were studied. An increase in leaf area parameters was established against the background of the use of preparations for treating seeds with subsequent spraying of plants in the tillering phase with the following growth regulators Siliplant 0.01% (based on chelate forms), Epin-Extra 0.005%, Zircon 0.005%, Toro Combi 0.02% solution and Turmax 0.025% (chelate forms of macro and microelements). It was shown that the use of growth regulators increased the rate of growth and development, productivity and product quality. It was statistically established that the yield of grain crops depended on the elements - 38%, the crop under study - 31%, growth regulators and year conditions by 24%.

Productivity of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with the complex use of biological preparations

The article reflects the results of studies conducted in the period from 2021 to 2023 in the dry steppe zone of the Russian Federation to assess the effectiveness of the integrated use of biological products in the cultivation of spring barley. The effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of spring barley seeds with a biofungicide followed by foliar treatment during the tillering phase with biological products that suppress the development of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria, stimulate plant growth and development, and also increase plant resistance to adverse environmental factors has been studied. Indicators of the prevalence and degree of development of root rot on spring barley were determined. Data are presented for recording the phytometric indicators of spring barley crops with the integrated use of biological products. Indicators of productivity and grain quality of spring barley were determined using biological products INBIO-FIT, BIOFIT-1.0 M and biofungicide Strekar

Protection of winter wheat from diseases in the zone of unstable humidization of the Stavropol Territory

The study of new seed protectants and fungicides for treating crops, taking into account varieties and predecessors in certain natural and climatic zones, is relevant and of great importance in optimizing the phyto and sanitary condition and increasing the gross harvest of winter wheat in the Stavropol Territory. The purpose of the research was to improve the protection of winter wheat from diseases in the unstable moisture zone of the Stavropol Territory. During the research process, two experiments were carried out: experiment No. 1 “Determination of the eff ectiveness of seed protectants against a complex of harmful pathogens and their eff ect on the biometric parameters of plants and the yield of winter wheat.” The object of research was winter wheat of the variety Yuka winter wheat sown according to its predecessor winter wheat. Experiment No. 2 “Determination of the eff ectiveness of fungicides in the spring tillering phase against a complex of harmful pathogens and their infl uence on the biometric parameters of plants and the yield of winter wheat.” The object of research was winter wheat of the variety Tanya sown according to its predecessor sunfl ower. The best economic indicators were obtained in variants where winter wheat seeds were treated with Baritone, KS and Lamador Pro, KS. Thus, the net profi t from 1 hectare in them amounted to 39 009,7–40 102,9 rubles, the level of profi tability was 124,8–126,4 %, which was 73,8–75,4 abs.% more than in the option with using the drug Dividend Supreme, KS. When using the fungicide Abrusta, KS in winter wheat crops, the best economic indicators were also obtained. The net profi t per 1 hectare in them amounted to 47 711,5 rubles, the level of profi tability was 134,1 %, which was 64,9 abs.% more than in the control.