Petrozavodsk State University Research Articles

СЕЗОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОСТЬ ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННЫХ ВИДОВ PINUS L. В ТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ (КАРЕЛИЯ)

The results of studies carried out in 1988–2016 are presented, from April to October in the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (South Karelia, middle taiga subzone). The objects of research were representatives of 4 introduced species of the genus Pinus: P. strobus L., P. montana Mill., P. pu-mila (Pall.) Regel., P. sibirica Du Tour. The timing of the onset of almost all phenophases in the species of the species Pinus under study largely depends on the current temperature regime of the air, the state of the environment for several days prior to the beginning of a particular phenophase, and also on the values – of the main environmental factors during the formation of wintering buds of the last year. A straight-forward correlation was found between the dynamics of the studied environmental factors and the timing of the onset of phenophases. The earliest dates of the onset and end of phenophases were noted in P. pu-mila, and the latest in P. strobus. A comprehensive assessment of the prospects of the studied species made it possible to establish that P. sibirica, P. montana, and P. pumila (58–65 points) are quite promis-ing, and P. strobus are promising (57 points). These species can be recommended for introduction into cultural communities and landscaping of settlements with a low degree of pollution by pollutants.

СЕЗОННЫЙ РОСТ ВИДОВ ABIES MILL., ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННЫХ В БОРЕАЛЬНОЙ ЗОНЕ (КАРЕЛИЯ)

The study of the growth of the introduced species of Abies was carried out in the Botanical Garden of Pet-rozavodsk State University (middle taiga subzone, southern Karelia). Studies have established that the growth of shoots of species of the genus Abies begins at the same time in years with a friendly spring. In years with a protracted spring, differences between species in the timing of the onset of this phenophase can reach 1 week. The differences in the timing of the termination of shoot growth also do not exceed 1 week. Growth culminates first in A. holophylla, and most recently in A. balsameа. The highest value of the maximum growth is characteristic of A. holophylla, in other species it is 10–20% less. It turned out that the beginning and culmination of growth in them mostly depends on the temperature regime of the air. The air humidity and the amount of atmospheric precipitation constantly exceed the optimal value for this process. It was found that the beginning of the growth of the needles of the studied species of the ge-nus Abies is noted in late May-early June. The differences do not exceed 2−4 days. First of all, the culmi-nation of the growth of needles is noted in A. holophylla and A. concolor. Its value in these species is 1.5–2 times higher than in other species. Studies have shown that the timing of the beginning, culmina-tion and end of needle growth under the influence of environmental factors from year to year can vary within 2–18 days. The beginning of the growth of needles depends on the temperature regime of the air, and the growth dynamics, in addition, on the humidity of the air and atmospheric precipitation. The na-ture and degree of influence of environmental factors on the growth of needles varies very slightly from year to year, but differs markedly in the studied species of the genus Abies. It was found that A. sibirica and A. balsamea should be recognized as the most promising for landscaping settlements in settlements (with a low degree of pollution by pollutants).

Methodology and experience of evaluating the innovativeness of student projects

Introduction. The main problem raised in the article is related to the lack of scientific information and research results on the effectiveness of innovative structures created in Russian universities, as well as educational courses aimed at developing innovative competencies among students. One of these courses, taught in most Russian universities, is a course on the basics of project activity (the name may vary depending on the content of the educational program). As an assignment in these courses, students develop their own projects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the innovativeness of student projects developed within the framework of the course on the basics of project activity implemented at Petrozavodsk State University.Materials and methods. The article provides an analysis of 378 projects, which were developed by 1019 students from different educational institutions of Petrozavodsk State University from 2018 to 2020. The authors analyze and evaluate projects on the basis of three minimum criteria of innovation: novelty, implementation and social significance. The main research method was an expert survey.Results. The results of the study allowed us to determine the share of innovative projects, projects that contain signs of innovation, as well as projects that do not contain signs of innovation. Innovative projects are classified by the type of innovation.Discussion and conclusion. The article presents the author's approach to the definition and calculation of the index of innovation of student projects, the development of tools and the interpretation of research results, on the basis of which conclusions and recommendations are formulated to improve the content and organization of courses on the basics of project activity. The results of the study are consistent with the trends of the all-Russian innovation practice.

Development of critical thinking in the formation of foreign language communicative competence through the example of the course “Media Literacy”

Introduction. The training of high-level specialists requires the active introduction of pedagogical technologies into the educational system of higher education that contribute to the development of higher-order thinking. In addition, the development and testing of technologies for the development of critical thinking in higher education in Russia encounter significant difficulties. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the need for and the possibility of developing critical thinking when teaching a foreign language at a university, in particular, within the framework of the interdisciplinary course “Media Literacy”. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is a competency-based approach to teaching a foreign language based on the technology of critical thinking through reading and writing. The main research methods are the analysis of the scientific literature of Russian and foreign scientists on the problem, diagnostic techniques (questionnaires, observation), and Lauren Starkey’s critical thinking test. Experimental research, consisting of setting, ascertaining, training, and control stages, was carried out in the Petrozavodsk State University in 2016–2019. It was attended by 260 first- and fourth-year undergraduate students of non-linguistic fields of study. For a comparative analysis of the data obtained in different groups of subjects, the Wilcoxon statistical test was used for related samples. Results. During the study, the author’s training course “Media Literacy. Analyzing Mass Media in English” and the learning kit “Mass Media” in 3 parts were developed and tested. The comparative analysis of the data obtained before and after training revealed significant dynamics in the experimental group (Z=-5.07; p≤0.001), and moderate dynamics in the control group (Z=-2.34; p≤0.05). On the final cut, the experimental group demonstrated a significantly higher level of critical thinking (at the 0.1% significance level) than in the control group, with the mean values of the integral indicator being 25.17 and 19.96 points, respectively. Conclusions. The research results confirm the hypothesis about the possibility of forming a universal competency “critical thinking” by taking the course “Media Literacy” in a foreign language. The developed training course is interdisciplinary and can be used in different fields of study for undergraduate and graduate programs.

Аксиологические предпочтения жителей карельской Арктики в современной социокультурной ситуации

The study aims to identify the hierarchy of value dominants in the axiosphere of the Karelian Arctic residents, which has developed under the influence of natural, social, economic, and cultural-historical factors. The methodology used is complex and includes sociological, economic questionnaires, focus groups, and in-depth interviews. The study’s cameral stage is based on an analysis of the empirical stage results conducted during a comprehensive scientific expedition of scientists of Petrozavodsk State University to two Arctic regions of Karelia in the summer of 2019. The most important in the study is the cross-cultural approach, based on comparing the results of a survey of respondents - the Karelian Arctic residents with the “general cultural profile” of S. Schwartz and identifying the level of validity of the applied psychological methodology. During the study, the author’s hypothesis about features in the axiological preferences of the inhabitants of the Arctic zone at the level of dominant indicators is confirmed. At the stage of analysis and synthesis of the empirical stage results, the relationship of preserving human capital in the Arctic regions of Karelia with the identified value dominants of residents’ health and safety is established. Special attention is paid to the influence of the current socio-cultural situation on the formation of the axiosphere of the inhabitants of the Arctic zone, and the conclusion is also made about the need for an integrated scientific approach in determining the prospects for the development of society in the Arctic regions.

Особенности адаптации иногородних студентов к условиям обучения в вузе

The article is devoted to the overview of one of the most current problems that arise in the process of supporting the adaptation of students. The paper reveals the content of the adaptation process, its content and procedural characteristics, describes the types and stages, and directions of diagnostics. The aim of the work is to identify the features of adaptation in first-year students, including the description of the specifics of difficulties of non-resident students’ adaption. The study was conducted at the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology “Petrozavodsk State University” with first-year students studying in the fields of education 44.03.02 Psychological and pedagogical education, 44.03.01. Pedagogical education, 44.03.03 Special (defectologic) education. The following methods were used to test the hypothesis: «I am a student» survey, «Scale of subjective well-being» method, analysis of documents (medical records of students), quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results of the study. Analysis of the results of the study showed that non-resident students have both general and specific difficulties of adaptation due to the breakdown of previous family and friendships, lack of emotional support, difficult living conditions, a new neighborhood, a new type of settlement, etc. The obtained results are used for development and implementation of measures to support students during the adaptation period.

Original editions about China and its inhabitants of the rare book section of the Scientific Library of the Petrozavodsk State University

The article analyzes the features of everyday life of the Chinese and the originality of architectural structures in China in early modern period in the memoirs of travelers of the XVIII-early XX century and lectures of academician I.I. Gornostaev. The article shows the significance of the original publications of oriental studies of the rare book section of the Petrozavodsk State University Scientific Library in the study of the cultural history of the Chinese Empire.

ПРОБЛЕМА НЕХВАТКИ УЧИТЕЛЬСКИХ КАДРОВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАРЕЛИЯ: ПРОФОРИЕНТАЦИОННЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The article reveals the topical issue of the lack of teaching staff in the Republic of Karelia. Despite the fact that traditionally the education sector is one of the main in terms of the share of employed workers for the republic, the need for teaching staff remains high. At the federal and republican levels a number of socio-economic measures are being taken to level the situation: incentive payments and various kinds of allowances for teachers (including beginners), benefits, federal programs. The authors of the article propose to look at the personnel problem from the standpoint of the attractiveness of the teaching profession for applicants and students. The statistical surveys carried out within the framework of the study among the students of Petrozavodsk State University in the areas of training related to pedagogy, showed that students are not sufficiently interested in future employment in the studied specialty. This is largely correlated with the other existing studies. Based on the revealed fact that future students become interested in the profession of a teacher during the school period, the authors conclude that one of the ways to consolidate this interest is thoughtful career guidance, which should be carried out not only with schoolchildren but also with students.

Information Ranking Based on a Semantic Network for Constructing Digital Services for Personalized Support of Museum Activities

This paper explores the tasks of personalized support of the museum, for which it is proposed to use digital services. Services implement the selection of information sources using an additional semantic level. The seman­tic level is created above the catalog-oriented information storage of the museum. An ontological model has been developed, in accordance with which information is presented in the form of a semantic network. The local ranking model of semantic network objects is proposed, on the basis of which a ranking algorithm is developed. The software implementation of the local ranking algorithm in digital services of personalized support is presented on the example of the Museum of History of Petrozavodsk State University. The services provide personalized recommendations to museum visitors when studying the exposition. It requires various options for ranking exhibits and selecting exhibits with the highest rank.

ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ В ПетрГУ – 80 ЛЕТ

ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ В ПетрГУ – 80 ЛЕТ

HERBARIUM OF THE KARELIAN RESEARCH CENTRE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. VASCULAR PLANTS

The Herbarium of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences was established as a separate entity (“Unique Scientific Facility” (UNU)”) in 2017. Yet, the Herbarium foundation date de facto was 1934, when staff of the 1931‑founded Kivach Strict Nature Reserve, which was then part of the Karelian Scientific Research Institute (predecessor of the Karelian Research Centre), began to study flora and vegetation and collect plants and fungi in the reserve. After World War II, the collection was growing rapidly, mainly through the efforts of M. L. Ramenskaya, and reached a size of about 26 000 specimens. However, having been plagued as “useless”, it was transferred to the Petrozavodsk State University in 1964, and there it remains until today. In the following decades, independent collections were formed at the Institute of Biology, Northern Water Problems Institute and Forest Research Institute, which were incorporated at the beginning of the 21st century, so that since 2010 the Herbarium of the Karelian Research Centre has been listed in Index Herbariorum under the acronym PTZ. The Herbarium now occupies two rooms totaling about 70 sq. m. Currently, about 65 000 specimens are deposited in the Herbarium. New accessions amount to 1000–1500 specimens each year. Most of the specimens (ca. 85 %) come from Karelia, approximately 2500 specimens were collected in each of the regions adjacent to Karelia – the Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Murmansk Regions. The herbarium stores basic information about the flora of many existing and planned protected areas of Karelia and adjacent regions. The type material is represented by the isotypes of Arctopoa petrovskyi Prob., Hedysarum sultanovae Lazkov, and Viola × viatkensis Vl. V. Nikitin, and topotypes of Erigeron decoloratus H. Lindb., Draba cinerea Adams var. ladogensis H. lindb., and Minuartia perdita Dvořakova.

The mechanical mounder technological parameters justification

For intensive reforestation, machines should be used that will not only reduce the time and labour required for artificial reforestation, but also reduce the need for subsequent young stand treatment (early tending and early pre-commercial thinning). These machines include machines for creating the humus mounds with mineral soil cover - for example a domestic rotary tool ORM-1.5 or its foreign counterparts - a two-row mounder of the Bracke M24.a type and a three-row mounder of the Bracke M36.b type. Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU) has developed the design of a new two-row forestry machine for creating humus mounds with mineral soil cover - the mechanical mounder MK-2 (RF patent No. 141061, IPC A01G 23/00). The paper discusses the methodology for calculating the main technological parameters of the MK-2 mechanical mounder machine: the mounder machine rotors angular velocity, the mounds and depressions parameters formed by the mounder rotors (height, depth and length); the gear ratio between the power take-off shaft of the tractor and the mounder rotors’ value. The calculations established that the main design parameter of mounder MK-2 – the rotor rotation speed – must be four times less than the forestry unit translational speed (tractor + mounder) to achieve a common step in the mounds preparation about 1.2 m. The developed machine further studies (the MK-2 mounder) are recommended in the following directions: the MK-2 mounder design parameters refinement based on the testing prototype results in the field; technology development for the MK-2 mounder rational use for reforestation.

СПЕЦИФИКА ЦЕННОСТНЫХ ОРИЕНТАЦИЙ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ КАРЕЛЬСКОГО ПРИЛАДОЖЬЯ: КРОСС-КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ПОДХОД

The article studies the structure of the axiosphere of people currently living in Karelia, in the territory of Northern Ladoga area. The study used the cross-cultural approach based on the validation of the well-established and much respected Shalom Schwartz’s methodology for studying value orientations, as well as in-depth interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. The study utilized the materials of the field expedition conducted by Petrozavodsk State University as part of the project "Ways to preserve human capital as a topical problem for the Republic of Karelia." The expedition materials processing resulted in the identification of multidimensional factors that determined the originality of the structure of the axiosphere of Lake Ladoga area inhabitants and the difference from the "common cultural profile of mankind" declared by Schwartz. The main difference in the structure of the value sphere of our contemporaries in the studied territory was that they identified the value of security as the most significant, necessary and desirable one. The analysis of the sociocultural context for the reasons of such identification showed that there are historical, geographical and economic prerequisites that influenced the status of this value. A separate analysis was carried out with regard to the low demand for the value of traditions, which also revealed a set of reasons that shaped the low status of this value orientation. The validation of Schwartz’s methodology confirmed the high level of concordance between the structure of the axiosphere of the population currently inhabiting Lake Ladoga area with the "common cultural profile of mankind", as well as the specific original features of the axiosphere of the respondents involved in the study.

Перспективы промыслового использования ценных видов рыб в озерах системы Куйто (водосбор Белого моря) на современном этапе

Based on the results of our own field studies (Northern Research Institute of Fisheries in Petrozavodsk State University (formerly SevNIORH), Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and taking into account the available literature and archival information, we studied the long-term dynamics of catches of valuable fish species (salmon, lake char, whitefish, vendace) in Lake Kuito, assessed the current state of the populations and new biology data are provided. It was established that after the regulation of Lower and Middle Kuyto as a whole, changes in the structure of communities of valuable fish species against the background of underdeveloped fishing are not very noticeable, the commercial part of ichthyocenosis remains quite stable. The cessation of centralized fishing has created the conditions for amateur and paid recreational fishing, focused mainly on catching the most valuable fish species: salmon, pale, whitefish, vendace in the conditions of free fishing, existing at present. In the conditions of free fishing, it is proposed to amend the existing fishing rules in terms of establishing fishing measures for salmon (57 cm), fallow (40 cm), whitefish (20 cm) and changing the fishing measure to vendace (9 cm). At the present stage, in the conditions of the Kuito system (including tributaries), in terms of the developed forecasting the volumes of annual total allowable catches of valuable fish species have been determined in the following limits: salmon – 1 ton, lake char – 1 ton, whitefish – 5 ton, vendace – 40–50 ton. The boundary position of the Kuito lakes contributes to the tourist attractiveness and creating a modern tourist complex of natural significance

Метакогнитивная компетентность как фактор саморегуляции учебной деятельности студентов

The article is devoted to the problem of metacognitive competence formation and self-regulation. The aim of the work is to identify the features of self-regulation of educational activity in metacognitively competent students. The concepts of “metacognitive competence”, “metacognitive knowledge”, “metacognitive regulation”, and “self-regulation” are clarified in the article. Methods of research. The study was conducted at the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of FSBEI of HE “Petrozavodsk State University” with freshmen and second year students, studying in the program 44.03.02 “Psychological and pedagogical education”. Methods of studying metacognitive competence and self-regulation were used to test the hypothesis; the data obtained were processed according to the F-test. Analysis of the results of the research showed that metacognitive competent students have a high level of development of the self-regulation system and regulatory properties of personality. The author outlines that among the stylistic features of self-regulation of metacognitive competent students are high level of independence and flexibility, the predominance of orientation to achieve success, activity in setting goals, etc. It is concluded that the results obtained can be used to determine the directions for further study of the relationship between metaprocesses and self-regulation, and the development of programs for the development of self-regulation of students' educational activities.

Framework approach in technology education

Introduction. The use of the frame approach in modern constructions of the educational process allows you to optimize energy consumption in the system of communication and learning, achieving an acceptable learning intensity. The logic of presentation of educational material when using the frame approach most fully corresponds to and optimizes the algorithms of the primary stages of filling in knowledge bases.Materials and methods. The experimental study was conducted at the Department of technology, fine arts and design of the Institute of pedagogy and psychology of Petrozavodsk state University. The following research methods were used: observation, systematization, analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison. Scientific publications in periodicals and methodological materials on the use of the frame approach developed at universities were used as informative sources.Results. The article considers some features and problems of presenting educational information in the form of: frame-frames (reference notes), frame-schemes and frame-algorithms used, for example, in the process of studying technological operations: drilling, turning, filing, when performing course design tasks, organizing thematic conferences, etc.the use of the frame approach in professional training in higher education in pedagogical and engineering areas and specialties becomes Especially relevant.Discussion and Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, methodological recommendations for using the frame approach in the system of technological education are presented. Frame organization of all aspects of the learning process largely solves the problem of intensification of the learning process, including attracting the potential of fractal theory and practice of building innovative learning technologies.

PROFESSOR VALENTINA PAVLOVNA KLESHCHEVNIKOVA (to the 100 th anniversary of the birth)

Surgery, as well as almost all sections of medicine, has always been a man’s affair. Valentina Pavlovna Kleshchevnikova (1919–2009), one of the few women who became a professor of surgery, stood out in the mid-20th century galaxy of surgeons. October 2019 marks the 100th anniversary of her birth. Having started her professional career during the Great Patriotic War in a military hospital, she gained experience and knowledge in many areas of surgery. Professor Sergey Vladimirovich Heinatz, her mentor and teacher, had extensive experience in esophageal surgery and while still working in Khabarovsk made – one of the first in the country – esophagoplasty resection with one-stage esophagoplasty. Professor V. P. Kleshchevnikova, a promising surgeon, was also involved in the development of this very difficult field of surgery. It was the material that formed the basis for the candidate’s and later doctoral dissertation of a young, but already experienced specialist. After defending her thesis, V. P. Kleshchevnikova, a young doctor of medical sciences, was elected by competition to head the Department of Hospital Surgery at Petrozavodsk State University (Petrozavodsk). For a long time almost all the leading surgeons of Petrozavodsk and the Republic of Karelia were her students or students of the Department headed by V. P. Kleshchevnikova – someone listened to her lectures, someone worked with her in the clinic or had the honor to «get» Valentina Pavlovna as a mentor or opponent for the defense of the thesis. In Saint Petersburg, at the Mariinsky Hospital, and later at Petrozavodsk State University, a prominent and very bright part of Professor Kleshchevnikova’s surgical and scientific career took place. She was a worthy representative of the pleiad of the most brilliant surgeons, and if we take female surgeons, she was probably the most outstanding surgeon.

HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The appeal to the category of «human capital», its conceptual development becomes particularly topical in the late 20th century. The conditions and requirements of the digital economy, which are actively stated by society, significantly increase the requirements for training graduates of educational institutions at all levels. Special attention is paid to the system of higher professional education. Intensive development of a person’s productive abilities and subsequent formation of its readiness (within the limits of competences) is possible only with significant investment in specific (primarily educational) processes of activity. Thus, investments in education, upbringing, and the formation of a healthy physical body are included in the first phase of creating human capital. The article discusses some aspects of the formation of human capital in the learning process. Human capital as an integral procedural component of the educational process is characterised by the level of intellectual and spiritual development, innovative abilities of students. In the context of higher education, the most clearly considered elements are manifested through a network of innovation parks. What we describe in the article, is the pedagogic innovation Park functioning at Petrozavodsk State University in its activities is subject to the tasks of increasing the availability and quality of education at all levels that meet the requirements of advanced innovative development of the regional economy. The success of innopark’s practical activities is shown in the creation and testing of a large number of methods in the work of the University, which include blocks and elements of forming the human capital of each student.

Индивидуальные и групповые проекты на английском языке в вузе

The article deals with the foreign language training in Russian Universities and the development of professional competencies of the graduates. The reasons for employers’ dissatisfaction with the quality of young personnel’s education are analyzed. An interdisciplinary model of professionally oriented foreign language teaching is considered as one of the means of students’ competencies forming. The potential of project tasks in this model is described, and their advantages in comparison with traditional foreign language teaching methods are indicated. The authors present the system of individual and group projects in English used in Petrozavodsk State University. Besides, the authors describe the stages of students ’activities, give specific examples of projects and analyze difficulties in organizing students’ project work. The article contains an analysis of the results of student surveys confirming the feasibility of using professionally-oriented project tasks in teaching a foreign language at a university.

ДИНАМИКА СОДЕРЖАНИЯ АЗОТИСТЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ И ЛИПИДОВ В ХВОЕ ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННЫХ ВИДОВ PICEA А. DIETR. В ТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ (КАРЕЛИЯ)

Studies were conducted in the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University, located in the taiga zone. The objects were 1 aboriginal (Рicea fennica (Regel) Кom.) аnd 5 introduced (P. pungens Engelm. f. glauca Regel and f. viridis Regel, P. obovata Ledeb., P. glauca (Mill.) Britt., P. omorica (Pane) Purk., P. mariana Britt.). It is established that in the process of adaptation of introduced species Picea to low winter tempera-tures most of the involved proteins. Their number increases significantly during the transition from the period of active shoot growth to a period of deep rest have all studied species of Picea. The accumulation of proteins causes a decrease in the level of total free amino acids of most types of exotic species, while the local form of the amino acid content is maintained at a high level. In the needles of most of the studied species of Picea to the period of deep rest, the fraction of glutamic acid and albanina and increases the proportion of arginine and ethanolamine in the total amount of amino acids. The increase in the content of total lipids and phospholipids in the needles during the transition to a period of deep rest less significant than proteins. In the needles of na-tive species in comparison with the needles of exotic species total lipids actively used in the phase of inten-sive growth of shoots. Despite some differences, the introduced species Picea adapted to endure low tempera-tures using the same biochemical mechanisms as a local view. This indicates successful adaptation of the studied introduced species Picea to new conditions of existence.