Performance Of Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Preparation of the Porous Copper Foil Current Collector for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries by Electro-Codeposition: Effect of Stirring Speed

As an indispensable component of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the application of porous copper (Cu) foil current collector is an effective method to improve the performance and energy density of LIBs. In this work, a porous Cu (PCu) foil was fabricated by acid washing the Cu-Fe3O4 foil prepared by the electro-codeposition in a stirred CuSO4 solution containing the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The effect of the stirring speed on the properties of PCu foils and the battery performance of PCu foil as current collectors were investigated. The surface roughness of the PCu foil increases, while its volume density decreases as the stirring speed rises. The volume density of PCu foil (6.63 g cm−3) prepared at 400 rpm (PCu400) is reduced by 22.4% than that of the commercial Cu foil (8.55 g cm−3). The specific capacity (241.2 mAh g−1) of the cell with PCu400 current collector is 31.3% higher than that of the cell with commercial Cu current collector (183.7 mAh g−1) after 300 charge-discharge cycles at 2 C. The electro-codeposition of porous Cu foil current collectors offers a promising method for high-performance lightweight LIBs.

Osteoporosis Failure of Aluminum Current Collector Induced Crosstalk Degradation at the Imide-Type Lithium Salt Comprised Practical-Level Lithium-Ion Batteries

The atypical failure mechanism caused by the inclusion of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) salt in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is elucidated. When subjected to elevated temperature cycling, the LiFSI salt triggers the degradation of the aluminum current collector, leading to the dissolution of Al ions into the electrolyte. These dissolved Al ions then migrate toward the negative electrode surface where they spontaneously reduce and form Al deposits due to the low electrode potential. This Al deposition further catalyzes the cathodic decomposition of the electrolyte, impacting the interphasial resistance of the negative electrode and consuming both Li ions and electrolyte components. Upon extended cycling with LiFSI-containing electrolytes, a notable decline in the reversible capacity of LIB becomes evident due to cross-talk failure resulting from Al current collector corrosion. Consequently, to enhance the cycling performance of LIBs using LiFSI-based electrolytes, it is necessary to simultaneously prevent Al corrosion and subsequent deposition on the surface of the negative electrode.

Surface engineering of Li3V2(PO4)3-based cathode materials with enhanced performance for lithium-ion batteries working in a wide temperature range

Operating at extreme temperatures is the biggest challenge for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in practical applications, as both the capacity and cycling stability of LIBs are largely decreased due to the sluggish reaction kinetics of the cathodes. Therefore, developing suitable cathode materials is the key point to tackling this challenge. Lithium vanadium phosphate [Li3V2(PO4)3, LVP] is a promising cathode with good features of a high working voltage, high intrinsic ionic diffusion coefficiency, and stable olivine structure in a wide temperature range, although it is perplexed by the low electronic conductivity. To tackle this issue, a series of nitrogen-doped carbon network (NC) coated LVP composites were synthesized using a hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method. Among them, the LVP@NC-0.8 sample exhibited a remarkable tolerance at a high charging cutoff voltage of 4.8 V in a wide temperature range. Full cells of LVP@NC-0.8||graphite exhibited superior performance at different current rates. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of the LVP@NC-0.8 electrode was proved by in-situ X-ray diffraction technique, demonstrating that temperature was a critical factor that contributed to the sluggish phase transformation with high voltage hysteresis at low temperature and severe crystal structure distortion at high temperature. Theoretical calculations further demonstrated the superiority of the NC for high electronic conductivity and reduced lithium transportation barriers. The enhanced electrochemical performances of LVP-based cathode materials have provided the possible application of LIBs in a wide temperature range.

Thermal management performance of lithium-ion batteries coupled with honeycomb array manifold and phase change materials under microgravity conditions

Absence of natural convection in microgravity brings new challenges to the design of battery heat dissipation and cooling systems, which is key to solving the problems of aerospace thermal control systems. A novel model is proposed to numerically investigate the thermal management performance of lithium-ion batteries coupled with honeycomb array manifold and phase change materials (PCM) under microgravity conditions. Compared with traditional battery thermal management system (BTMS), the present study deftly takes advantage of the honeycomb manifold liquid cooling plate to improve the flow distribution and power loss, as well as the isothermal phase transition and energy storage effects of the PCM to better thermal management performance. The finite volume method is used to solve three-dimensional thermal management processes within the hybrid BTMS. Experimental validations are conducted for the heat generation model of battery and the mathematical model of BTMS. Special considerations are shown for the effects of manifold flow structures, inlet and outlet layouts and geometric parameters on cooling performance and energy consumption of BTMS. The numerical results show that PCM coupled with honeycomb array manifold cooling plate of scheme 6 has the advantages of efficient heat dissipation and energy efficiency. The inlet distributed in hexagonal corners of Case 2 has a maximum temperature of about 308 K, which is about 1 K lower than that of Case 1 and its coefficient of performance is about 1.55 times of that of Case 1. For the three cases with TPCM : TC < 1, the variation of pressure drop is within 1.06 %. For the same battery spacing, the ratio of TPCM : TC between 3/7 ∼ 2/3 has better overall performance.

Impact of Mechanical Degradation in Polycrystalline NMC Particle on the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely chosen for energy storage owing to their high coulombic efficiency and energy density. Within the positive electrode materials of LIBs, the structural integrity of secondary particles, composed of randomly oriented single-crystal primary particles, is crucial for sustained performance. These particles can fracture as a result of both mechanical stress and chemical interactions within the solid. Modelling LIBs is a complex task involving electro-chemo-mechanical phenomena and their interactions on different length scales. This study proposes a numerical modeling framework to investigate the active particle degradation and its impact on electrochemical performance. The model integrates mechanical and electrochemical processes, tracking crack evolution and mechanical failure through phase field damage. The coupled time-dependent non-linear partial differential equations are solved in a finite element framework using COMSOL Multiphysics. The model offers numerical insights into intergranular and transgranular fracture within secondary particles. The electrolyte infiltration into cracks reduces the electrochemical overpotential due to the increase in electrochemically active surface area, positively affecting performance. However, prolonged cycling with particle cracking poses severe threat to the battery performance and capacity. This comprehensive numerical modeling approach provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay of mechanical and electrochemical factors governing LIB performance and degradation.

Optimizing Lithium-Ion Battery Performance: Integrating Machine Learning and Explainable AI for Enhanced Energy Management

Managing the capacity of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) accurately, particularly in large-scale applications, enhances the cost-effectiveness of energy storage systems. Less frequent replacement or maintenance of LiBs results in cost savings in the long term. Therefore, in this study, AdaBoost, gradient boosting, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, and ensemble learning models were employed to predict the discharge capacity of LiBs. The prediction performances of each model were compared based on mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and R-squared values. The research findings reveal that the LightGBM model exhibited the lowest MAE (0.103) and MSE (0.019) values and the highest R-squared (0.887) value, thus demonstrating the strongest correlation in predictions. Gradient boosting and XGBoost models showed similar performance levels but ranked just below LightGBM. The competitive performance of the ensemble model indicates that combining multiple models could lead to an overall performance improvement. Furthermore, the study incorporates an analysis of key features affecting model predictions using SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) values within the framework of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). This analysis evaluates the impact of features such as temperature, cycle index, voltage, and current on predictions, revealing a significant effect of temperature on discharge capacity. The results of this study emphasize the potential of machine learning models in LiB management within the XAI framework and demonstrate how these technologies could play a strategic role in optimizing energy storage systems.

A concave octahedral hollow SnO2 nanocage for enhancing typical electrolyte (EMC) leakage gas sensing performance in lithium-ion batteries

The safety issues caused by lithium-ion battery (LIB) failures are the pain points that constrain the development of LIB. Developing a high sensitivity and low-cost gas sensor targeting trace electrolyte vapors, such as methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), can help achieve early warning in accidents. Tin dioxide (SnO2) has always been one of the most widely used gas sensitive materials. Herein, the concave octahedral hollow SnO2 nanocages (SnO2-Hoc) are quickly prepared by template-engaged coordinating etching. The response value of its sensor to 10 ppm EMC is 7.24 at 140℃ and it shows sufficient sensitivity in LIB leakage simulation tests. The hollow concave octahedral structure promotes the EMC diffusion, and the lower energy barrier of EMC cleavage is the key to selective response. Overall, this work synthesized SnO2-Hoc sensor to directly detect trace EMC, which is expected to provide new guarantees for the LIB safe application.

Dynamic Multi‐Physics Behaviors and Performance Loss of Cylindrical Batteries Upon Low‐Velocity Impact Loading

In challenging operational environments, Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) inevitably experience mechanical stresses, including impacts and extrusion, which can lead to battery damage, failure, and even the occurrence of fire and explosion incidents. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate the safety performance of LIBs under mechanical loads. This study is grounded in a more realistic coupling scenario consisting of electrochemical cycling and low‐velocity impact. We systematically and experimentally uncovered the mechanical, electrochemical, and thermal responses, damage behavior, and corresponding mechanisms under various conditions. Our study demonstrates that higher impact energy results in increased structural stiffness, maximum temperature, and maximum voltage drop. Furthermore, heightened impact energy significantly influences the electrical resistance parameters within the internal resistance. We also examined the effects of State of Charge (SOC) and C‐rates. The methodology and experimental findings will offer insights for enhancing the safety design, conducting risk assessments, and enabling the cascading utilization of energy storage systems based on LIBs.

Innovative amorphous multiple anionic transition metal compound electrode for extreme environments (≤ −80 °C) battery operations

The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that function reliably in extreme environments has driven research efforts towards optimizing electrolyte composition, solid electrolyte interphase formation, and electrode materials. In this study, we pioneer an approach that utilizes amorphous-structured multiple anionic transition metal compounds as anodes, strategically paired with a cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)-based electrolyte, known for facilitating efficient Li+ conduction at low-temperatures. The synergistic effect yields exceptional LIB performance over a wide range of operating temperatures, stemming from the unique iron hydroxyl selenide (Fe(OH)Se) anode with a layered structure, enhanced ion diffusion pathways, and reduced energy requirements for conversion reactions combined with the CPME-based electrolyte. Specifically, Li//Fe(OH)Se LIBs with the CPME-based electrolyte exhibits initial discharge capacities of 974.7 mA h g−1 (at 1.0 A g−1) at room temperature, 285.2 mA h g−1 (at 0.025 A g−1) at −80 °C, and 1066.9 mA h g−1 (at 0.2 A g−1) at 45 °C. Notably, even at the extreme low-temperature of −100 °C, these LIBs remain operable.

Halloysite nanotubes enhanced polyimide/oxidized-lignin nanofiber separators for long-cycling lithium metal batteries

The high energy density and robust cycle properties of lithium-ion batteries contribute to their extensive range of applications. Polyolefin separators are often used for the purpose of storing electrolytes, hence ensuring the efficient internal ion transport. Nevertheless, the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries is constrained by its limited interaction with electrolytes and poor capacity for cation transport. This work presents the preparation of a new bio-based nanofiber separator by combining oxidized lignin (OL) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with polyimide (PI) using an electrospinning technique. Analysis was conducted to examine and compare the structure, morphology, thermal characteristics, and EIS of the separator with those of commercially available polypropylene separator (PP). The results indicate that the PI@OL and PI-OL@ 10 % HNTs separators exhibit higher lithium ion transference number and ionic conductivity. Moreover, the use of HNTs successfully impeded the proliferation of lithium dendrites, hence exerting a beneficial impact on both the cycle performance and multiplier performance of the battery. Consequently, after undergoing 300 iterations, the battery capacity of LiFePO4|PI-OL@ 10 % HNTs|Li stays at 92.1 %, surpassing that of PP (86.8 %) and PI@OL (89.6 %). These findings indicate that this new bio-based battery separator (PI-OL@HNTs) has the great potential to serve as a substitute for the commonly used PP separator in lithium metal batteries.

Ester-based electrolytes for graphite solid electrolyte interface layer stabilization and low-temperature performance in lithium-ion batteries

Ester-based electrolytes for graphite solid electrolyte interface layer stabilization and low-temperature performance in lithium-ion batteries

High-Safety Lithium-Ion Battery Separator with Adjustable Temperature Function Inspired by the Sugar Gourd Structure.

As the power core of an electric vehicle, the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is directly related to the vehicle quality and driving range. However, the charge-discharge performance and cycling performance are affected by the temperature. Excessive temperature can cause internal short circuits and even lead to safety issues, such as thermal runaway. The separator plays a crucial role in protecting the battery from regular operation, preventing direct touch between the cathode and the anode while allowing the transport of lithium ions. In this study, we have designed a thermoregulating separator in the shape of calabash, which uses melamine-encapsulated paraffin phase change material (PCM) with a wide enthalpy (0-168.52 J g-1) to dissipate the heat generated inside the battery promptly. Under extra-long-use conditions, the heat emitted by the battery is absorbed by the PCM without causing a significant temperature rise that triggers thermal runaway. The PCM separator can effectively suppress the temperature increase caused by battery penetration. Due to the unique structure of the PCM, the battery is short-circuited; it can significantly delay the internal temperature rise of the battery and quickly dissipate the heat, which is consistent with the characteristics of natural calabash in nutrient absorption and water diffusion, improving the melting and heat storage efficiency of the PCM. The design of the phase change separator provides an effective reference for overheat protection and improved safety in lithium-ion batteries.

Innovations and strategies for optimizing lithium-ion battery performance: From material advancements to system management

This paper explores the multifaceted advancements in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology, focusing on material innovations and engineering strategies aimed at optimizing performance, safety, and efficiency. We delve into the development of advanced cathode materials like lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP), highlighting their contributions to enhancing energy density and safety. The investigation extends to silicon-based anode materials, underscoring their potential to significantly increase energy storage capacity despite challenges related to volume expansion. Furthermore, we discuss electrolyte optimization techniques that promise to improve battery safety through the use of non-flammable ionic liquids and solid-state electrolytes. Engineering strategies, including microstructure design of electrodes and thermal management systems, are analyzed for their role in improving electrochemical performance and extending battery lifespan. Smart battery management systems (BMS) are also examined for their ability to optimize battery usage through real-time monitoring and predictive analytics. Through a comprehensive review and quantitative analysis, this study presents a cohesive overview of current trends and future directions in LIB technology.

Influence of Screw Design and Process Parameters on the Product Quality of PEO:LiTFSI Solid Electrolytes Using Solvent-Free Melt Extrusion

All-solid-state battery (ASSB) technology is a new energy system that reduces the safety concerns and improves the battery performance of conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The increasing demand for such new energy systems makes the transition from laboratory scale production of ASSB components to larger scale essential. Therefore, this study investigates the dry extrusion of poly(ethylene oxide):lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (PEO:LiTFSI) all-solid-state electrolytes at a ratio of 20:1 (EO:Li). We investigated the influence of different extruder setups on the product quality. For this purpose, different screw designs consisting of conveying, kneading and mixing elements are evaluated. To do so, a completely dry and solvent-free production of PEO:LiTFSI electrolytes using a co-rotating, intermeshing, twin-screw extruder under an inert condition was successfully carried out. The experiments showed that the screw design consisting of kneading elements gives the best results in terms of process stability and homogeneous mixing of the electrolyte components. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the lithium-ion conductivity. All electrolytes produced had an ionic conductivity (σionic) of (1.1–1.8) × 10−4 S cm−1 at 80 °C.

Effects of transition metal ions migration at the cathode|electrolyte interface on the performance of thin-film Lithium-ion batteries with NCM cathodes

The advent of all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has revolutionized the powering of microsystems due to their miniaturization ease and seamless integration capabilities. Despite the pressing demand for LIBs with higher energy density and enhanced safety, the performance of these devices has been consistently hindered by the complex interfacial dynamics at the cathode|electrolyte boundary. This study delves into the nuanced characterization of transition metal (TM) ions at the cathode|electrolyte interface, utilizing LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) thin films as the cathode material for LIBs. We meticulously explored the profound impact of NCM523|LiPON interfacial properties on the LIBs' overall performance, uncovering that the migration of TM ions and the emergence of TM–O spinel phases, induced by targeted annealing treatments of the cathodes, play pivotal roles in dictating the battery's capacity density and cycling stability. Heat treatments at 600 and 800 °C led to the formation of inhomogeneous spinel-phase nanolayers on the surfaces of NCM523 thin films, which hindered Li+ transport and affected the LIBs. In stark contrast, the 700 °C treatment yielded a pristine layered structure with clear boundary against LiPON, culminating in a battery with outstanding capacity density and remarkable cycle stability. Our theoretical calculations have unraveled that the temperature-dependent migration of TM ions is intricately linked to the varying strengths of TM–O bonds and the associated Jahn-Teller effects, providing a novel perspective on the design of high-performance LIBs.

Molecular design of highly Li-ion conductive cathode-electrolyte interface enabling excellent rate performance for lithium-ion batteries

The structural stability and ionic conductivity of the cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) film at high voltages are crucial to the nickel-rich layered cathode in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). These characteristics are largely determined by electrolyte components. Herein, an air-stable organic cyclophosphate salt named lithium 1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphinan-2-olate-2-oxide (LiDOP) is designed and synthesized as a CEI forming additive. It preferentially oxidizes and undergoes opening-ring polymerization under charging to form an organic–inorganic hybrid polymers with –LiPO4 segments and –(CH2)3– alternately connected on the cathode surface. Such a structure endows CEI film with high ionic conductivity, flexibility and mechanical strength, which can ameliorate the structure phase transformation, suppress the transition metal ion dissolution and enhance the interfacial stability at high cut-off voltage. The electrolyte with 0.2 wt% LiDOP endows 4.3 V-charged Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 battery with 83.2 % capacity retention after 200 cycles at 5C rate. The graphite||NCM811 pouch cell shows a capacity retention of 85.6 % after 150 cycles under a 4.5 V voltage, while the cell without LiDOP shows only 23.5 %. Our work demonstrates the effectiveness of covalently coupled P-O-Li compounds as CEI film in stabilizing the interface, which provides a guidance for the electrolyte design in high-voltage LIBs.

Facile preparation of surface-modified polypropylene nanofiber separators with enhanced ionic transport and welding performance for lithium-ion batteries

Nanofiber separators are promising for high-performance lithium-ion batteries due to their high porosity and electrolyte uptake. However, most of them have been criticized for the low mechanical strength, particularly polyolefin nanofiber separators, due to the poor welding performance caused by weak interaction among the fibers. The lack of mass-production techniques is another problem for polyolefin nanofiber separators though polyolefin has the competitive cost and stability. In present study, polypropylene nanofiber separators (PPNFS) prepared via nanolayer coextrusion, a new appeared method suitable for large-scale preparation, are surface modified via a simple dip-coating method. The electrostatic self-assembly on the surface of polypropylene nanofibers is achieved. The incorporation of modified polymers significantly enhances the interaction at the nanofiber overlaps, facilitating in-situ welding of nanofibers and resulting in an 800 % enhancement in separator mechanical properties. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is a strange polymer with both electron-donating and electron-accepting sites. Experimental characterization and simulation calculations confirm that PBI-modified PPNFS exhibit a distinctive enhanced ionic transport and promote the formation of a more homogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Furthermore, PBI coated PPNFS (PPNFS@PBI) separators demonstrate exceptional thermal stability, superior electrolyte uptake, and enhanced fire resistance. Finally, the effect of molar concentration and molecular weight of PBI on battery performance is evaluated. 15 % Molar concentration of PBI with 88,000 molecular weight has been shown to maximize battery performance.

Continuum insight into the effects of electrode design parameters on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries energy and power density strongly depend on the type of active material and the electrode design parameters. An in-depth understanding of the effect of battery design parameters on their electrochemical performance is experimentally expensive and hence requires the utilization of cheaper continuum scale models. Here, using a lithium-ion cell composed of LiFePO4 cathode, Li4Ti5O12 anode and a porous separator filled with a liquid electrolyte as an example, we demonstrate the use of an experimentally validated pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model in one-dimension to explore the effects of different cell design parameters on the discharge capacity at different current rates. The model is simulated in two-dimensional to instantly visualize the concentration distribution of Li ions in the electrode at high discharge current rates. The continuum model unravels that the solution phase diffusion limitation is the main factor inhibiting the performance of thick electrodes at high current rates and the Li4Ti5O12 anode is the limiting electrode. These findings using continuum models provide guidance for and accelerate the optimization of electrode architecture for enhancing the performance of lithium-ion batteries.

Experimental study of the effect of different pulse charging patterns on lithium-ion battery charging

This study aims to experimentally investigate the impact of different pulse charging patterns on the charging time and performance of lithium-ion batteries at room temperature. Experimental results indicate that most pulse charging protocols have a positive impact on shortening the total charging time compared to the CC-CV charging method with the same input charge capacity. This effect is observed not only in LFP batteries but also in NMC batteries. Three pulse charging patterns are studied: constant current charge (C–C), charge rest (C–R), and charge discharge (C-D). The C-D mode results in the shortest charging time and the smallest cell internal resistance. Compared to the 1C CC-CV baseline, the pulse C-D mode reduces the charging time by approximately 6.8 %, decreases the average pulse internal resistance by about 17.5 %, and increases the remaining discharge capacity ratio by 3.76 % after 800 cycles. Additionally, a pseudo-2D physics model is used to study the internal effects on the battery using the pulse C-D mode. The results show that using the pulse charging method (C-D) results in a more even distribution of electrolyte salt concentration and electrode particle lithium concentration across the cell, thereby improving battery performance.

High-rate lithium-ion battery performance of a ternary sea urchin-shaped CoNiO2@NiP6Mo18/CNTs composites

Bimetallic oxides are attractive anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their large theoretical capacity. However, the low conductivity, short cycle life, and poor rate capability are the bottlenecks for their further applications. To overcome above issues, the basket-like polymolybdate (NiP6Mo18) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were uniformly embedded on the urchin-shaped CoNiO2 nanospheres to yield a ternary composites CoNiO2@NiP6Mo18/CNTs via electrostatic adsorption. The multi-level morphology of urchin spinules accelerates the diffusion rate of Li+; CNT improves the conductivity and enhances cycle stability of the material; and heteropoly acid contributes more redox activity centres. Thus, CoNiO2@NiP6Mo18/CNTs as an anode of LIBs exhibits a high initial capacity (1396.7 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), long-term cycling stability (750.2 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles), and rate performance (450.3 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1), which are superior to reported metallic oxides anode of LIBs. The density functional theory (DFT) and kinetic mechanism suggest that CoNiO2@NiP6Mo18/CNTs delivers an outstanding pseudocapacitance and rapid Li+ diffusion behaviors, which is due to the rich surface area of the urchin-like CoNiO2 with the uniform embeddedness of NiP6Mo18 and CNTs. This study provides a new idea for optimizing the performance of bimetallic oxides and developing high-rate lithium-ion battery composites.