People In Nations Research Articles

A Review of Patent Regimes on Health Biotechnology Innovation in India

Patents can significantly contribute to technical advancement and improved economic performance. Patents can be used to protect both innovations and scientific research produced by businesses and research institutions. There is a close relationship among contemporary developments in patent systems, the economy, and technical innovation processes. New waves of innovation have been created by scientific and technical advancements, notably in the biotechnology industry, which has evolved to be more dependent on interactions across global networks of actors in the public and commercial sectors and less focused on specific businesses. The scope of the subject matter that is patentable has expanded as a result of changes to the legal and regulatory framework of patent regimes, and patents have become more substantial and valuable. One of the things that influence how easy it is for people in underdeveloped nations to get medications is the worldwide Intellectual Property (IP) system. Taking into account that India is an example of a growing country with creative technology, one of the rapidly developing fields of expertise in the health industry is biotechnology innovation. This study will examine how India's patent rules have influenced the growth of health biotechnology.

The primacy of politics in neoliberal universal health coverage policy reform. A commentary on ‘financing and provision of healthcare for two billion people in low-income nations: Is the cooperative healthcare model a solution?” by William C Hsiao and Winnie Yip

The primacy of politics in neoliberal universal health coverage policy reform. A commentary on ‘financing and provision of healthcare for two billion people in low-income nations: Is the cooperative healthcare model a solution?” by William C Hsiao and Winnie Yip

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors in 13 African countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the entire world, especially sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, researchers and government agencies are working to create effective COVID-19 vaccinations. While vaccination campaigns are moving rapidly in high-income nations, COVID-19 is still ruthlessly affecting people in low-income nations. However, this difference in the spread of the disease is not because of a lack of a COVID-19 vaccine but mainly due to people's reluctance. As a result, this review summarized the data on COVID-19 vaccination adoption and factors related among nations in sub-Saharan Africa. Comprehensive searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library databases. The risk of bias and methodological quality of each published article that fit the selection criteria were evaluated using Critical Appraisal Checklist tools. All statistical analysis was done by STATA 16. This review was based on 29 studies with 26,255 participants from sub-Saharan Africa. Using a random-effects model, the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among study participants was 55.04% (95 % CI: 47.80-62.27 %), I2 = 99.55%. Being male [POR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.45, 2.44)], having a positive attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine [POR = 5.56 (95% CI: 3.63, 8.51)], having good knowledge in the COVID-19 vaccine [POR = 4.61 (95% CI: 1.24, 8.75)], having government trust [POR = 7.10 (95% CI: 2.37, 21.32)], and having undergone COVID-19 testing in the past [POR = 4.41 (95%CI: (2.51, 7.75)] were significant predictor variables. This analysis showed that respondents had a decreased pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. Sex, attitude, knowledge, government trust, and COVID-19 testing were statistically significantly correlated characteristics that affected the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine. All stakeholders should be actively involved in increasing the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine and thereby reducing the consequences of COVID-19. The acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination can be increased by using this conclusion as an indicator for governments, healthcare professionals, and health policymakers in their work on attitude, knowledge, government trust, and COVID-19 testing.

Camp in Pravieniškės near Kaunas in 1941–1944

The camp in Pravieniškės was located within the administrative boundaries of Pravieniškės, located about 25 km from Kaunas. It was established during the period of the Republic of Lithuania, as a correctional facility. In August 1941 the Germans established the Pravieniškės Transitional Labour Camp (Zwangsarbeitslager Provenischken) there, which from 1943 was a branch of the Kaunas Concentration Camp (KL Kaunas) and continued to serve as a labour camp. Detainees were brought to this camp from the prisons of the General Commissariat of Lithuania, i.e. the Lukiszki Prison in Vilnius, the Kaunas Prison and Ponevezh (Panevėžys). People of various nationalities were held in Pravieniškės (Prawieniszki): Lithuanians (60%), Poles, Russians, Roma and Jews (mainly from the Kaunas ghetto). About 1,000 prisoners could be held in this camp at a time. People were sent here for a variety of offences: political prisoners, violators of forced labour orders, Soviet prisoners of war with their families, and those convicted of common crimes. Also incarcerated in Pravieniškės by administrative decision were deserters from the German army convicted of evading military service in the German army. People of Polish nationality placed in Pravieniškės were mainly accused of belonging to the resistance movement, communist activity, listening to the radio, possession of weapons, sabotage, escape from forced labour and communist activity. Guards executed prisoners on the camp grounds and in nearby forests. About 280 Jews were shot there in August 1941, and another 253 Jews in September 1941. Also, many attempts to escape from the camp were punished by execution. As the Eastern Front approached the borders of the Reich, the process of obliterating the traces of the crimes committed began. Due to the relatively small number of those murdered, it was not necessary for the notorious Sonderkommando 1005 to arrive in the area. A few dozen men directed to burn the corpses of those murdered in the nearby forest were enough. Members of the Pravieniškės camp crew were tried after the war by various organs of the Soviet justice system: courts, tribunals and collegia. Also in Poland, at the Institute of National Remembrance in Gdansk, an investigation was conducted into the case. Beginning in mid-July 1944, people convicted by Soviet tribunals were incarcerated in the camp in Pravieniškės: former camp guards, as well as members of the Vilnius Home Army arrested after Operation ‘Ostra Brama’. The prisoners were again employed to work on the peat bog and in the camp greenhouse. Today, every Lithuanian associates the name of Pravieniškės with the prison. A penitentiary facility still operates on the site of the former camp with places for 2,500 inmates, including those sentenced to life imprisonment.

ARIMA modelling of economic variables in the COVID-19 era: A study of the consumer price index

In addition to being fatal to the lives of thousands of people, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was also fatal for corporations, businesses, and the entire global economy. COVID-19 is a pandemic with a contagious medical character, and it can even be fatal for the infected person who may have severe blockage of the respiratory system. From its origin, this virus spread across the globe, infecting hundreds of people of various ages and nationalities. For future occurrences to be understood, mathematical or statistical models with the fewest errors are required. This research is based on the studies of Sahai et al. (2020) and Ribeiro et al. (2020). In this study, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is used to forecast the monthly consumer price index (CPI) in Kosovo. Furthermore, ARIMA (3, 1, 2) projections revealed the potential values for monthly CPI are expected to be on the rise with related implications for Kosovo. The study suggested introducing health, political and economic policies, such as a secure political climate, incentives for indigenous industries, economic diversification, and development of healthcare facilities throughout the world. The relevance of this research lies in the mathematical treatment of this problem which has never been treated in the Kosovar environment.

Basic Life Support (BLS) Knowledge Among General Population; a Multinational Study in Nine Arab Countries.

Basic Life Support (BLS) is a medical treatment used in life-threatening emergencies until the sufferer can be properly cared for by a team of paramedics or in a hospital. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding BLS and the contributing factors among the Arab non-medical population. An online survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted among non-medical populations in nine Arab countries between April 13, 2022, and June 30, 2022. The utilized questionnaire consisted of two parts: part one included socio-demographic characteristics and part two measured knowledge of BLS through an online survey. The research included a total of 4465 participants. 2540 (56.89%) of the participants were knowledgeable about BLS. The mean basic life support knowledge scores of participants who received training were higher than those who had not (20.11 ± 4.20 vs. 16.96 ± 5.27; p< 0.01). According to the nations, Yemen scored the highest, while Morocco had the lowest levels of BLS knowledge (19.86 ± 4.71 vs. 14.15 ± 5.10, respectively; p< 0.01). Additionally, individuals who resided in urban areas scored on average higher than those who did in rural areas (17.86 ± 5.19 vs. 17.13 ± 5.24, p= 0.032) in understanding basic life support. Age, information sources, and previous training with theoretical and practical classes were significant predictors of BLS knowledge. The level of BLS knowledge among non-medical people in Arab nations is moderate but insufficient to handle the urgent crises that we face everywhere. In addition to physicians being required to learn the BLS principles, non-medical people should also be knowledgeable of the necessary actions to take in emergency events.

ПРОЛЕГОМЕНИ ПРО ІСТОРІЮ НАУКОВОЇ ДУМКИ У ФІЗИЧНІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ ПІЗНЬОГО СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧЧЯ

The educational subject «History of scientific thought in physical culture», according to the existing periodization in modern historical science, reveals in sufficient detail the general stages and aspects of the formation of a rational-reflective base (methodology) in physical culture from the point of view of the influence on it of political, economic, social and educational factors. In other words, the requirements for physical education were justified by the dominant religion, the level of economic and social development of society, national and cultural traditions, regional peculiarities of the life and daily life of a people or group of nations, of each individual historical period, in our case – the late Middle Ages. Along with the development of physical culture, scientific thought in this area was also formed, which, as a part of a global process, formed humanistic approaches of universal solidarity in the educational space, and at the same time generated an active expression of the civic position and the best minds of pedagogy on the eve of the Renaissance. During this period the pedagogical process was marked by vivid events: educational institutions of higher and secondary education were created, the pedagogy of leading specialists, although influenced by Christian dogma, already tended more towards experimental sciences, empirical knowledge was inferior to the results of research in applied disciplines. Thanks to the perseverance of Jan Amos Comenius, physical culture was registered in the curriculum of educational institutions in Europe at that time. The material of this article is the result of the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, which made it possible to analyze the humanistic principles of the leading scientists of the European states of the 13-th–16-th centuries, to establish the reasons for such reflection, to systematize the chronology of the events that state a deep understanding of the role of physical culture in the late Middle Ages.

Research on the Cultural Program &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Dancing Millennium &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;from Ritual View of Communication

By taking “Plot + Dance” as the form, and “Chinese dance, Chinese story” as the core, the Dancing Millennium carries the depth of traditional culture and dance art in the contemporary cultural context under the view of diverse and integrated national culture, provides a sacred ritual place for Chinese people of different nationalities but with common beliefs, and jointly constructs the collective memory and cultural identity of the Chinese nation. Based on the ritual view of communication, this paper discusses how Dancing Millennium can create the emotional interaction between the audience and the content of the program on the basis of the innovation of highly cohesive cultural content and entertainment in the immersive field.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СОБСТВЕННОГО СТИЛЯ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ХУДОЖНИКОВ ГОРОДА ЧУГУЕВА

The article is devoted to the study of the life and work of representatives of the art school of painting in Chuguev. Due to the huge losses of their heritage, it still remains a blank spot in the history of national culture. The uniqueness of the masters of the brush of a small military settlement, which was Chuguev in the 19th century, consists in the fact that they came from a soldier and peasant environment. Mastering various technical techniques of painting, they worked in different genres. This allowed the Chuguev artists to create works of a secular and spiritual nature, including icons and frescoes. New names of Chuguev painters are introduced into scientific circulation, the characteristic of the works of Chuguev masters that have reached our time is given, and the peculiarities of their creativity are highlighted. The myth of the influence of Western European art on the work of the Chuguev masters is debunked. The Chuguev Art School is part of the Russian art school. Its significance lies in the fact that in the conditions of military settlements, examples of high art were created, understandable and close to every resident. The works created by local artists contributed to the creation of a special spiritual atmosphere in the Chuguev military district, the development of a common mentality and spiritual unification of the swedens – people of different nationalities and faiths.

Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die demographische Struktur Österreichs

The COVID-19 pandemic and the policy measures imposed to contain the virus affected people’s health and lifestyles. Based on data available to the Federal Agency “Statistics Austria”, this paper asks about the impact of the pandemic years 2020 and 2021 (and partly beyond) on the Austrian demographics and population. It shows that mortality increased significantly during this period but varied by waves of infection also with the introduction of different policy measures (e.g., lockdowns). There are also changes in the number of births over the course of the pandemic, which can be interpreted through insecurities related to lockdowns and vaccinations. People who wanted to marry or get divorced during the pandemic years were confronted with closed offices and restrictions on holding celebrations, which is why there were significantly fewer marriages and divorces. International migration dropped significantly, especially in the spring of 2020, when European and global mobility was severely restricted, with differences between people of different nationalities. This was also reflected in the number of asylum applications filed in Austria. Migrations within Austria were strongly reduced during the first lockdown in 2020, all further lockdowns had less influence on them. However, in 2020 and 2021 there were several phases in which more people moved from urban to rural areas than before the pandemic. The number of registered secondary residences – which took on new relevance in the context of mobility restrictions and the use of home offices – also changed: overall, their number increased during the pandemic, but in many municipalities, deregistrations of seasonal workers were also noticeable.

КОРПУС МИРУ В КОНТЕКСТІ «НОВИХ ГОРИЗОНТІВ» ПОЛІТИКИ ДЖОНА ФІЦДЖЕРАЛЬДА КЕННЕДІ

he article reflects the question of the volunteer movement as an integral policy of the US President J. F. Kennedy after the Second World War. The activity of the Peace Corps, founded by the 35th president of the USA, is analyzed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main aspects of the Peace Corps activity as a component of the US President J. F. Kennedy’s «New Horizons» policy in the context of the possibility of development and use of volunteer activities in the implementation of the country’s foreign policy. The work uses general scientific methods of knowledge: historical (reveals the factors of the formation and development of the Peace Corps in historical retrospect), systemic (makes it possible to draw a complete picture of J. F. Kennedy’s foreign policy related to the struggle between democracy and totalitarianism), axiological (determines the value the essence of the institutionalization of volunteerism, its content as a type of social activity that has a humanistic potential for strengthening peace and friendship between people of different nationalities and cultures). The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in obtaining a holistic systemic view of the peculiarities of the implementation of US state policy in the field of regulation of volunteer activities for solving foreign policy tasks. Conclusions. Summing up, the author confirms the importance of the Peace Corps as the most important element of the strategy of the US President J. F. Kennedy, which consisted in the need to reorient the US foreign policy in the Third World countries from the ideology of mutual security to the global rails of development after the Second World War. It is noted that J. F. Kennedy’s «New Horizons» policy found its embodiment in the creation of the Peace Corps, which has successfully survived decades and is still functioning, serving as an example of the activation of volunteerism in Ukraine at the beginning of the XXI century. It is emphasized that before the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war on February 24, 2022, more than 300 American volunteers of the Peace Corps worked in Ukraine, which made Ukraine the largest representation of this organization in the world. Since the start of the full-scale russian invasion of Ukraine, Peace Corps volunteers have left the country, but continue to coordinate nationwide efforts in support of Ukrainians, organizing charitable donations, sending needed goods to Ukraine, and using their social media to engage the public in support of Ukraine.

The economic well-being of nations is associated with positive daily situational experiences

People in economically advantaged nations tend to evaluate their life as more positive overall and report greater well-being than people in less advantaged nations. But how does positivity manifest in the daily life experiences of individuals around the world? The present study asked 15,244 college students from 62 nations, in 42 languages, to describe a situation they experienced the previous day using the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ). Using expert ratings, the overall positivity of each situation was calculated for both nations and individuals. The positivity of the average situation in each nation was strongly related to the economic development of the nation as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). For individuals’ daily experiences, the economic status of their nation also predicted the positivity of their experience, even more than their family socioeconomic status. Further analyses revealed the specific characteristics of the average situations for higher HDI nations that make their experiences more positive. Higher HDI was associated with situational experiences involving humor, socializing with others, and the potential to express emotions and fantasies. Lower HDI was associated with an increase in the presence of threats, blame, and hostility, as well as situational experiences consisting of family, religion, and money. Despite the increase in a few negative situational characteristics in lower HDI countries, the overall average experience still ranged from neutral to slightly positive, rather than negative, suggesting that greater HDI may not necessarily increase positive experiences but rather decrease negative experiences. The results illustrate how national economic status influences the lives of individuals even within a single instance of daily life, with large and powerful consequences when accumulated across individuals within each nation.

The impact of the destination image and the information sources on the perception of the medical image of the country and the intention to visit it for medical purposes Edit Download

Purpose- This paper intends to analyze the impact of the destination image and the information sources which are: 1 / word of mouth (Wom), 2 / electronic word of mouth (eWom) and 3 / commercial sources, on the medical image of a destination and the intention to visit it for medical purposes. Methodology/Design/Approach- An exploratory study was carried out with 247 people of different nationalities who have undergone surgery abroad or who are planning to do so. Three versions of the surveys were administered on Google Forms. The data were analyzed by the method of structural equations. Findings- The main results are: 1 / The image of the destination significantly influences the medical image and the intention to travel. 2 / The information sources that most help in choosing a medical destination are consecutively: 1/the eWom, 2/ the Wom, and 3/ the commercial sources. Whereas, the sources that have the most impact on intention to travel are 1/Wom and 2/eWom. Originality of the research- This research highlights the importance of reflecting a positive image of the whole country (safety, attractiveness, hospitality of the people, etc.) and not just promoting its medical image. The second contribution of this study is to show the importance of eWom, Wom and commercial sources in the country choice process.

Developed/Developing Nations Perspectives about COVID-19 Vaccination: A Narrative Systematic Review

Background. The global spread of COVID-19 prompted a need for widespread vaccination to slow the transmission of the virus. Despite global, national, and local efforts, many people in various nations hesitated to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Aims. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the existing literature addressing factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy. Methods. A literature search was conducted between November 2021 and March 2022. Inclusion criteria were studies identifying causations of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and/or hesitancy since March 2020 in six developed/developing countries, Australia, Brazil, India, Nigeria, Russia, and the United States. Studies that were not originally published in English were excluded. Results. Patterns in the factors influencing both acceptance and hesitancy toward the COVID-19 vaccines emerged. Vaccination acceptance was largely related to individuals’ personal preferences and beliefs regarding immunity, while vaccination hesitancy was attributed to fears and distrust of vaccine safety, side effects, and efficacy. Limitations. Lack of consistency in methodical procedures and text availability by country may limit the generalizability of the findings. Conclusion. In developed/developing nations, emerging data suggest that skepticism surrounding COVID-19 vaccines was the most prevalent factor leading to vaccination hesitancy, while factors including personal protection were largely associated with higher acceptance rates of the COVID-19 vaccine. Because widespread immunization is necessary to slow the transmission of COVID-19, it is important that factors leading to hesitation are addressed in order to increase vaccination rates and achieve herd immunity.

Przyjęcie ukraińskich uchodźców wojennych uciekających przed rosyjską agresją w różnych krajach na świecie

Russian aggression against Ukraine has caused a humanitarian crisis in the country and the fastest influx of refugees in Europe since World War II. The Russian invasion, which began on February 24, 2022, has forced both Ukrainian citizens and people of other nationalities residing there to flee in search of safe haven. The events of the Russian‑Ukrainian war, as of 2014, only had a significant impact on regional politics and the security situation in the eastern part of the country. Europe and the post‑Soviet space have triggered broader, far‑reaching and profound geopolitical and economic changes in Europe and around the world. After a long phase of hybrid warfare (2014–2022), in which the Kremlin pursued its own strategic goals in Ukraine and the region, combining military and non‑military methods to achieve them, the situation has changed radically since February 24, 2022. Since then, the previous ideology and propaganda, masking the real goals of the war (we are not a party to the conflict, there is a civil war going on in Ukraine, etc.) has been almost completely abandoned, and Russian troops have begun active offensive operations entering the north, east and south of all Ukraine. The full‑scale invasion has resulted in thousands of casualties not only among the military who defend Ukraine, but also among the civilian population: children, women and the elderly. Millions of Ukrainians have been temporarily displaced within their own country and as refugees have sought their safety mainly in EU countries. The purpose of this article is to analyze the reception of Ukrainian war refugees in various countries around the world fleeing Russian aggression. Using qualitative research methods, where analyzed foundational sources and resources available on the Internet on this topic from its inception.

Legal Protection of Stateless Persons Arising From Cross-Border Marriage: Case of Indonesia – East Timor

&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;&lt;p&gt;Statelessness is a continuing international legal issue, with individuals lacking the protection of fundamental rights within the jurisdiction of a State. One aspect contributing to this problem is customary cross-border marriage between people of different nationalities, particularly in local border towns, for a variety of reasons. This study examines the phenomenon as a cause of statelessness and undocumented individuals and what the legal protection that international human rights instruments provide for States to comply. This study uses legal research by comparing the East Timor Constitution. Based on the study's results, the potential for statelessness and undocumented people due to cross-border marriage by custom has a detrimental effect on both women and children since it is difficult for them to obtain residence documents. Cross-border marriages between East Timorese men and Indonesian women by customary causing unregistered in Indonesia and East Timor. Field research shows that Indonesian women/wives in East Timor cannot exercise their rights since they are not East Timorese nationals. Noting the conflict of nationality laws between States, especially bordering States, the failure of both States to accommodate women that married are non-nationals breaches Article 9 of CEDAW and constitutes as discrimination against women defined under Article 1 of CEDAW&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Determinants of Regionalism in the Collection of Stories by Helena Romer-Ochenkowska Tutejsi (1931)

The object of research is a collection of short stories by Helena Romer-Ochenkowska (1875–1947) titled Tutejsi (Warsaw 1931). It is the third series of short stories by a famous Vilnius writer, poet and journalist, which is devoted to regional issues. The protagonists of the stories are native inhabitants of the Lithuanian-Belarusian border, people of different nationalities (Poles, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Jews) and of various origins (wealthy and poor nobility, peasants, officials). The stories takes place during the years of World War I and in the interwar period, when some of the Lithuanian-Belarusian territories became part of the Second Polish Republic. The indigenous people of the borderland were shown in opposition to “strangers” – German soldiers and former Russian officials and clergy. The most important determinant of regionalism, as exemplified by the collection of Tutejsi stories, is linguistic distinctiveness, visible in the author’s narrative and in the characters’ individualized language. There are regionalisms and dialectisms in the language of the heroes typical of the North-Borderlands Polish language. Based on the methodology of cognitive linguistics, the authors of the article also distinguished several other concepts that characterize regionalism, which are: local territory / patriotism; landscape; customs / traditions; games / songs; costumes. The results of the research confirm the correctness of the scholars’ opinion that people of the borderland tend to position themselves as locals and maintain a sense of their own separateness.

ETHNO CULTURAL COMPONENT OF HUMANITARIAN FIELD SPECIALISTS’ ACTIVITIES

The author investigated the importance of the ethno cultural component in the activities of humanitarian specialists; it is emphasized that in a multi-ethnic society, an ethno cultural component in the humanitarian specialists’ activities is an essential condition for their training. In the context of international cooperation, this contributes to the establishment of productive forms of interaction, and business relations ensure effective partnership relations with foreign colleagues, etc. The ethno cultural component of humanitarian specialists’ professional activity with people of other nationalities helps to understand the needs of the representatives of different nationalities and to develop the ability to interact with them. The formation of the ethno cultural component of activity enables humanitarian field specialists to understand people's behavior or activities, which are determined by the traditional culture of the ethnic group, have particular discrimination against other people or even danger. The ethno cultural component of a humanitarian field specialist’s work as a teacher or lecturer will provide them with an influence on the negative displays of the ethnic culture of youth and the opportunity to prevent these phenomena. Therefore, this component of the professional activity of specialists is defined as a crucial component of its effectiveness and quality. The study convinces that the formation of the ethno-cultural component of the activities contributes to the cultural integration of representatives of different nationalities into Ukrainian society, and activities related to the implementation of this direction require humanitarian field specialists’ knowledge of the peculiarities of the cultural of many peoples against the background of a deep understanding of Ukrainian culture.&#x0D; The article proves that the formation of the ethno cultural component as a necessary element of specialists’ activities in the educational process of humanitarian specialties is essential, to begin with, the study of the issue of ethnic cultures and religions of the world, the peculiarities of the psychology of different ethnic groups, migration processes in the world, intercultural communication, ethnic tolerance, national consciousness, identity, history of national state formation. It is possible to implement this task both by introducing new subjects into the curriculum of specialists in the humanitarian field and by adding relevant modules to the content of the educational disciplines available at the HEI («History of Ukraine», «Philosophy», «Cultural Studies», «The Ukrainian Language», «Religious Studies», «Psychology», «History and Theory of Foreign Culture», etc.). Approaches to the study of some specific disciplines are proposed: «Ethno Cultural Studies», «Peoples and Cultures of the World», «Basics of Ethno Psychology», «Migration Processes and Intercultural Communication», «History of Ukrainian Statehood and Culture», which should contribute to the high-quality humanitarian field specialist training and the acquisition of the proper ethno cultural component in their activities.

Interethnic Attitudes Through the Prism of Subjective Characteristics of Social Well-Being

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dependence of assessments of the state of interethnic relations on the nature of the social well-being of the population. The main approaches to the study of social well-being are presented, which is interpreted as an integral characteristic affecting all spheres of human activity, marking a complex indicator of a person’s satisfaction with life in a given society and a generalized indicator of the population’s reaction to social transformations. Based on the materials of representative sociological all-Russian and regional studies, it is shown that social well-being influences the vector of interethnic attitudes. Significant differences in the level of ethnic negativism were found depending on the level of material well-being, satisfaction with the financial situation, life satisfaction, and emotional state. All-Russian surveys show that respondents in a negative emotional state, aggravated by a general disturbing information agenda, are more likely to show malevolence towards people of other nationalities. It is also shown that subjective characteristics of social well-being, based on positive assessments of one’s material well-being and a life-affirming emotional background, reduce the level of hostility towards representatives of other nationalities. The article concludes that in conditions of unresolved socio-economic problems, subjective characteristics of social well-being as a factor of perception of the ethnically “other” increase their importance: low level of material prosperity, lack of stable employment and a decrease in the positive level of everyday emotional state, leads to increased negativism in the perception of the sphere of interethnic interactions. Dissatisfaction with one’s financial situation and life in general is likely to lead to an increase in possible ethnically marked social tensions.

TRAUMA CAUSED BY THE MODERN PANDEMIA

The appearance of the coronavirus (Corona 19) in 2019 has literally caused putting our routines on holdor even stopping our lives. The first images and videos which went viral were as they were scenes from some sci-fifilm. Firstly, it took a certain amount of time until people of different nations grasped the information, accept it andstarted behaving according to officials’ advices. Then, some nations behavior was responsible and disciplinaryopposite to others whose behavior led to serious consequences. Later, the trauma appeared. The Greeks used theword trauma for "wound". The first known use of trauma was circa 1693 and in the past, it was only associatedwith an injury, as a wound, to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent. In the past, people used this term forparticular physical injuries, but nowadays it is also used when one refers to emotional wounds. Theterm psychiatry was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808 and literally means the'medical treatment of the soul'. As a result of the introducing of psychiatry and prioritizing the mental healthtoday we are aware that a certain traumatic event can leave psychological symptoms after a considerabletime, although the physical injuries have healed. By developing of medicine people in the 20th centurybecame more and more informed that a person’s mental health is very important. Unfortunately , humanbeings are first and foremost emotional creatures. The first known use of emotion was in 1579 and, as a term,was used much earlier than trauma and it has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, includingperception, memory and reasoning, attention and learning, and even problem solving. Therefore, emotions help usto communicate with others, build better relationships etc. As humans, we are exposed to all kinds of stress on adaily basis. It can be defined as any type of change that causes emotional, physical or psychological strain. Someof us react, but some of us don't; some are tense, some are more relaxed, and yet each of us deals with stressdifferently. Since it has been proven that many diseases are stress-related people started to work on reducingstress so as to preserve and improve their mental health. It is not preferable to ignore and minimize theimportance, presence and reactions of stress since an extreme stress can lead to trauma. The psychologicalreaction to emotional trauma now has a recognized name: post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. Hence isit from extreme stress, a loss of a partner, a death of family member, natural disaster, wartime combat, or sexual orphysical abuse, its symptoms include anxiety, flashbacks, depression, and recurring nightmares. The PTSDcan also occur after an extremely long and stressful event, such as pandemic, and it reflects on allpopulation – from teenagers to elderly. The fact that it is a collective matter is extremely worrying. And canyou imagine, only three years ago we only believed that one’s mental health is a state of well-being andmajor factor for quality life.