People's Beliefs Research Articles

Who believes in cross-age friendship? Predictors of the belief in intergenerational friendship scale in young adults

Intergenerational contact is beneficial for both younger and older adults, but friendships that span across generations are uncommon. While this is partially due to situational factors, people's beliefs about the possibility of intergenerational friendship may also affect how they approach potential intergenerational interactions. In a sample of 209 students from a Canadian university, we validate the Beliefs in Intergenerational Friendship (BIGF) scale. Young adults were more likely to believe in intergenerational friendship if they had less ageist attitudes and if they were more conscientious, open, agreeable, and emotionally stable. Number of non-kin intergenerational social contacts (but not number of kin contacts) and closeness of an existing relationship with an older adult also predicted greater belief in intergenerational friendship. BIGF scores predicted willingness to regularly spend time with older adults and were a better predictor than either hostile or benevolent ageism. While not everyone believes that intergenerational friendships are possible, this novel scale may uniquely capture people's willingness to form relationships across generations.

Meritocratic beliefs and economic growth: A mediating effect of economic inequality

Meritocratic beliefs are defined as people's beliefs in the importance of hard work in societal success relative to other structural factors. As economic inequality grows, the plausibility of fair meritocracy has been called into a question, especially by those left behind by the supposedly meritocratic systems. Using data from the inequality module of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), we find that a stronger belief in meritocratic values is associated with higher levels of inequality. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate a positive link between meritocratic beliefs and economic growth, with some indications that this relationship is mediated by inequality. From a policy perspective, this suggests that when efforts to engineer more equal outcomes in societies undermine the rewards of meritocracy, it has the potential to impede economic growth.

Temporal Impacts of Problematic Social Media Content on Perceived Employee Hirability

ABSTRACT Job applicants’ social media postings and presence can impact employers’ perceptions during the hiring process. The current study expands this line of inquiry, exploring the effects of both message characteristics (i.e. post temporality) and individual characteristics (i.e. hiring manager’s view about individuals’ ability to change over time). Results of a 2 (problematic content: present v. absent) × 3 (post temporality: recent v. 2 years ago v. 5 years ago) experiment (N = 220) revealed the negative main effect of the presence of problematic social media content was moderated by the temporality of the post: More recent posts more substantively impacted perceptions of person-job fit. This moderation effect was further moderated by the manager’s incrementalism: the belief people’s personalities can change over time. Similar patterns of effects were not identified for broader perceptions of the applicant’s general employability.

Between fearmongers and Samaritans: Does information provision affect attitudes towards the right of asylum in Germany?

AbstractWe utilise data from a self‐designed survey that includes information experiments to elicit the German public's attitude towards the right of asylum. The survey was carried out in 2018. We randomly assign 2048 interviewees to different groups and ‘treat’ each group with different information about the asylum seekers that came to Germany in 2015 and 2016. Treatments involve information about (i) the total number of asylum seekers, (ii) the fiscal costs and (iii) potential long‐term benefits associated with accepting refugees, (iv) the share of Muslim asylum seekers and (v) the share of war refugees. Providing information about the fiscal costs associated with accepting refugees, and, to a lesser extent, about the share of Muslim refugees, significantly increases the likelihood of opposing the right of asylum. These effects are more pronounced for middle‐income earners, respondents with a low level of education and female respondents. Deviations of people's beliefs from the actual numbers can affect their attitudes: Respondents who underestimated the share of Muslim refugees are more likely to call for abolishing the right of asylum.

Views of older people on environmental sustainability: The development of the SustainABLE-16 Questionnaire

There are over 1400 age-friendly cities and communities worldwide, and the efforts to create a better quality of life for older people progressively intersect with sustainability goals. The intentions and behaviours concerning sustainability among older are, however, not yet well understood. Therefore, there is a need for assessing these intentions and behaviours through the use of a transparently constructed and validated instrument which can be used to measures the construct of environmental sustainability among older people. The aim of this study is to develop a questionnaire measuring how older people view the theme of environmental sustainability in their daily lives, with a focus on the built environment, providing full transparency and reproducibility. The process of development and validation of the SustainABLE-16 Questionnaire followed the COSMIN protocol, and has been conducted in five phases. This rigorous process has resulted in a valid, psychometrically sound, comprehensive 16-item questionnaire. This instrument can be applied to assess older people's beliefs, behaviours and financial aspects regarding environmental sustainability in their lives. The SustainABLE-16 Questionnaire was created in Dutch and in British English.

Show us what you got! A cross-cultural comparison of mindset presentation in “…Got Talent!” TV shows

Media impact people's beliefs and reflect shared cultural values. One of the most popular TV and online program formats are talent shows, where people present skills from different domains and are assessed by a panel of celebrity judges. This kind of media content is rich in information about the presumed nature of abilities. In the paper, we examine how mindsets—the implicit theories regarding the innate or malleable nature of abilities—are expressed in talent shows in three countries differing in individualism and collectivism: China, Poland, and USA. Through quantitative thematic analysis, we found significant differences across cultures in how often each mindset (fixed, growth, and mixed) was shared by participants, judges, and other people who appeared in the shows. While the growth mindset was most strongly underlined by participants from China and least strongly by those from the USA, the fixed mindset was mainly articulated by judges in the Polish version of the show. We discuss results in the light of collectivism/individualism and modernization theory.

Perspectives of youth in Ireland on school-based mental health and suicide prevention: the MYSTORY study.

Anxiety, depression, and suicide are leading causes of disability and death among young people, globally. Schools are an ideal setting to target young people's mental health, yet young people's beliefs about and experiences with school mental health and suicide prevention are not well understood. This gap in knowledge contradicts both national and international youth mental health recommendations and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which collectively advocate for understanding young people's perspectives on matters concerning them, including school mental health. Therefore, the Mental Health of Youth Story (MYSTORY) study explored young people's perspectives on school mental health and suicide prevention using a participatory-based approach incorporating photovoice. MYSTORY consisted of a community/university partnership involving young people as participants (n = 14) and advisors (n = 6). Experiential, reflexive thematic analysis (TA) within a critical approach generated three themes relating to young people's experiences with and beliefs about school mental health promotion and suicide prevention. Findings highlight the critical role of schools in impacting young people's mental health, with the need to amplify youth voice and involvement in school mental health evident. Our study addresses an important gap by employing participatory-based approaches to explore young people's perspectives on school mental health and suicide prevention. This is the first known study to explore young people's perspectives on their voice and involvement in school mental health. Findings have important implications for youth and school mental health and suicide prevention research, policy, and practice.

Implicit theories of opportunity: When opportunity fails to knock, keep waiting, or start cultivating?

We live in a time of disappearing professions, pandemic-related upheaval, and growing social inequality. While recognizing that good opportunities are unequally distributed in society (an injustice that requires rectification), can beliefs about the nature and workings of opportunities help people see the door to their goals as more open than closed, and can these beliefs influence the likelihood of goal attainment? Seven studies (N = 1,031) examined people's beliefs about whether or not opportunities can be changed (growth vs. fixed theory of opportunity). In Studies 1a-4, participants responded to scenarios about competent people (or themselves) with challenging, long-term aspirations. When opportunities were available, both theories predicted high expectations for success and a preference for active strategies to pursue the goal, like being persistent. By contrast, when opportunities seemed unavailable, a stronger fixed theory predicted lower expectations for success and a preference for passive strategies, like simply waiting. We also established the implicit theories' causal role and demonstrated processes explaining how a growth theory leads to higher anticipated success. The final two studies examined unemployed people. In Study 5, those with a stronger growth theory chose to engage more in a task about cultivating new opportunities for employment. Study 6 showed that those with a stronger growth theory were more likely to report securing employment 5 months later, even when controlling for motivation-relevant variables, education, and socioeconomic status. They also engaged in more active job-search strategies. These studies offer a novel perspective on when, how, and why people initiate and maintain goal pursuit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Review on Phytochemicals, Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Activities of Psidium Guajava

Ethnoveterinary medicine include people's indigenous knowledge, skills, methods, practises, and beliefs about caring for themselves. The use of medicinal plants to cure illnesses is an established practise in underdeveloped nations where traditional medicine is used to preserve human health. Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is well-known for its culinary and dietary benefits all over the world. Traditional systems of medicine are also aware of the therapeutic benefits of guava fruit, leaf, and other plant components. A range of plant-derived compounds, including quercetin, guaijaverin, isoflavonoids, gallic acid, catechin, epicathechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol flavonoids, and galactose-specific lecithins, have demonstrated potential action. Since the guava tree has economic value in every area, it is cultivated on a large scale. Guava fruit is referred to as the "poor man's apple of the tropics" because of the biological activity and therapeutic applications of the guava plant. Parts of the guava plant are utilised to create a range of commercial and medicinal goods. The nutritional value of guava fruit and the therapeutic characteristics of its many components have been examined in this study to give a comprehensive overview of its diverse commercial values.

Pesan Moral Dalam Film Merindu Cahaya De Amstel

Film is one of the mass media that has a function as a medium of information, education, persuasion, and also entertainment. Therefore, film can be used as a medium for conveying moral messages to the public through the scenes shown. The film Missing Cahaya de Amstel is a film with a religious genre with the theme of hijrah which contains many moral messages. This research is a qualitative research using a descriptive approach with semiotic theory. The data collection technique in this study was by means of observation, namely observing and watching every scene of the film Merindu Cahaya de Amstel carefully. Then do documentation in the form of taking pictures by taking screenshots of scenes that are considered to contain a moral message. The data analysis technique in this study uses semiotic analysis in every scene that contains elements of a moral message with the Ferdinand De Saussure Semiotics model. Based on the results of the analysis of the data obtained in this study, it shows that the signifiers and signifieds are found in the scenes in the film Merindu Cahaya de Amstel and contain elements of a moral message. The moral message contained in the film Missing Light de Amstel. First, tolerance with indicators of accepting differences, respecting others, respecting other people's beliefs and allowing or not forcing desires. Second, social care with indicators of mutual help and sympathy as well as empathy or tolerance

The Inspiration of the Lake Poetry from the Perspective of Ecological Literature and Art to Postmodern Dilemma: A Homeward Journey from Enlightenment to Enchantment

Modern technological development has brought about severe natural environmental problems, and the resulting train of global events such as the ecological crisis, nihilism, population problems and the nuclear threat has caused indelible damage to people in modern society. Traditional moral values have been subverted, a wave of capitalism has swept the world, and enlightenment has become a myth to paralyze modern man. Modern art and postmodern thought have failed to save people from sinking under nihilism. Nihilism has re-emerged in the 21st century as the most serious ideological dilemma of the post-modern era, disintegrating people's beliefs like a chronic disease, giving rise to ideas such as money worship and hedonism, causing human beings to hurt and isolate each other, eroding human civilisation and values, and generating anxiety and depression in society. The postmodern, as a splinter of modernity, is unable to face up to the weaknesses of modernity, and the spiritual dilemma of the postmodern seriously haunts everyone. By reviewing the poetry and thought of the Lake Poets during the first industrial revolution, the study unearths their life attitudes in the face of the dual impact of nature and spirituality and explores the solutions to the crisis of postmodern nihilism faced by people in the present society: use contemporary to avoid postmodern.

Assessing the emotional and spiritual dimension of forests: A review of existing participatory methods

Spirituality, aesthetic enjoyment, relaxation, and emotions are key non-material intangible values experienced in forests. Despite being a central issue to present-day forest policy and regulation, they are difficult to assess because they are intertwined with people's values and beliefs. In this paper, we explore which participatory methods can serve best to identify and evaluate the emotional and spiritual contributions of forests to people (henceforward Forests' Intangible Contributions to People, FICP). We do so to formulate a series of practical recommendations for forest practitioners and researchers eager to use Participatory Methods (PM) to assess the emotional and spiritual contributions of forests to people. Results from a systematic literature review of different participatory tools were validated using semi-structured interviews with PM facilitators and experts. We found 15 participatory methods used to assess Forests' Intangible Contributions to People (FICP). Performative and walking methods emerge as the most widely used. These tools capture the vision of both individuals and communities and aim at giving an active voice to the environment, making nature part of the decision-making process. This research confirms that participatory approaches are pivotal methods to unfold connections amongst stakeholders dealing with Forests' Intangible Contributions to People, supporting the multifunctional role of forests and thus the delivering of national and worldwide policy objectives.

Do Moral Beliefs Motivate Action?

Do moral beliefs motivate action? To answer this question, extant arguments have considered hypothetical cases of association (dissociation) between agents' moral beliefs and actions. In this paper, I argue that this approach can be improved by studying people's actual moral beliefs and actions using empirical research methods. I present three new studies showing that, when the stakes are high, associations between participants' moral beliefs and actions are actually explained by co-occurring but independent moral emotions. These findings suggest that moral beliefs themselves have little or no motivational force, supporting the Humean picture of moral motivation.

Is the COVID-19 Fake News game good news? Testing whether creating and disseminating fake news about vaccines in a computer game reduces people's belief in anti-vaccine arguments

Improving vaccination eagerness is crucial, especially during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and establishing new procedures to achieve that goal is highly important. Previous research (Roozenbeek & van der Linden, 2019a, 2019b) has indicated that playing the “Bad News” game, in which a player spreads fake news to gain followers, reduces people's belief in fake news. The goal of the present paper was to test an analogous new game called “COVID-19 Fake News (CFN)” to improve one's eagerness to vaccinate against coronavirus. CBN was constructed to examine whether creating and disseminating fake news focused on vaccinations and the COVID-19 pandemic has a similar effect and improves people's attitudes toward vaccination. Two experiments were conducted where participants played CBN or Tetris and afterwards evaluated the credibility of statements about vaccines against COVID-19 and finally filled out a questionnaire concerning their attitudes toward vaccination. The results show that playing CBN does not reduce evaluations of the credibility of all statements that are unfavorable to vaccines (false as well as true). Additionally, it does not enhance readiness to vaccinate. Future research and limitations are discussed.

Beliefs about abstraction: Low-level and high-level construal signal different lay theories.

Construal level theory identifies abstraction as the key process that guides the pursuit of distant goals and expands the scope of regulation beyond the here and now (Liberman & Trope, 2008; Trope et al., 2021). While low-level (concrete) construals are concrete representations that foster a narrow view on the immediate circumstances and allow people to focus on a small subset of concerns, high-level (abstract) construals enable people to consider variability and change by taking more distant targets into account. In the present research, we investigate how people associate construal level with lay theories and, in particular, how this association manifests in the inferences they draw about others. In line with predictions, results across eight experiments (N = 1,110) show that people associate high-level construal with growth theories and low-level construal with fixed theories. Moreover, Studies 4 and 5 demonstrate that construal level can selectively influence a candidate's employability, depending on the hiring company's organizational mindset. Overall, this research points out the importance of investigating people's beliefs about abstraction, as it highlights how low-level and high-level construals can communicate distinct traits, characteristics, or intentions to peers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Modeling and leveraging intuitive theories to improve vaccine attitudes.

Much of the richness of human thought is supported by people's intuitive theories-mental frameworks capturing the perceived structure of the world. But intuitive theories can also contain and reinforce dangerous misconceptions. In this paper, we take up the case of misconceptions about vaccine safety that discourages vaccination. These misconceptions constitute a major public health risk that predates the coronavirus pandemic but that has become all the more dire in recent years. We argue that addressing such misconceptions requires awareness of the broader conceptual contexts in which they are embedded. To build this understanding, we examined the structure and revision of people's intuitive theories of vaccination in five large survey studies (total N = 3,196). Based on these data, we present a cognitive model of the intuitive theory surrounding people's decisions about whether to vaccinate young children against diseases like measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). Using this model, we were able to make accurate predictions about how people's beliefs would be revised in light of educational interventions, design an effective new intervention encouraging vaccination, and understand how these beliefs were affected by real-world events (the measles outbreaks of 2019). In addition to presenting a promising way forward for promoting the MMR vaccine, this approach has clear implications for encouraging the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines, especially among parents of young children. At the same time, this work provides the foundation for richer understandings of intuitive theories and belief revision more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine and associated factors among adult household members: a short communication.

Even though COVID-19 vaccinations must be effective and safe to stop the pandemic, vaccine skepticism is growing everywhere. One of the challenges to world health today is vaccine hesitancy, which results from peoples' refusal to accept the vaccine. The author found that the estimated willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine was 28.4%. Globally, a people's perceptions and beliefs may have an impact on how well they accept the COVID-19 vaccine. Peoples who have a negative attitude toward vaccinations may be reluctant to get vaccinated. The author recommends the increasing awareness level of the COVID-19 vaccine to increase the vaccine acceptance rate. Therefore, healthcare workers should provide continuous and updated information on the COVID-19 vaccine to increase the awareness level of the communities.

Research on Vocal Music Learning of College Students in Henan Province ：Self-efficacy and Cognition

Self-efficacy refers to people's confidence or belief in whether they can use the skills they possess to complete a certain job behavior or achieve the required ability for behavioral goals in a specific field. As a college vocal music teacher in Henan Province in the new era, while imparting vocal skills to college students, exploring more factors that can improve the professional skills of contemporary college students. In practice, found that the role of self-efficacy is multifaceted, and it affects students Behavioral choices, motivational efforts, cognitive processes, and emotional processes. Therefore, strengthening self-efficacy is of great significance for improving academic performance, enhancing learning motivation, and improving learning attitude. This paper explores the motivational issues related to vocal music learning, and discusses the significance of self-efficacy in vocal music learning and suggestions for training. As a teacher, it is necessary to recognize the importance of students’ self-efficacy training and adopt various methods and Means to cultivate students' sense of self-efficacy and promote the development of vocal music teaching in colleges and universities.

Tradisi Salai Jin Sebagai Modal Sosial Masyarakat Tidore Kepulauan

The Tidore people are people who still adhere to the traditions passed down by their ancestors. One of the traditions in question is the Salai Jin ritual. Viewed from the aspect of social relations, this tradition characterizes social interaction between people. The Salai Jin ritual is basically a ritual which, according to local people's beliefs, allows communication between humans and supernatural beings with various purposes. Among the purposes of this ritual is to establish cooperation to ensure safety and health. The researcher is interested in examining (1) the values of the Salai Jin ritual as one of the social assets of the Tidore archipelago community, and (2) the meaning and internalization of the values of the Salai Jin ritual in the social life of the Tidore archipelago community. Designed as a descriptive qualitative research, data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. Meanwhile, triangulation is used to validate research data. After the data has been analyzed using data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, this study captures several social phenomena related to the Salai Jin ritual in the Tidore Islands community, including, (1) the Salai Jin ritual contains values of togetherness, bari (mutual cooperation), empathy, and social care, and (2) the meaning of these values is to build good communication and cooperation based on the values and norms prevailing in society. The actualization of the Salai Jin ritual as social capital can be found in various mutual cooperation activities such as building houses, wedding celebrations, dina (the tradition of commemorating those who have died), and other community social activities.

Identity change of late-deafened adults after receiving cochlear implants

Purpose The aim of this research was to understand how adults reconceptualise their identity when experiencing hearing loss as an adult, and how their identity might change with a cochlear implant. Materials and methods Using an online survey administered through cochlear implant social media groups, with follow-up semi-structured interviews, participants answered questions about their hearing loss and cochlear implant experiences. Forty-four people answered the survey and 16 participated in an in-depth interview. All were older than 18 years, once had heard, became deafened in adulthood and had at least one cochlear implant. Results The decision to have a cochlear implant often meant acknowledging they were no longer a hearing person. After having an implant four themes emerged. (1) Some participants maintained a hearing identity through hearing loss and after cochlear implantation, while others returned to their hearing identity. (2) Others acknowledged a confused identity, neither deaf nor hearing. In unexpected findings, (3) during the progression of hearing loss, some participants had identified as hearing but could not hear, however after implantation, they became deaf people who could hear. (4) Furthermore, after implantation, some participants identified as disabled when they had not done so when less able to hear. Conclusion Given the prevalence of hearing loss in later life, it is important to understand the way these adults understand their identity through the progression of hearing loss and after becoming cochlear implant recipients. The belief people have of themselves impacts healthcare choices and affects their commitment to ongoing rehabilitation.