People's Beliefs Research Articles

The incremental validity of average states: A replication and extension of Finnigan and Vazire (2018).

States refer to our momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Average states (aggregates across multiple time points) are discussed as a more accurate and objective measure of personality compared to global self-reports since they do not only rely on people's general beliefs about themselves. Specifically, Finnigan and Vazire (2018) argued that, if average states better capture what a person is actually like, this should be reflected in their unique association with informant-reports of personality, and tested this idea based on two experience-sampling studies. Their results showed, however, that average self-reported states did not predict global informant-reported personality above and beyond global self-reports. In this research, we aimed at replicating and extending these results. We used data of five studies (total N = 806) that involved global self- and informant-reports and employed a variety of different experience-sampling methods (time-based with different sampling schedules, event-based). Across all studies, the original results (i.e., no incremental effects of average self-reported states) were replicated. Furthermore, as an extension to the original study, we found that average other-reported states (provided by peers, results based on one study) did indeed predict global informant-reports above and beyond global self-reports. These findings highlight the importance of differentiating between method effects (global reports vs. average states) from source of information effects (self vs. other). We discuss these results, focusing on the suitability of using informant-reports as a criterion variable and conceptual differences between assessment methods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceptions of stem students on the theory of evolution

This study aimed to describe how the STEM students perceive the relationship between their beliefs about science and religion or Christian beliefs. The respondents of this study are the grade 12 students of Antipolo City Senior High School during the school year 2020-2021. A questionnaire was administered in two sections of grade 12 STEM students. The researcher also conducted interview from 15 selected STEM students. This qualitative method was used to examine the learning experiences and perceptions of students on the theory of evolution and creationism. The findings of this study show that STEM students viewed science and religion as different ways of understanding the world. Teachers should make a clear distinction between the roles of science and religion; the two need not be in conflict. Teachers that develop a depth of knowledge beyond what is actually expected of students will be able to confidently adjust instruction in response to students' needs and inquiries. Despite scientific evidence presented by scientists on the legitimacy of evolution, many people still adhere to their religious or Christian beliefs. The researcher recommends that each of us should have given much respect to people's different beliefs because of different cultures and traditions. The researcher also recommends that if someone feels that the theory of evolution contradicts his/her belief, he needs to be open-minded for an in-depth understanding and to weigh things right for the enlightenment of oneself. Science and religion may provide answers to our existence in different approaches but for the well-being of everyone."

Aktualisasi Nilai Pancasila Sila Persatuan Melalui Sikap Toleransi Siswa SDN Angke 05

Indonesia as a pluralistic country is faced with a dilemma. The differences are a challenge as well as a threat to national unity. Pancasila has National values that should be applied to deal with the dilemmatic conditions of life of Indonesian. This study aims to describe the actualization of the values of the Pancasila through an attitude of tolerance in fifth grade elementary school students. This study used qualitative research methods. The data were obtained through observation, interviews, and document studies. The interview was conducted by making the fifth grade teacher the main informant. Other parties as informants were the principal and fifth grade students of SDN Angke 05 Pagi. The actualization of principle unity from the values of Pancasila in Angke 05 Pagi State Elementary School students is carried out through mutual respect and appreciation, acknowledging everyone's rights, respecting other people's beliefs, understanding each other, and also caring for each other even though there are differences.

Knowledge and beliefs about vaccination in pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

IntroductionVaccine hesitancy threatens the health of populations and challenges Public Health professionals. Strategies to reduce it aim to improve people's risk perception about vaccine-preventable diseases, fill knowledge gaps about vaccines and increase trust in healthcare providers. During pregnancy, educational interventions can provide a proper knowledge about safety and efficacy of maternal and childhood vaccinations. Fighting hesitancy and clarifying doubts is fundamental during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have affected people's knowledge and beliefs toward vaccination. This study aimed at assessing if the advent of the pandemic was associated with changes in pregnant women's knowledge and beliefs toward vaccination, and trust in healthcare services.MethodsA repeated cross-sectional study was conducted through self-reported questionnaires in a Roman teaching hospital, where educational classes about vaccinations are routinely held as part of a birthing preparation course. Data were collected on a sample of pregnant women before and during the pandemic. Free-of-charge flu vaccinations were offered to all course participants and adherence to flu vaccination was assessed.ResultsThe proportion of pregnant women reporting that vaccines have mild side effects and that are sufficiently tested increased from 78.6 to 92.0% (p = 0.001) and from 79.4 to 93.2% (p = 0.001), respectively. There was a reduction from 33.0 to 23.3% (p = 0.065) in the proportion of those declaring that healthcare workers (HCWs) give information only on the benefits and not on the risks of vaccines, and a reduction from 27.3 to 12.1% (p = 0.001) in those reporting that vaccines are an imposition and not a free choice of mothers. Trust in National Health Service (NHS) operators slightly decreased. Among participants, the monthly flu vaccination adherence ranged from 50.0% in November to 29.2% January for 2019–20 flu season, and from 56.3% in September to 14.5% in January for 2020–21 flu season, showing a higher vaccination acceptance in the earlier months of 2020-21 flu season.ConclusionsThe pandemic may have positively affected pregnant women's knowledge and opinions about vaccinations and trust in HCWs, despite a possible negative impact on their perceptions about NHS operators. This should inspire Public Health professionals to rethink their role as health communicators.

Влияние отдельных нормативно-правовых актов материкового Китая на политическую ситуацию в Гонконге

The article's purpose is to assess the response actions taken by the British Empire and the current Chinese government to stop the Hong Kong protests, as well as to identify the "inherited" reasons that contribute to the persistence of protest activity. The author hypothesizes that the difference in the British Empire (before 1997) and the Chinese reactionary actions on public unrest formed the prerequisites for the continuation of protest activity in the region. Comparative, retrospective and normative scientific research methods were used in the article. The author analyzed the British and Chinese reactionary measures to the political demands of the Kowloon Peninsula residents, and also reviewed the law "On National Security in Hong Kong" adopted by mainland China. As a result, he came to the conclusion that the political concessions made by the British Empire during the long colonial period in Hong Kong could have formed among its inhabitants the conviction of the large-scale protests necessity to achieve their political demands. In turn, the current Chinese authorities' actions contradict Hong Kong people's beliefs and cause the rejection of "socialism with Chinese specifics". The article's theoretical significance lies in the identification of Hong Kong resident's specific behavioral attitudes "inherited" from English citizenship, which are one of the reasons for regular protests in the region.

A theory‐driven machine learning system for financial disinformation detection

Maliciously false information (disinformation) can influence people's beliefs and behaviors with significant social and economic implications. In this study, we examine news articles on crowd‐sourced digital platforms for financial markets. Assembling a unique dataset of financial news articles that were investigated and prosecuted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, along with the propagation data of such articles on digital platforms and the financial performance data of the focal firm, we develop a well‐justified machine learning system to detect financial disinformation published on social media platforms. Our system design is rooted in the truth‐default theory, which argues that communication context and motive, coherence, information correspondence, propagation, and sender demeanor are major constructs to assess deceptive communication. Extensive analyses are conducted to evaluate the performance and efficacy of the proposed system. We further discuss this study's theoretical implications and its practical value.

Tribal Peoples' Life Values in the Novel "Aathangarai Oram"

Literature has been subject to change from time to time, from the Sangam period to this period. People's taste, time, environment, politics, etc. are the reasons for that. Such changing literary forms are called fiction literature. Short stories and novels, which highlight people's beliefs, language, religion, life, culture, etc., belong to this type. The purpose of this study is to highlight the life values of the tribal people who have been included in the novel 'Athangarai Oram', written by V. Irai Anbu I.A.S., a multi faceted personality, who has made a footprint on various platforms like short stories, novels, youth books, essay collection books, question and answer books, and English books. There is a tendency these days to consider polished looks and tongue-in-cheek English fashionable. Apart from that, the interests of the tribal people, who have a childlike mind, a mind that loves the soil and considers the suffering of others as their own suffering, and the fighting spirit of fighting to protect it, are to be explored through this article.

ASWAJA'S VALUES FRAME-BASED ACCOUNTING: A CASE STUDY AT THE NAHDLATUL ULAMA UNIVERSITY IN INDONESIA

Accounting is a set of practices that are influenced by the world and social realities. Therefore, the values of people's beliefs are needed in its application. The problem in this study is how accounting practices are based on the Ahlussunnah Wal-Jama'ah (Aswaja) values. This study aims to construct accounting practices derived from the values of Ahlussunnah Wal-Jama'ah. This research used an interpretive paradigm and a case study approach at the Nahdlatul Ulama College. The data analysis modified the Seidel and Yin approaches. The findings of this study are the basic values of Ahlussunnah Wal-Jama'ah An-Nahdliyah have an impact on social behavior which consists of the values of I'tidal, Tawassuth, Tawazun, Tasamuh and amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. Accounting that reflects these values includes obedience to principles, conformity of the budget with work programs and strategic plans, clarity of the accounting system, use of the concept of budget deliberation, fikroh islahiyah, principle of balance, accounting markaziyah, taqiya, and honesty.

The Urgency of Halal Label in Cosmetics for Muslim Women in Pemalang City

This study focuses on the orientation of the actions of Muslim women in the city of Pemalang towards the selection of cosmetics labeled halal and the meaning that underlies these actions. The method in this study is to use a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The findings of this study are Muslim women in Pemalang city are aware of religious values. Halal labels found on cosmetic products with halal labels become a symbolic representation of Islam. There is an externalization process in the form of implications for consumers considering halal-labeled cosmetic products as a form of Islamic symbolic representation. The objectification process is marked by changes in behavior that are even more selective in using cosmetic products, the internalization process with the influence of environmental factors who use cosmetic products labeled halal so that it affects consumer decisions to buy cosmetic products labeled halal. After this perception, people's beliefs and attitudes arise with the existence of a halal label, and in the end these beliefs and attitudes affect people's purchases.

Belief and higher‐order belief in the centipede games: An experimental investigation

AbstractThis paper experimentally explores the epistemic conditions behind people's non‐equilibrium behaviour in the centipede games. We propose a novel design of laboratory experiment to elicit people's first‐ and second‐order beliefs regarding their opponents' choices and beliefs. The measured beliefs, together with the choice data, help us to estimate people's level of rationality, belief of rationality and second‐order belief of rationality. To examine how these epistemic variables are affected by the social‐efficiency property of the classic increasing‐sum centipede game, we revisit the constant‐sum centipede and compare the measured epistemic conditions from the constant‐sum with those from the classic centipede. We find that people's non‐backward induction behaviour may be attributed to the diffusion of beliefs and higher‐order beliefs in the increasing‐sum centipede. We consider a behavioural model in which people's preferences for social efficiency are incorporated into the extended utility maximization problem. Our analytical and estimation results indicate that the presence of efficiency‐oriented players and people's belief towards the uncertain portion of such type of players may play a part in the non‐backward‐induction outcomes in experimental centipede games.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION KNOWLEDGE GRAPH OF MUSEUM DISPLAY DESIGN ORIENTED TO AUDIENCE'S PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION KNOWLEDGE GRAPH OF MUSEUM DISPLAY DESIGN ORIENTED TO AUDIENCE'S PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE

Using cultural safety to enhance nursing care for children and young people.

People from minority groups frequently experience adversity in various aspects of their lives, including when accessing healthcare services. Culture has a significant role in all healthcare encounters between nurses, multidisciplinary teams, and children and young people and their families. This article defines culture and explains the importance of considering people's cultural values, beliefs and practices when providing care. It outlines the principles of cultural safety - an approach that incorporates ideas such as cultural awareness, sensitivity and competence - and describes how it can enhance the care of children and young people from a wide range of backgrounds.

Effect of Anti-tobacco Health Messages Post-implemetation of COTPA 2003 in India

Tobacco-related deaths are rising, although it is a preventable man-made epidemic. Globally, tobacco accounts for the death of 6 million people each year. The tobacco industry very intelligently uses the mass media platform for pro-tobacco propaganda messages. India made a significant attempt to fight tobacco by endorsing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in February 2004. The WHO has introduced the MPOWER package of six proven policies to reverse the tobacco epidemic and prevent millions of tobacco-related deaths. Surprisingly, with all the awareness about these harms related to tobacco consumption and anti-tobacco campaigns at national and international levels, tobacco users do not feel motivated to quit. Anti-tobacco health messages (ATHMs) are crucial in affecting tobacco-related health behavior. This review summarizes the effect of ATHMs on the Indian population and the influences of different types of ATHMs on motivation to quit tobacco and tobacco cessation as a whole. Depending on the group investigated, ATHM effects on smoking behavior vary. ATHMs can influence people's attitudes and beliefs, improve intentions to stop and quit attempts, and decrease tobacco use dominance. They can also play a crucial role in educating the public about the dangers of tobacco use. The government must concentrate on rational ATHMs with broad appeal, ongoing exposure, and a preference for negative health effects with visual and live testimonial ads.

Mitologi Perkawinan Ngalor-Ngulon Masyarakat Muslim Desa Mlilir Kecamatan Berbek Kabupaten Nganjuk: Perspektif Teori Fungsionalme Struktural


 One of the social phenomena that occurs in Indonesia is the prohibition of traditional Javanese marriages from ngalor-ngulon. Ngalor-ngulon marriage is a prohibition for the people in Mlilir Village to conduct marriages in the direction of the groom's house to the bride ngalor-ngulon, meaning that a man is not allowed to marry a woman whose house is north to west and vice versa. This tradition is unique and full of meaning, especially in terms of people's beliefs about the law, which according to researchers is called newmena. Because of this uniqueness, this study aims to determine the factors that influence community beliefs and views of the people of Mlilir Village on the prohibition of Javanese traditional marriages in Muslim communities from the Perspective of Talcott Parsons' Structural Functionalism Theory. This research is a field research, namely research with data collection carried out from field activities. Data was collected by observing for one month and interviews with twelve respondents in written and oral form. The results of the study revealed that the factors that caused the community to maintain the prohibition of ngalor-ngulon marriage in Mlilir Village were the hereditary community beliefs, the majority of the people of Mlilir Village rarely opposed it, because this prohibition had been carried out long ago and is still being carried out until now. Analysis of the structural functionalism theory of the prohibition of marriage ngalor-ngulon Javanese custom In Muslim society, in reality the values, cultural norms, ideas or legal rules that apply are not fully able to answer the social needs of the community. So that individuals in the system must try to manage and overcome them with various alternatives to connect and adapt one part to another.

Factors related to moderate exercise during COVID-19 for overweight and obese individuals: A secondary analysis of HINTS data.

ObjectiveCOVID-19 has exacerbated pre-existing rates of overweight and obesity in the United States. mHealth technologies are gaining in popularity for its potential to reduce obesity, if facilitated by patient-centered communication. This study explores predictors of overweight and obese individuals' exercise levels during COVID-19.Methods2191 respondents who visited a doctor in the past year and self-reported being overweight were selected from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Respondents reported their physical activity, beliefs about obesity, health tracking behaviors, and communication with providers during the pandemic. Structural equation modeling was used to explore connections among the variables.ResultsPatient-provider (e-)communication was significantly associated with changes in people's obesity-related beliefs and mHealth tracking usage, predicting moderate exercise during the pandemic.ConclusionThe findings illustrate the need for patient-centered communication encounters to include discussions on mHealth technologies and accessible methods of engaging in physical activity.Innovation: This study examined secondary data provided by overweight and obese individuals from the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic; this population may benefit from targeted health interventions using mHealth technologies. Our findings suggest that healthcare providers should engage patients through mHealth technology and seek to improve digital health literacy to progress physical activity nationwide.

Toward an Account of Intuitive Time.

People hold intuitive theories of the physical world, such as theories of matter, energy, and motion, in the sense that they have a coherent conceptual structure supporting a network of beliefs about the domain. It is not yet clear whether people can also be said to hold a shared intuitive theory of time. Yet, philosophical debates about the metaphysical nature of time often revolve around the idea that people hold one or more “common sense” assumptions about time: that there is an objective “now”; that the past, present, and future are fundamentally different in nature; and that time passes or flows. We empirically explored the question of whether people indeed share some or all of these assumptions by asking adults to what extent they agreed with a set of brief statements about time. Across two analyses, subsets of people's beliefs about time were found consistently to covary in ways that suggested stable underlying conceptual dimensions related to aspects of the “common sense” assumptions described by philosophers. However, distinct subsets of participants showed three mutually incompatible profiles of response, the most frequent of which did not closely match all of philosophers’ claims about common sense time. These exploratory studies provide a useful starting point in attempts to characterize intuitive theories of time.

Daya Tahan Komunikasi Tradisional Komunitas Adat Bayan di Era Media Digital

In the current era of digital information and communication media, the Bayan indigenous people still firmly maintain the existence of traditional communication. The Bayan indigenous people are part of the Sasak people who live on the island of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Traditional communication has an essential role in the social life of the community. Besides being able to bind relations between communities to be harmonious, it is also the identity of a society. In this regard, knowing how the Bayan indigenous community can maintain traditional communication in the digital media era is crucial. Data were collected by interview, observation, and documentation methods, with the resource persons being the village heads of Sukadana, Baturakit, and Bayan, as well as traditional leaders from the villages of Baturakit and Karang Bajo. The results show that the Bayan indigenous people continue to use digital media or the internet to add insight. However, the Bayan indigenous people also consistently maintain traditional communication. The still-functioning traditional institutions indicate this; still ongoing traditional rituals, including traditional rituals related to Islamic holidays, gawe urip rituals, namely rituals related to life, gawe pati rituals, namely traditional ceremonies related to death; and the functioning of customary awik-awik or customary law. The existence of the traditional communication of the Bayan indigenous people is the responsibility of the customs authorities, the Bayan indigenous people in general, and government policymakers. The factors that affect the durability of this traditional communication are: people's belief in the values ​​of their ancestors that are still firmly held, strong characterizations of traditional stakeholders as opinion leaders, and customary sanctions are also reasons for indigenous peoples to maintain traditional values ​​which are manifested in traditional communication.

Time and skeptical opinion content erode the effects of science coverage on climate beliefs and attitudes

Although experiments show that exposure to factual information can increase factual accuracy, the public remains stubbornly misinformed about many issues. Why do misperceptions persist even when factual interventions generally succeed at increasing the accuracy of people's beliefs? We seek to answer this question by testing the role of information exposure and decay effects in a four-wave panel experiment (n = 2,898 at wave 4) in which we randomize the media content that people in the United States see about climate change. Our results indicate that science coverage of climate change increases belief accuracy and support for government action immediately after exposure, including among Republicans and people who reject anthropogenic climate change. However, both effects decay over time and can be attenuated by exposure to skeptical opinion content (but not issue coverage featuring partisan conflict). These findings demonstrate that the increases in belief accuracy generated by science coverage are short lived and can be neutralized by skeptical opinion content.

Evaluation of Psychometric Properties of the Questionnaire of Attitude on Educational Scholarship in Faculty Development Programs from the viewpoint of Faculty Members

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the tool for evaluating attitudes toward educational scholarship from the perspective of faculty members in empowerment programs.
 Method: The present study is a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, conducted at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. The Delphi technique was used to evaluate the content and face validity of the Persian version of the questionnaire of Jackson et al 2005. Exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire was performed for the first time. Internal Consistency test and reproducibility was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, ICC test, respectively.
 Results: The results of content validity showed that all items of the questionnaire based on the Lawshe table had values greater than 49.0. Quantitative and qualitative validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the items were categorized into two categories: self-efficacy and motivation. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by the internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha = 0.93 and ICC = 0.89 of the questionnaire.
 Conclusion: The results confirmed the validity of tool. Therefore this tool could be useful for the evaluation of supportive-educational programs to empower faculty members. In the present study, two factors of self-efficacy and motivation were identified that point to the importance of motivating faculty members that encourages them to start and continue educational research projects. The self-efficacy factor also increases people's belief in the ability to carry out educational research projects.

Mass Media Use to Learn About COVID-19 and the Non-intention to Be Vaccinated Against COVID-19 in Latin America and Caribbean Countries.

BackgroundThe Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region has been one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with countries presenting some of the highest numbers of cases and deaths from this disease in the world. Despite this, vaccination intention is not homogeneous in the region, and no study has evaluated the influence of the mass media on vaccination intention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of mass media to learn about COVID-19 and the non-intention of vaccination against COVID-19 in LAC countries.MethodsAn analysis of secondary data from a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) survey was conducted in collaboration with Facebook on people's beliefs, behaviors, and norms regarding COVID-19. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between the use of mass media and non-vaccination intention using generalized linear models of the Poisson family with logarithmic link.ResultsA total of 350,322 Facebook users over the age of 18 from LAC countries were included. 50.0% were men, 28.4% were between 18 and 30 years old, 41.4% had a high school education level, 86.1% lived in the city and 34.4% reported good health condition. The prevalence of using the mass media to learn about COVID-19 was mostly through mixed media (65.8%). The non-intention of vaccination was 10.8%. A higher prevalence of not intending to be vaccinated against COVID-19 was found in those who used traditional media (aPR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.29–1.44; p < 0.001) and digital media (aPR = 1.70; 95%CI: 1.24–2.33; p = 0.003) compared to those using mixed media.ConclusionWe found an association between the type of mass media used to learn about COVID-19 and the non-intention of vaccination. The use of only traditional or digital information sources were associated with a higher probability of non-intention to vaccinate compared to the use of both sources.