People's Beliefs Research Articles

Should Providers Engage in Religious Discussions, and If They Should, Then with Whom?

AbstractPatients' spiritual views and, more generally, the meaning they feel in their lives is often, if not always, most important to them, especially when they have serious illness. Yet there are no standard requirements for providers to explore with patients their spiritual needs. Providers' views regarding their both taking initiatives to explore with patients needs and then to discuss with them their religious concerns if they want this vary widely. This piece explores, then, the extent to which providers should take these initiatives and, if they have this interest, whether as providers they should carry on these discussions or refer these patients, always, to clergy persons, as some providers adamantly advocate because they have expertise in this area that providers lack. This piece goes on to discuss whether providers believe they should have these discussions even when their patients' beliefs differ greatly from their own. In exploring this question, examples involving patients with Muslim, Hindu, and Christian beliefs are considered. Beliefs reported by some people from Germany and Israel regarding physician-assisted dying also are reported and compared, illustrating that patients' and people's beliefs cannot be reliably just inferred. Practical approaches, finally, are suggested.

What Are They Thinking? Exploring College Students' Mental Processing and Decision-Making About COVID-19 (Mis)Information on Social Media.

More and more, people are abandoning the active pursuit of news, assuming instead that important information will be pushed to them via their social media networks. This approach to news makes people susceptible to the vast amounts of misinformation online, yet research on the effects of this kind of engagement is mixed. More research is needed on technology incidental learning effects, defined as changes in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors as a result of being exposed to information while pursuing goals other than learning (e.g., entertainment). In this study, we examined how 51 college students responded to incidental exposure to accurate and inaccurate COVID-19 information delivered via a simulated social media environment. Participants' verbalizations during think-aloud protocols indicated numerous mental processes including cognition, metacognition, epistemic cognition, motivation, and emotions. Positively valenced mental processing was more often expressed with accurate COVID-19 information and negatively valenced mental processing was more often verbalized with misinformation. Negatively valenced evaluations of knowledge claims and sources predicted less engagement with COVID-19 misinformation posts. However, in many cases the relations among verbalized mental processing and behavioral responses were complex or non-obvious. For example, participants' positive metacognition and epistemic cognition verbalizations decreased their likelihood of engaging with accurate COVID-19 information, whereas positive interest was associated with an increased likelihood of engaging with misinformation. Our findings have implications for how to accurately infer people's beliefs and intentions from their social media behaviors and how to design interventions to help people be more active and thoughtful consumers of online information.

Fake memories: A meta-analysis on the effect of fake news on the creation of false memories and false beliefs

Abstract Fake news can affect people in negative ways. A recent line of research has demonstrated that when people are exposed to fake news they can form false memories for the events depicted in the news stories. We conducted a meta-analysis to obtain an estimate of the average rate of false memories elicited by fake news. Thirteen articles were included in the final analysis, revealing that nearly 40% and 60% of the participants reported at least one false memory and belief (respectively) after fake news exposure, while each participant remembered or believed 22% of the total number of fake news presented. Individual differences may affect the rate of false memory formation following exposure to false memories. We therefore examined moderating effects of individual difference variables assessed in the included studies. Participants with better analytical reasoning skills and a high level of interest in the news topic were least likely to report false memories for fake news, with level of interest being also a facilitating factor in remembering true news. No effect was detected for cognitive ability and objective knowledge. Our results provide insightful and practical information in the context of world-wide misinformation dissemination and its impact on people's beliefs and memories.

Metamotivational beliefs about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Although intrinsic motivation is often viewed as preferable to more extrinsic forms of motivation, there is evidence that the adaptiveness of these motivational states depends on the nature of the task being completed (e.g., Cerasoli et al., 2014). Specifically, research suggests task-motivation fit such that intrinsic motivation tends to benefit performance on open-ended tasks (tasks that involve qualitative performance assessment; e.g., creative writing) and extrinsic motivation benefits performance on closed-ended tasks (tasks that involve quantitative performance assessment; e.g., multiple choice). We examined people's metamotivational beliefs about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the context of this task-motivation fit. Across 11 studies (seven primary, four supplemental; N = 3,544), participants provided beliefs about the utility of different types of motivation-regulation strategies: strategies that enhance one's interest and enjoyment in a task versus strategies that focus on the value associated with task outcomes (self-relevance strategies and reward strategies). Across all studies, participants recognized that the adaptiveness of these strategies depends on the nature of the task being completed. Consistent with an understanding of normative task-motivation fit, participants generally reported that interest-enhancing strategies were more useful for open-ended tasks and that reward strategies were more useful for closed-ended tasks; however, in some studies, participants reported that reward strategies were equally useful across task types (Studies 2, 3, and 5). More normatively accurate beliefs were associated with more normatively accurate consequential behavioral choices (Study 6) and better task performance (Study 7). We discuss the implications of these results for theories of motivation and self-regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Can an effective end-of-life intervention for advanced dementia be viewed as moral?

Many people dread prolonged dying with suffering in the terminal illness, advanced dementia. To successfully facilitate a timely dying, advance directives must be effective and acceptable. This article considers whether authorities, including treating physicians, can accept as moral, the effective intervention that ceases caregivers' assistance with oral feeding and hydrating. The article presents eight criticisms and "alternate views" regarding ceasing assisted feeding/hydrating. It draws on perspectives from clinical medicine, law, ethics, and religion. The conflict is between (A) people's core beliefs that reflect cultural norms and religious teachings regarding what is moral versus (B) patients' autonomous right of self-determination and claim right to avoid suffering. The article presents each side as strongly as possible. Accepting the intervention as moral could allow patients a peaceful and timely dying from patients' underlying disease. Confidence in future success can deter patients and their surrogates from considering a hastened dying in earlier stages of dementia.

The development of the Zero-Sum Beliefs between Nature and Humanity Scale

Environmental decisions and policies are often depicted as having win-lose trade-offs with humanity's ability to thrive. These zero-sum beliefs about the relationship between nature and humanity (ZSB-NH) have significant implications for how individuals behave concerning our natural environment. However, no measure exists to operationalise this construct. The aim of this paper thus is to develop and validate a scale that can reliably measure people's zero-sum beliefs about the human-environment relationship. This research provides a theoretical approach to the measurement of ZSB-NH, in which three studies (total N = 1921) assess the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the scale. In Australian samples, our initial pool of items was tested and refined into a final 6-item scale, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted twice in two subsequent studies to assess construct validity. The final scale demonstrated excellent internal reliability across all three studies, while convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity was also supported. Unexpectedly, zero-sum beliefs in human relationships were found to be unrelated to the ZSB-NH. The predictive utility of ZSB-NH was also demonstrated, where hierarchical multiple regression analyses show the ZSB-NH accounts for unique variance in human pro-social intentions and pro-environmental behaviours, with medium effect sizes. Overall, the ZSB-NH promises to be a useful empirical tool when concerned with understanding barriers to supporting human pro-social and pro-environmental actions.

Exposure to anti- and pro-smoking messages among adults in China: Results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2018.

For decades, tobacco advertisements and promotions have been common in mass media and public places in China. In 2015, China amended the Advertising Law to prohibit the distribution of tobacco advertising, while also initiating waves of tobacco control media campaigns. This study investigates the associations between exposure to anti- and pro-smoking messages, smoking status, and people's smoking-related beliefs and willingness to support tobacco control policies. A secondary data analysis was performed with the 2018 Global Adult Tobacco Survey of 19,376 adults aged ≥15 years in China. Anti- and pro-smoking message exposures were measured as the sum of sources (media or places) where respondents have seen the messages. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among smoking status, message exposure, and the outcome variables (health harm beliefs, support for increasing tax on cigarettes, support for using part of the increased tax on tobacco control) controlling for smoking status and demographic differences. Overall, 63.3% of the respondents reported being exposed to anti-smoking messages from at least 1 source, while 18.1% were exposed to pro-smoking messages from at least 1 source. Adults who currently, formerly, and never smoked differed in their beliefs about smoking and willingness to support tobacco control policies. Greater reported exposure to anti-smoking messages was positively associated with belief that smoking is harmful, support for increased cigarette tax, and support for using increased tax revenue for tobacco control measures. Meanwhile, greater reported exposure to pro-smoking messages was negatively related to willingness to support cigarette tax increases. While national and local tobacco control campaigns in China have reached a large proportion of the adult population, there is still room for improvement. China might consider expanding anti-tobacco campaigns, as reported exposure to these messages is associated with increased public awareness of the health hazards of smoking and support for increasing cigarette taxes.

Representing the World in Language and Thought.

Internal representations guide our navigation of the world, while language allows us to share some of what is encoded internally with others. I have been interested in the content of thought, the nature of word meanings and what they reveal about thought, and how thoughts are expressed in words. My work has combined evidence from laboratory experimentation with observation of word use in natural settings, including from people who speak different languages. Some of the ideas guiding the work are these: understanding entities in the world non-linguistically engages different representations and processes than talking about them; patterns of word use in a language reflect cultural and linguistic history, not only conceptual representations of current speakers; linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge is therefore at least partially independent, and so language and thought will not always closely parallel one another; the beliefs people express about their concepts and word meanings may not accurately reflect the implicit knowledge they draw on in interacting with and talking about the world; and only by carefully observing actual word use can we understand how word meanings come about and how linguistic knowledge is used to select words for communication.

KEPERCAYAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP TEMPAT KERAMAT DI DESA SILAU MARAJA KECAMATAN SETIA JANJI KABUPATEN ASAHAN

Indonesian people still believe in places that they consider to have supernatural powers. In certain communities, such as the village of Silau Maraja, there are certain places and spaces that are considered by the community to have a special position, which is called the community of sacred places. The Silau Maraja community has carried out various ways to protect the sacred place where there is an irrigation dam in the belief that it will provide safety and peace to the community, which is called the "Nature of Bali" community. In this thesis, the purpose of this research is to look at the factors that society maintains belief in the place "Bali's nature as a sacred place. And to see the social function of this sacred place in the Silau Maraja community. In this study using a qualitative approach method. In this case, to obtain the intended data, the selection of research subjects in the Silau Maraja community was seven people, such as religious leaders, agricultural communities, community leaders and guardians of the Bali natural dam. Data collection techniques researchers conducted observations and interviews with informants and documentation. From the results of this study it was found that the community's belief system for sacred places is still maintained and becomes a source of livelihood for the community because they are a source of water for rice fields. The researcher uses Talcot Parsons Functionalism theory which says society is seen as an interconnected system and there is not a single part that does not have a function. Likewise in research related to functionalism theory that people's belief in sacred places has a relationship with each other that is interrelated and has a social function arising from sacred places to protect nature and protect the environment.

Sakralitas Sendekolo: Fenomena Spiritual Masyarakat Klaten Yogyakarta

People's belief in myths is often considered bad to violate. Klaten society is a society that believes in the sendekolo phenomenon, which is full of mystical things. Interestingly, people recognize the sendekolo phenomenon with different understandings. The purpose of this research is to examine how Klaten people understand the sendekolo phenomenon and how the community prevents this bad thing. The researcher used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews with seven informants who were recorded. The collected data is analyzed by reading it repeatedly, classifying it, and drawing conclusions. The theory used is Edward Evans Pritchard's anthropological theory. The results showed that Klaten people understand sendekolo as a sacred time that is full of taboos that apply to all ages. They also believe that certain objects are able to repel the spirits that roam during sendekolo.

Empowerment of Islamic Ethics and Javanese Hindu Ethics in the Formation of National Character

This research seeks to examine the strengthening of Islamic and Hindu ethics in Java, playing a pivotal role in shaping the character of Javanese society and extending influence to the broader Indonesian community. Given the dominance of Javanese traditions, particularly in societal behavior, the empowerment process unfolds through interconnection and transformation within religious activities. This process brings forth the inherent genius of the local Javanese populace, fostering a religious dimension. This empowerment occurs by emphasizing the concentration of feelings (rasa) as the basis for behavior and the objectification of Javanese people's religious beliefs. The analysis methodology adopts content analysis with a comparative approach and an anthropolinguistic perspective. The goal of this methodological approach is to unveil the mechanism for cultivating profound self-awareness in relation to others, translating acquired knowledge (kaweruh) into tangible actions as a religious model. The resulting model of religious objectification represents the local genius and behavioral characteristics of Javanese Muslims. The study reveals that the features of religious objectification, expressing the truths inherited from ancestors, transform into local wisdom with an Islamic or Hindu religious essence. This transformation is indicated by three key Javanese cultural values: harmony, functional structure, and transcendental aspects. The applicability of these three values, especially for the Surakarta and Yogyakarta areas, also serves as an identity for the ethos of religious harmony and a factor in forming the behavioral character of Javanese Muslims and may extend to influence the Indonesian people in general.

PENGAJARAN YESUS TENTANG TOLERANSI DALAM MASYARAKAT MAJEMUK

In the middle of a pluralistic society, the Indonesian Church exists and develops. The civilization is made up of several tribes, faiths, ethnicities, and nations. Diversity is frequently a source of conflict in the lives of Indonesians. Hate speech in the name of religion, ethnicity, or creed, as well as other acts of intolerance, have become serious issues that must be addressed at this time. Indonesia, which prides itself on its variety, confronts a significant task in moving forward and growing as an independent nation. Tolerance is the attitude and way of living that is required in a plural society. Tolerance is the spirit and energy of variety. Christians, as an intrinsic component of a plural society, must be present to contribute to campaigns and the development of tolerance practice. Tolerance must be established on the teachings and example of the Lord Jesus Christ's life. Tolerance, as taught by the Lord Jesus Christ, must be a way of thinking, speaking, and doing for every believer in a plural society. The Church of God is obligated to apply the Lord Jesus' attitude of life, teachings, and tolerance practices. Tolerance requires lessons such as loving all people as yourself, respecting the teachings of other people's religions and beliefs, and cultivating a forgiving mindset.

Determinants of belief in conspiracy theories about the war in Ukraine among youth

AbstractConspiracy theories are particularly prevalent in times of crisis and pose a major threat to democracy. Young people are especially susceptible to conspiracy theories, as this period is characterized by high social vulnerability and constant reflection on one's position in society. However, to date little is known about the determinants of young people's belief in conspiracy theories in general and in times of crisis in particular. In this study, we address this research gap by investigating the belief of young people in Germany (N = 2437, aged 16 to 29) in conspiracy theories about the war in Ukraine. Drawing on Douglas and colleagues’ (2017) taxonomy, we find that epistemic (e.g., political self‐efficacy), existential (e.g., political trust), and social (e.g., social exclusion) motives influence belief in conspiracies about the war among young people. However, while the taxonomy suggests equal influence of the three motives, the effects of feelings of social exclusion on war‐related conspiracy beliefs among youth are mainly mediated by a strong influence of political distrust. In this way, our findings contribute to a better understanding of conspiracy beliefs among young people and highlight the importance of increasing young people's political trust to prevent the spread of conspiracy theories.

Why and How is the Difference? Fixed and Growth Mindsets in Mathematics among O-level Secondary School Students in Wakiso District, Uganda

People's beliefs tend to impact them in all aspects of life. One of the things that can solve the puzzle of mathematics and science, in general, is the mindset, which is a view of one's ability as either static or malleable. This study evaluated the mindsets of Senior 3 students in Mathematics in Wakiso District and the reasons for adopting those mindsets as revealed in student and teacher narratives. Three hundred thirty-two (332) students participated in the quantitative study, while six students from each school took part in qualitative focus group discussions, and one O-level mathematics teacher from each school took part in a qualitative key informant interview. The quantitative results showed that more students had a growth mindset (M = 14.86, SD = 3.81) than a fixed mindset (M = 11.63, SD = 3.88). However, a considerable number of students held a fixed mindset; as also evidenced by the qualitative data, there were no statistically significant differences in mindsets among the various demographics. Qualitative findings showed that past performance, peers, parents, teachers, and other socialisers were influential in promoting growth or a fixed mindset. The study concludes that even though many students have a growth mindset, many external factors can cause them to adopt a fixed mindset in mathematics. Since mindsets can change at any time, it is everyone's responsibility to change students' mindsets toward mathematics for the best results

WANITA KARIER DALAM KELUARGA PERSPEKTIF FEMINISME DALAM ISLAM

Abstract The aim of this research is to eradicate the ignorant thoughts that still linger regarding people's beliefs that think that women do not have the right to have a career or that women are only limited to domestic matters. With the means of feminism, women can fight for their rights to have a career according to their competence as long as this does not have a negative impact on them. The method used in this research is a library research method. that library or literature study can be interpreted as a series of activities relating to methods of collecting library data, reading and taking notes and processing research materials. The results of this research show that based on feminism in Islam, women are allowed to pursue careers in accordance with women's characteristics, because Islam has principles of justice and human equality, both women and men, from slavery to traditionalism, authoritarianism (religious, economic, political or other). , racism, sexism, tribalism, slavery or anything that hinders people who want to actualize the Qur'anic vision. Then for women who have a career, of course there are conditions that must be met before starting a career.

Neuroplasticity Knowledge and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Western Adults: A Qualitative Examination

Self-efficacy is described as people's beliefs regarding their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that affect their lives and is considered important for self-regulation of mental health disorders. Biofeedback has demonstrated that knowledge of one’s physiology can help regulate mental health disorders, such as anxiety (McKe, 2008). Neuroplasticity is defined as the capacity for the brain to rewire its structure and create new neural pathways to make up for lost functions due to brain injury. There is limited research in how neuroplasticity can be used as an agent for behavioral change. This qualitative study examined if knowledge of the brain’s malleability may affect adults’ perception of self-efficacy in recovery from evolutionary-based mental health disorders, with an aim to lay a foundation of general themes for further quantitative studies. Following 12 interviews, themes were recorded regarding perceived self-efficacy at time points during mental health recovery from an adult group who was knowledgeable about neuroplasticity versus a group that wasn’t knowledgeable. In addition to other differences, the Superordinate theme of will was mentioned 64 times across the Knowledgeable group, versus only 11 times in the Non-knowledgeable group. As variations between the groups were perceived, future quantitative research may determine if educational programs can assist adults who are turning to self-regulation as a means of recovery from said afflictions.

Ngala Ulam Tradition from a Socio-Religious Perspective: Study in Kampung Genten, Pasirhuni Hamlet, Laksana Village, Ibun District, Bandung Regency

The article explores the Ngala Ulam tradition, a unique cultural practice deeply rooted in socio-religious contexts. The study focuses on the Kampung Genteng, specifically in the Pasirhuni Hamlet, Laksana Village, Ibun District, Bandung Regency. This socio-religious perspective aims to unravel the intricate layers of meaning embedded in the Ngala Ulam tradition. The research employs qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. By delving into the socio-religious aspects, the study unveils the significance of Ngala Ulam beyond its surface practices. It investigates how the tradition interweaves with local beliefs, community bonds, and spiritual elements. The tradition of treating toothaches with the Ngala Ulam method is a result of acculturation between the local community's beliefs and Islam. This is because before Islam entered Kampung Genteng Dusun Pasirhuni, the community had adhered to a hereditary belief in the methods of treating diseases. The presence of Islam did not clash with the local culture; instead, a fusion occurred, with Islam influencing it. This acculturation can be observed in the medium used in the Ngala Ulam practice, namely the use of cangkarud mulud beads produced from the muludan tradition. Additionally, acculturation is evident in the Ngala Ulam practice, incorporating Islamic chants and prayers. The Ngala Ulam tradition illustrates that community knowledge is a social product. The knowledge and beliefs in the Ngala Ulam ritual are products of the Kampung Genteng community. Although modern medical equipment and systems are known to the community, the people's beliefs in traditional, non-rational treatments remain strong. The continued high trust in the Ngala Ulam treatment is reinforced by factors such as the distance and cost associated with accessing modern healthcare facilities like Puskesmas.

Clan culture and corporate innovation

Cultural traditions have consistently shaped people's values and beliefs, thereby influencing various aspects of society, including the economy. This paper examines the impact of kinship-based clans, an exceptionally significant social organization in premodern China, on contemporary corporate innovation. By utilizing the number of genealogies as a proxy for local clan strength, we find compelling evidence that firms in prefectures with a more pronounced clan culture produce greater innovative outputs. Delving into potential channels, our analysis demonstrates that clans can act as informal institutional arrangements, offer managerial incentives, and ease financial constraints. Moreover, the kinship-based clan background of CEOs spurs innovation activities.

Public knowledge, belief, and preventive practices regarding dengue: Findings from a community-based survey in rural Bangladesh.

Dengue fever, the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral infection, is a recurrent public health threat in Bangladesh. Despite the government's efforts, dengue outbreaks are on the upswing, and people's knowledge, belief, and preventive practices regarding the disease at the rural community level are unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, belief and preventive practices regarding dengue and associated factors among community people from rural Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 401 people using a convenient sampling technique from three unions of Savar from August to September 2021. Participants' responses were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested structured questionnaire that included information related to socio-demographics, dengue-related knowledge, preventive practices, and the health belief model (HBM) constructs. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with the knowledge and preventive practices of dengue. Overall, participants (mean age = 33.47 ± 12.96 years; age range = 18-75 years) correctly answered 66.15% of the knowledge questions regarding dengue. Higher education, travel to dengue-risk regions, and self-efficacy under the HBM construct were all shown to be strongly associated with dengue knowledge. Regarding HBM constructs, about 80% of the participants perceived dengue as dangerous, but less than half (41.4%) believed themselves susceptible to dengue. Considering perceived barriers, 73.07% of the participants believed their residential area was not suitable for Aedes mosquito breeding. Nearly all (93.52%) believed they always kept their surrounding area clean as part of self-efficacy. Moreover, on average participants engaged in 53.69% of all dengue preventive practices. Being older, female, having a higher education, being a service holder, having a good quality of house structure, and perceived susceptibility as well as self-efficacy under the HBM construct were all factors in participants' dengue prevention activities. Participants' dengue preventative practices were shown to be significantly influenced by their knowledge. The findings of this study found a moderate level of knowledge regarding dengue among the participants. Regarding dengue prevention, although participants scored highly in several indicators, the overall preventive practices were not satisfactory. This suggests that there is a pressing need for expanded education outreach aimed at increasing public awareness of dengue and encourage preventive practices within rural communities in Bangladesh.

Leadership practices that enable healthful cultures in clinical practice: A realist evaluation.

To generate, test and refine programme theories that emerged from a rapid realist review investigating practising UK Nurses' and Midwives' experiences of effective leadership strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The realist review of literature generated six tentative theories of healthful leadership practices reflecting, working with people's beliefs and values; being facilitative; multiple means of communication and; practical support. The review yielded little insight into the actual impact of the leadership approaches advocated. A realist study, informed by person-centredness using mixed-methods. Online survey (n = 328) and semi-structured interviews (n = 14) of nurses and midwives across the UK in different career positions/specialities. Quantitative data analysed using descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. Framework analysis for qualitative data using context (C), mechanism (M), outcome (O) configurations of the tentative theories. Three refined theories were identified concerning: Visibility and availability; embodying values and; knowing self. Healthful leadership practices are only achievable within organisational cultures that privilege well-being. Leaders should intentionally adopt practices that promote well-being. 'Knowing self' as a leader, coaching and mentoring practice development is important for leadership development. Nurses who feel valued, heard, cared for and safe are more likely to remain in clinical practice. Job satisfaction and being motivated to practice with confidence and competence will impact positively on patient outcomes. The study addresses the role of leadership in developing healthful workplace cultures. The main findings were six leadership practices that promote healthful cultures. The research will have an impact on strategic and clinical leaders, nurses and midwives. This study used EQUATOR checklist, RAMASES II as reporting standards for realist evaluations. No patient or public contribution.