Penicillium Chermesinum Research Articles

Isolation of Antagonistic Endophytic Fungi from Postharvest Chestnuts and Their Biocontrol on Host Fungal Pathogens.

In this study, antagonistic endophytic fungi were isolated from postharvest chestnut fruits; endophytic antagonistic fungi and their combination of inhibitory effects on the fungal pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum were evaluated. A total of 612 endophytic fungi were isolated from 300 healthy chestnut kernels, and 6 strains out of them including NS-3, NS-11, NS-38, NS-43, NS-56, and NS-58 were confirmed as antagonistic endophytic fungi against Neofusicoccum parvum; these were separately identified as Penicillium chermesinum, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium decaturense, Penicillium oxalicum, Talarmyces siamensis, and Penicillium guanacastense. Some mixed antagonistic endophytic fungi, such as NS-3-38, NS-11-38, NS-43-56, and NS-56-58-38, exhibited a much stronger antifungal activity against N. parvum than that applied individually. Among them, the mixture of NS-3-38 showed the highest antifungal activity, and the inhibition rate was up to 86.67%. The fermentation broth of NS-3, NS-38, and their combinations exhibited an obvious antifungal activity against N. parvum, and the ethyl acetate phase extract of NS-3-38 had the strongest antifungal activity, for which the inhibitory rate was up to 90.19%. The NS-3-38 fermentation broth combined with a chitosan coating significantly reduced N. parvum incidence in chestnuts from 100% to 19%. Furthermore, the fruit decay and weight loss of chestnuts during storage were significantly decreased by the NS-3-38 fermentation broth mixture along with a chitosan coating. Therefore, a mixture of P. chermesinum and P. decaturense could be used as a potential complex biocontrol agent to control postharvest fruit decay in chestnuts.

Antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of marine fungi isolated from brown seaweeds in Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa Province, Central Vietnam

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of 32 fungal strains isolated from brown seaweeds collected from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa Province, Central Vietnam. These fungal extracts were screened for antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging assay. In contrast, cytoprotective activity on rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 cell line was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results indicated the capacity for free DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging of fungal crude extracts with 31.25% (n = 10) and 81.25% (n = 26), respectively. Among the fungal strains with high antioxidant activity, the three fungal extracts 2104NT-1.3, 2104NT-3.3, and 2104NT-7.7 increased the viability of rotenone-exposed cardiomyocyte cells by 9.9%, 15.2%, and 13.6%, respectively. Three fungal strains with significant antioxidant and cytoprotective activities were identified as Penicillium chermesinum 2104NT-1.3, Aspergillus sp. 2104NT-3.3, and Penicillium sp. 2104NT-7.7 based on sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This study provided the potential fungal strains isolated from Nha Trang Bay for further investigation of antioxidant and cytoprotective compounds.

Uncovering the nutraceutical potentials of fermented sago starch “Lemantak” by endophytic fungi

Fermentation food has been widely consumed since ancient times due to its many beneficial properties as well as improved texture and taste. Raw sago starch “lemantak” (RSS “lemantak”) is one of the staple foods in the state of Sarawak. Derived from the bark of Metroxylon sagu, this starch has yet to be investigated in terms of its phytochemical and nutraceutical properties after being subjected to fermentation. This study investigated the nutraceutical of fermented RSS “lemantak” in its phenolic content and antioxidant activity in different fermentation conditions by selected endophytic fungi, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chermesinum and Fusarium equiseti. This study compared two different fermentation modes and also investigated phenolic production by manipulating the fungal consortia, incubation period as well as the solvent used. It was determined that the best endophyte culture was consortia of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chermesinum under solid state fermentation (SSF) while monoculture Aspergillus niger was the best fungal culture under SMF. It was found that the dual cultures of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chermesinum (AP) showed high total phenolic content of 174.95 mg GAE/g and high antioxidant activity at different concentrations ranging from 90.21-76.17% under solid-state fermentation at day 7. In contrast, under submerged fermentation, it was found that consortia of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chermesinum produced low phenolic content of 11.54 mg GAE/g and had lower antioxidant capacity with the range values of 39.26-34.03%. On the other hand, monoculture Aspergillus niger strives best under SMF at 203.65 mg GAE/g and has good antioxidant activity of 90.72-14.15% of scavenging activity. Nevertheless, it was determined that the dual culture of AP showed high potential based on the phenolic content antioxidant activity under SSF while monoculture A. niger showed potential as a phenolic content producer and antioxidant activity. This study ascertained that the best conditions for fermented RSS “lemantak” with higher phenolic content and antioxidant properties are the methanol extract of fermented RSS inoculated with dual cultures Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chermesinum for a period of 7 days of incubation under SSF.

Cultivable Fungi from Amazon River Dolphins Engaged in Wildlife Ecotourism in the Anavilhanas National Park, Brazil.

Amazon River dolphins are an important flagship species in the Anavilhanas National Park, Brazil, where they interact with visitors. This study aimed to quantify and identify fungi isolated from dolphin skin and oral samples and their surrounding environment in this unique ecosystem. Samples were collected from three dolphins and water samples from Flutuante dos Botos and the Novo Airão city harbor. Fungi were isolated using culture media and identified through micromorphology assays and ITS region sequencing. Oral swab samples resulted in culture of Trichosporon montevideense and Exophiala dermatitidis. Skin samples from one dolphin revealed Toxicocladosporium irritans and Diaporthe lithocarpus. Water samples exhibited higher fungal counts and diversity, with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Exophiala dermatitidis, Penicillium citrinum, Fomitopsis meliae, and Nectria pseudotrichia identified at the collection site and Candida spencermartinsiae and Penicillium chermesinum at the city harbor. This study provides important insights into the fungal diversity associated with Amazon River dolphins and their environment, enhancing our understanding of the public health and ecological dynamics in the Anavilhanas National Park.

ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM ALOE VERA LEAVES AGAINST SOME PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI

The present study was aimed to test the antagonistic activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Aloe vera leaves against a number of plant-pathogenic fungi. The results showed that the highest antagonistic activity was exerted by Penicillium chermesinum against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, with an inhibition rate of 78.57%. Also, Talaromyces verruculosus and P. chermesinum showed their highest antagonistic activities against pathogenic fungus Fusarium 1 with inhibition rates of 61.79% and 61.53%, respectively, while T. verruculosus showed an inhibition rate of 62.91% against the pathogenic fungus Fusarium 2. Most of the endophytic fungi showed the least percentage of inhibition against Macrophomina phaseolina compared to the rest of the pathogenic fungi. The fungal filtrates showed a concentration-dependent inhibition rate against the plant pathogens, with a range of 0.00-48.13%. The highest inhibitory activity of Aspergillus niger was recorded at a concentration of 60% against Fusarium 2, R. solani, and Fusarium 1, with rates of 48.13, 37.39, and 36.66%, respectively. The results also showed the ineffectiveness of all fungal filtrates against the pathogenic fungus M. phaseolina. Chemical analysis of the filtrates of the endophytic fungi which showed antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi was also conducted by using GC-MS. The results showed the presence of effective compounds with biological effects, such as Pentadecanoic acid, Oleic Acid, Limonene, cis-Vaccenic acid, Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, Cycloheptasiloxane, and tetracamethyl-.

Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Aloe vera Leaves and Chemical Analysis of the Alcoholic Extract of the Leaves Using HPLC, GC, and GC-Mass Devices

The study's goals were to separate and identify endophytic fungi from Aloe vera leaves by looking at their morphology and molecules, as well as to find the chemical compounds in the leaf extract by using HPLC, GC, and GC-Mass instruments. The results showed that 53 endophytic fungi were isolated from a total of 120 pieces of A. vera leaves, with a total colonization rate of 44.16%. The fungus Aspergillus terreus had a colonization rate of 14.16%; Aspergillus niger had a colonization rate of 13.33%; Penicillium chermesinum demonstrated a colonization rate of 6.66%; Paecilomyces variotii had a colonization rate of 2.5%; Talaromyces radicus; and Aspergillus flavus achieved a colonization rate of 1.66%. Finally, the fungi Aspergillus quadrilineatus, Talaromyces verruculosus, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Alternaria solani, and Aspergillus niveus achieved a colonization rate of 0.83%. The results of examining the alcoholic extract of the leaves using the HPLC device showed the presence of the chemical compounds aloin at a concentration of 125.39 ppm and aloe emodin at a concentration of 66.59 ppm. We looked at the leaf alcoholic extract with a GC machine and found a group of fatty acids. These included linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. The GC-MS test revealed a group of active compounds, including Heptane, 1-(ethenylthio), Ethanedicarboxamide, N-allyl-N'-(2,5-dimethylphenyl), 2H-Pyran, 2-(3-butynyloxy) tetrahydro, 1,2-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, 3-methyl-dimethyl ester and 4 (1H)-Pyrimidinone, 2-(propylthio). The presence of endophytic fungi from which effective enzymes or compounds can be isolated could probably have an important role in future medical and therapeutic uses. Also, the leaves of the A. vera plant have medicinal and therapeutic uses for many diseases.

Eco-friendly synthesis of lignin-based nanoparticles as antifungal agent

In this study, lignin (LNPs) and iodo-lignin nanoparticles (ILNPs) with mean particle sizes of 215 nm and 360 nm were synthesized by a nanoprecipitation method. Both LNPs and ILNPs exhibited excellent antifungal efficacy against various fungi such as Cunninghamella sp., Fusarium equiseti, Penicillium chermesinum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma piluliferum. LNPs demonstrated an inhibition effect ranging from 25.81% to 65.29% whereas ILNPs exhibited a superior inhibition effect ranging from 81.34% to 95.57%. This work has proven that both LNPs and ILNPs are promising eco-friendly nano-fungicides for plant pathogenic fungi.

Xác định thành phần nấm sợi ảnh hưởng đến khả năng bảo vệ kim loại của vật liệu mỡ thử nghiệm tại Hòa Lạc

In this study, the consortium of filamentous fungi affecting the metal protection of 04 types of grease (GOI/VN grease, salt-tolerant grease AMC-3/VN, PVK/VN grease, Russian PVK grease) was identified. Six steel-covering grease types exhibiting protection against fungal infections were taken for fungal isolation. Seven strains of filamentous fungi were isolated, characterized by colony morphology, analysis of ITS1-5,8S-ITS2 sequences, and abilities to produce extracellular enzymes (protease, amylase, cellulase, lipase). Besides, the influence of filamentous fungi on metal protection was evaluated by measurement of rust portfolio on metal surface after degreasing by using images ImageJ v.1.51 software. Among isolated strains, 07 isolates of filamentous fungi showing varieties in morphological colonies were selected and taxonomically identified as Penicillium chermesinum, Penicillium cuddlyae with over 98% similarity of ITS1-5,8S-ITS2 sequences compared with related ones deposited on GenBank (NCBI). Of those, 02 strains (M1.1 and M4.1) were capable of producing 4 types of extracellular enzymes. When utilizing Image J software to examine the effects of fungal isolates on the protective capabilities of grease covering materials against metal corrosion, rust spots with variable densities between 1.30%-18.66% appearing on the surface of CT5 steel were found to be formed by fungal attacks. The findings in present study therefore provide a fundamental basis for the effects of fungal growth on grease decomposition at the Hoa Lac Thach That/ Ha Noi testing area and further studies on damages caused by fungi to steel-covering greases as well as corrosion of the metal surface.

Mining new meroterpenoids from the marine red alga-derived endophytic Penicillium chermesinum EN-480 by comparative transcriptome analysis

As the development of genetic and bioinformatic, the strategy of “bottom-up”, combined with genome and transcriptome techniques, was considered as an efficient and practical method to break through the limitation of traditional discovery of natural products. Generally, comparative transcriptome analysis could be useful to guide the optimization of fungal cultivation conditions in which the transcriptional level of interesting compounds is higher. The transcriptome analysis of the algal endophytic fungus Penicillium chermesinum EN-480 indicated that fermentation of this fungus in modified rice solid medium could produce some metabolites different from those cultivated in other media. Four new meroterpenoids (compounds 1–4, namely, chermesins E–H) were characterized and their structures were determined by HRESIMS and NMR spectra. The absolute configurations were confirmed by NOESY experiments, X-ray diffraction analysis, and comparison of ECD cotton effects. Antimicrobial activities against human- and aqua-bacteria as well as against plant-pathogenic fungi were assayed. The plausible biosynthesis pathway of these compounds was discussed.

Neuroprotective Role of Microbial Biotransformed Metabolites of Sinapic Acid on Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

Sinapic acid biotransformation was studied and screened using eleven fungal cultures. Penicillium chermesinum AUMC 275, Aspergillus ochraceus AUMC 11328, and Paecilomyces variotii AUMC 5618 showed positive results in the production of metabolites. Sinapic acid biotransformation resulted in the production of gallic acid after 10 days incubation with P. chermesinum, protocatechuic acid after 7 days with A. ochraceus, and ferulic acid after 5 days with P. variotii. The investigated compounds' a

Endophytes isolated from Panax notoginseng converted ginsenosides.

SummaryEndophytes may participate in the conversion of metabolites within medicinal plants, influencing the efficacy of host. However, the distribution of endophytes within medicinal plants P. notoginseng and how it contributes to the conversion of saponins are not well understood. Here, we determined the distribution of saponins and endophytes within P. notoginseng compartments and further confirm the saponin conversion by endophytes. We found metabolites showed compartment specificity within P. notoginseng. Potential saponin biomarkers, such as Rb1, Rg1, Re, Rc and Rd, were obtained. Endophytic diversity, composition and co‐occurrence networks also showed compartment specificity, and bacterial alpha diversity values were highest in root compartment, consistently decreased in the stem and leaf compartments, whereas those of fungi showed the opposite trend. Potential bacterial biomarkers, such as Rhizobium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea and fungal biomarkers Phoma, Epicoccum, Xylariales, were also obtained. Endophytes related to saponin contents were found by Spearman correlation analysis, and further verification experiments showed that Enterobacter chengduensis could convert ginsenoside Rg1 to F1 at a rate of 13.24%; Trichoderma koningii could convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd at a rate of 40.00% and to Rg3 at a rate of 32.31%; Penicillium chermesinum could convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd at a rate of 74.24%.

Azaphilones and isocoumarin derivatives from Penicillum chermesinum FS625 isolated from the South China Sea

Five previously undescribed compounds, including four azaphilones chermesinones D-G (1–4), one new isocoumarin derivative 6,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-3,7-dimethylisochroman-1-one (8), together with four known compounds were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium chermesinum FS625. Their structures were well established by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of all the new compounds were successfully determined by the X-ray crystallography analysis or electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and confirmed by their biosynthetic pathways. Compounds 1–9 were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds 2–3, 5, and 7 showed weak inhibitory activity toward nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values in the range of 69.65–95.84 µM.

New Bromo- and Iodo-Hydroxylactones with Two Methyl Groups Obtained by Biotransformation of Bicyclic Halolactones

The subject of the research was to determine the ability of the filamentous fungi to biotransform bicyclic halolactones containing two methyl groups in their structure. By chemical synthesis three bicyclic halolactones with two methyl groups, one in the cyclohexane ring and one in the lactone ring, were obtained: 2-chloro-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one, 2-bromo-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one, and 2-iodo-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one. These compounds were formed as mixtures of two diastereoisomers. The obtained halolactones (as mixture of two diastereoisomers) were subjected to screening biotransformation with the use of eight strains of filamentous fungi: Fusarium culmorum AM10, F. avenaceum AM12, F. semitectum AM20, F. solani AM203, Absidia coerulea AM93, A. cylindrospora AM336, Penicillium chermesinum AM113, P. frequentans AM351. Two of the substrates, 2-bromo-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one and 2-iodo-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one, were hydroxylated without removing the halogen atom from the molecule, giving 2-bromo-7-hydroxy-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one, 2-bromo-5-hydroxy-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one, and 2-iodo-7-hydroxy-4,7-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one as products. The hydroxylation capacity was demonstrated by strains of Absidia cylindrospora AM336, Fusarium avenaceum AM12, and F. solani AM203. The structures of all lactones were determined on the basis spectroscopic data.

Chermebilaenes A and B, New Bioactive Meroterpenoids from Co-Cultures of Marine-Derived Isolates of Penicillium bilaiae MA-267 and Penicillium chermesinum EN-480.

The co-cultivation of two or more different microbial strains in one culture vessel was supposed to be a viable experimental approach for enhancing the diversity of the compounds produced. Two new meroterpenoid derivatives, chermebilaenes A (1) and B (2), together with three known sesquiterpenoids, sesquicaranoic acid B (3), cyclonerodiol (4) and bisabol-l-on-13-säuremethylester (5), were characterized from a co-culture of the marine-derived fungal isolates of Penicillium bilaiae MA-267 and Penicillium chermesinum EN-480. Neither fungus produced these compounds when cultured alone under the same conditions. Compound 1 represents an unprecedented acorane-type sesquiterpene hybridized with an octadecadienoic acid skeleton. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were assumed on the basis of acidic hydrolysis combined with modified Mosher’s method and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 1 showed potent inhibitory activities against Ceratobasidium cornigerum and Edwardsiella tarda.

Three New Sesquiterpenoids from the Algal-Derived Fungus Penicillium chermesinum EN-480.

Secondary metabolites obtained from marine-derived fungi are rich sources of drug candidates. Three new sesquiterpenoids, chermesiterpenoids A–C (1–3), along with four known alkaloids (4–7), were isolated and identified from the marine red algal-derived fungus Penicillium chermesinum EN-480. The structures of these new sesquiterpenoids were elucidated using detailed analysis of the NMR data and their relative configurations were elucidated using nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectra as well as gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR shift calculations and DP4+ probability analysis. Their absolute configurations were determined using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and modified Mosher’s method. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited potent activities against human and aquatic pathogenic bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi.

Cytotoxic endophyte from Camellia oleifera Abel - Penicillium chermesinum NR121310

ABSTRACT Ten unknown endophytes were isolated from several parts of Camellia oleifera Abel and their biological activities were studied. One endophyte, Tea2-L1, showed the highest inhibition in various antioxidant capacity assay and cytotoxicity assays. The phylogenetic study suggested that Tea2-L1 endophyte is identified as Penicillium chermesinum NR121310 species. This shows the importance of the Penicillium species as a potential drug source.

English

Hibiscus sabdariffa drink (zobo) was preserved with three concentrations of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and mixture of cloves and ginger, respectively while the control had no spice. The bottled H. sabdariffa drink was stored at 28 ± 2°C for 16 days. The total bacteria and fungi counts were determined every 48 h during storage. Bacterial and fungal growths were not detected in H. sabdariffa drink containing 0.25 and 0.45% concentrations of either of the spices through the period of storage. The following organisms which were isolated from the control and associated with H. sabdariffa drink spoilage were inhibited by the spices at 0.25 and 0.45% concentrations: Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Pseudomonas azotoformans, Leucobacter aridicollis, Leucobacter komagatae, Pantoea gaviniae, Staphylococcus auricularis, Aspergillus niger, Ascomycota species, Candida parapsilosis, Fusarium solani, and Penicillium chermesinum. Key words: Hibiscus sabdariffa, cloves, ginger, organisms, spoilage.

Antibacterial efficacy of Penicillium chermesinum TTMF3 isolated from marine soils of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Antibiotic resistance has become a global concern. The clinical efficacy of many existing antibiotics is being threatened by the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens. In a systematic screening effort, extracts of Penicillium chermesinum TTMF3 isolated from Red Skin Island were investigated for antibacterial activity. In preliminary experiments, the agar well assay method was employed to screen for antibacterial activity. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited promising antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial pathogens followed by distilled water extract and diethyl ether extract. The antibacterial potentials of P. chermesinum TTMF3 were compared with standard antibiotic tetracycline.

Use of hop extract as antifungal ingredient for bread making and selection of autochthonous resistant starters for sourdough fermentation

Aiming at meeting the consumers' demand in terms of bio-preservation, the potential of the combination of the lactic acid bacteria fermentation and the addition of hop extract as natural preservative in breadmaking, was exploited. The antifungal properties of a hop (Humulus lupulus) extract were investigated, showing a significant inhibition of the hyphal growth of Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium carneum, Penicillium polonicum, Penicillium paneum, Penicillium chermesinum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium roqueforti. Lactic acid bacteria belonging to species of Enterococcus feacium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Pediococcus acidilactici were isolated from hop and subjected to selection based on kinetics of growth and acidification. The sourdough (hS) enriched with hop extract (hE), started with three selected strains, had phenols concentration and antioxidant activity higher than those obtained in the same condition but without the hE. Hop-sourdough used in breadmaking delayed the fungal growth (14days), giving a bread characterized by free aminoacids concentration, antioxidant and phytase activities higher than bread started only with baker's yeast, with or without the addition of hE. Specific volume and cell-total area of the bread containing hE improved, and its sensory profile was characterized by typical sourdough attributes, and a moderate bitter/herbaceous perception.

A New Polyketide from the Endophytic Fungus <i>Penicillium chermesinum</i>

A new polyketide derivative, 2-chloro-3,4,7-trihydroxy-9-methoxy-1-methyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one (1), was isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium chermesinum. The structure was established on the basis of UV, IR, HR-ESI MS, and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The cytotoxicity against four cancer cell lines (HuCCA-1, HepG2, A-549, and MOLT-3) of compound 1 are 14.94-115.71 µM.