Penaeus Research Articles

Effect of A Probiotic Product, Promarine on Growth Responses of Indian White Prawn, Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) Indicus

Abstract In this study, the impact of a probiotic product, Promarine was evaluated on the growth responses of post larvae of Indian white prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus . There were three treatments and a control in the study. Promarine was either separately administered through water at 15 ppm/m 3 (Treatment 1) and through a commercial feed containing 35% protein at a concentration of 0.5% (Treatment 2) or in combination through water and feed (Treatment 3). The control was maintained without administering Promarine. The experiment lasted for a period of 90 days in fiber glass tanks (200 liter). Higher growth rates were observed in juveniles grown on Promarine through feed (Treatment 2) and water (treatment 1) when compared with Treatment 3 and control. There were no significant differences in water ammonia and nitrite concentrations among the treatments. Promarine was found to enhance growth and survival of post larvae of F. indicus. Keywords : Probiotics, shrimp postlarvae, Bacillus subtilis , Fenneropenaeus indicus, aquaculture biotechnology. Ozet Probiyotik Urun Olan Promarinenin Beyaz Hindistan Karidesinin, Penaeus ( Fenneropenaeus) Indicus Buyumesine Etkisi Bu calismada, probiyotik urun olan promarinin beyaz Hint karidesi, Fenneropenaeus indicus larvalarinin buyumesine etkisi degerlendirilmistir. Calismada uc muamele ve bir kontrol kullanilmistir. Promarine 15 ppm/m 3 su (Tedavi 1), % 0.5 konsantrasyonda % 35 protein ihtiva eden ticari yem (Tedavi 2) ya da su ve yem ile kombinasyon halinde (Tedavi 3) tatbik edilmistir. Kontrolde Promarine tatbik edilmemistir. Deney fiberglas tanklarda (200 litre) 90 gunluk bir surede yurutulmustur. Kontrol grubu ve Tedavi 3 ile karsilastirildiginda en yuksek buyume oranlari Promarine yem (Tedavi 2) ve suyla (Tedavi 1) verilen yavrularda gozlenmistir. Tedaviler arasinda suda amonyak ve nitrit konsantrasyonlarinda onemli farkliliklar gorulmedi. Promarinenin F. indicus post larva buyume ve yasamasini gelistirdigi bulunmustur. Anahtar kelimeler : Probiyotikler, karides postlarva, Bacillus subtilis, Fenneropenaeus indicus , su urunleri, biyoteknoloji.

Quantification of neurotoxin BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine) in seafood from Swedish markets.

The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) produced naturally by cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates can be transferred and accumulated up the food chain, and may be a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. This study provides the first systematic screening of BMAA exposure of a large population through the consumption of seafood sold in metropolitan markets. BMAA was distinguished from known isomers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after acidic hydrolysis and derivatization. Using deuterium-labeled internal standard, BMAA was quantified as 0.01–0.90 μg/g wet weight of tissues in blue mussel, oyster, shrimp, plaice, char and herring, but was undetectable (<0.01 μg/g) in other samples (salmon, cod, perch and crayfish). Provided that the content of BMAA detected is relevant for intake calculations, the data presented may be used for a first estimation of BMAA exposure through seafood from Swedish markets, and to refine the design of future toxicological experiments and assessments.

Prevalence of the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) broodstock in northwestern Mexico

The Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV or IHHNV) is the smallest of the known shrimp viruses. It causes severe mortalities in juveniles and sub-adults of the blue shrimp Penaeus stylirostris, while specimens of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei infected by this virus exhibit reduced growth rates and negative effects on the feed-conversion rate (FCR). To date, no descriptive epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of this virus in shrimp broodstock have been performed. In this study, the prevalence of IHHNV in broodstock of the white shrimp P. vannamei from hatcheries on the northwest of Mexico region was estimated. Prevalence vary across different regions from high (63%) to low (6%) in shrimp broodstock. Several factors, as transport of pathogens by human activities, or the absence or implementation of ineffective biosecurity measures, may explain the observed differences. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to examine the prevalence of IHHNV on broodstock.

Feasibility of polyculture of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris and goldlined rabbitfish Siganus lineatus in a mesocosm system

Abstract This study was conducted to (1) estimate the effects of polyculture of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris with goldlined rabbitfish Siganus lineatus on production, environmental quality and water and sediment metabolism and (2) to determine if blue shrimp and goldlined rabbitfish polyculture is possible. The experiment was carried out for 12 weeks in a mesocosm system that consisted of 12 circular outdoor mesocosm fiberglass tanks (1.7 m2, 1275 L water volume). Shrimp (2.9 g) were randomly stocked at density of 15 shrimp·m− 2 without rabbitfish (control), with rabbitfish (25.5 g) at low density (1.2 fish·m− 2) (LDRB) and high density (2.4 fish·m− 2) (HDRB). Results indicated that goldlined rabbitfish S. lineatus did not affect shrimp growth performance. At the end of the experiment, the combined shrimp and rabbitfish yields in the LDRB (213 g·m− 2) treatment and the HDRB (295 g·m− 2) treatment were significantly greater (P 0.05) in gross primary productivity and respiration between the HDRB treatment and the control. It was concluded that the polyculture of blue shrimp with goldlined rabbitfish is technically possible without degradation of the environment in the culture system.

A rapid intertidal megafauna survey method applied to Upogebia pugettensis, and its introduced parasite, Orthione griffensis

Declines or extinctions of the native northeast Pacific intertidal blue mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis (Dana, 1852), over the species range are directly associated with intense infestations by the introduced Asian bopyrid isopod parasite, Orthione griffenis Markham, 2004. Single point sampling sites and anecdotal records poorly resolve how this interaction occurs within estuaries and among geographical regions. This broad scale interaction can only be resolved at the meta-population scales over which they occur but the surveys needed for this research are proceeding slowly or, in most cases, have not begun. The large efforts and major field and computational resources that grid or random point surveys employed for this work to date have proven to be major obstacles. We therefore tested a new method in Alsea Bay, Oregon, in which shrimp bed perimeters and areas are algebraically defined previous to direct sampling within predefined population areas. This new method is intuitive, reduces logistics, greatly reduces field and computational resources and produces equally useful results to previous survey methods. The Alsea Bay populations of U. pugettensis surveyed by these new methods are sufficiently abundant to remain “ecosystem engineers.” However, intense infestations of their populations by Orthione cause significant reproductive losses. The Alsea Bay population appears to be declining along with all other known U. pugettensis in Oregon estuaries.

Shrimp Immune System-Special Focus on Penaeidin

In this review paper, we summarize the immune system of penaeid shrimp. This review includes the clotting system comprising clot protein and clotting enzyme (transglutaminase II), as well as the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation system including proPO-activating enzyme (PPAE), proPO and clip domain serine protease homolog (c-SPH). In addition, several shrimp cytokines or cytokine-like molecules found in tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon participating in the defense responses are also discussed. C-SPH could enhance hemocyte adhesion. Shrimp astakine promoted hemocyte proliferation in the hematopoietic tissues and could be down-regulated at the post-transcriptional level by the binding of intracellular molecules such as transglutaminase I and crustin Pm4 to its 3'-untranslatd region. Penaeidin is found to be a dual function molecule as an antimicrobial peptide and an autocrine-acting cytokine. Yet, other antimicrobial substances such as quinone and melanine which are generated during the proPO activation pathway and the reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (ROI and RNI) which are generated during the phagocytic process can also kill and clear the invading microorganisms directly. In addition, Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) which plays an essential role in the alternative adaptive immune system of invertebrates, has also been characterized in shrimp.Penaeid shrimp is one of the most important commercially available aquaculture resources. Although, the culture techniques and field management skills have significantly improved in the recent years, infectious diseases are still a threat to the industry. The study of shrimp immune system could be important in designing the strategies against pathogen infection. For shrimp, the innate immune responses play a major role in combatting invading pathogens and prevent them against diseases. The immune responses involve different factors such as physical barrier, bacteria clearance, encapsulation, clotting reactions, prophenoloxidase system, reactive oxygen intermediates, and antimicrobial activity. The innate immune system uses a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on the hemocyte membrane to detect the pathogenassociated molecule pattern (PAMP) and transduce signals during pathogen invasion. Hemocytes are then activated and the defense molecules are degranulated against the pathogens.

Growth of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon post-larvae fed on Artemia containing Vibrio SKT-b probiotic

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Application of probiotic bacteria is an alternative technology to increase shrimp production in an environmentally friendly aquaculture. Administration of probiotic bacteria can be conducted through artificial feed or live food such as &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt;. This study was done to examine the effectiveness of various doses of probiotic &lt;em&gt;Vibrio&lt;/em&gt; SKT-b through &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; on the growth and survival of post-larval shrimp. Tiger shrimp at a stage of PL 10 was reared in glass jars filled with 2 L of sea water at a density of 10 larva/L. The study consisted of five probiotic concentrations control (0 cfu/mL), A (10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL), B (10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL), C (10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL), and D (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL). Administration of various doses of probiotic bacteria &lt;em&gt;Vibrio&lt;/em&gt; SKT-b through &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; significantly increased the growth rate in term of the length and weight, but had no effect on survival. The results found that treatment D (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL) gave an increase in body weight, length and survival rate of 22.53%/day, 0.080 cm/day and 95%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Keywords: probiotic, &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt;, tiger shrimp&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Aplikasi bakteri probiotik merupakan salah satu alternatif teknologi untuk meningkatkan produksi budidaya udang yang ramah lingkungan. Pemberian bakteri probiotik dapat dilakukan melalui pakan buatan atau pakan alami seperti &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt;. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas pemberian berbagai dosis bakteri probiotik &lt;em&gt;Vibrio&lt;/em&gt; SKT-b melalui &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup pascalarva udang windu. Stadia udang windu yang digunakan adalah pascalarva (PL) 10. Udang dipelihara dalam wadah kaca volume 3 L yang diisi air laut 2 L dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/L. Penelitian ini terdiri atas lima perlakuan yaitu kontrol (dosis bakteri probiotik 0 cfu/mL), A (10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL), B (10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL), C (10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL), dan D (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian berbagai dosis bakteri probiotik &lt;em&gt;Vibrio&lt;/em&gt; SKT-b melalui &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan panjang dan bobot, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai kelangsungan hidup. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan D (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL) dengan pertumbuhan bobot 22,53%/hari, pertumbuhan panjang 0,08 cm/hari, dan sintasan 95%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci: probiotik, &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt;, udang windu&lt;/p&gt;

Prevalence of viral pathogens WSSV and IHHNV in wild organisms at the Pacific Coast of Mexico

This study investigated whether white spot syndrome virus and Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, can survive in wild invertebrates and vertebrates in the environment surrounding shrimp farms along the Pacific coast of Mexico. The evidences imply that both viruses have a potential of persisting in crabs, blue, white and brown shrimps. The most prevalent virus, IHHNV was present in 19.5% (344/1736) followed by WSSV in 3.6% (65/1736). Coinfection of WSSV and IHHNV was also detected in crabs, blue and white shrimps. This is the first prevalence report of WSSV and IHHNV associated with wildlife species in Mexico.

Biochemical, Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Assessment of Blue Shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) Stored in Ice

Postmortem changes in blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) muscle were studied on the basis of biochemical, chemical, physical, and microbiological changes during an 18 day storage period at 0°C. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content, breakdown products, K-value, pH, trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), water holding capacity (WHC), color, and texture (shear force) changes were examined. Also, total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacterial counts were measured. K-value increased linearly (r2 = 0.98) from an initial value of 1.37 ± 0.59 to 59.42 ± 6.05% at Day 18. Spoilage indicators TVB-N and TMA-N increased from 29.56 ± 1.33 and 0.69 ± 0.25 to 39.04 and 2.04 ± 0.59 mg of N/100 g at Day 18, respectively; meanwhile, the total viable counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria increased from 3.48 ± 0.44 and 2.61 ± 0.29 log CFU/g to 6.27 ± 0.21 and 7.14 ± 0.39 log CFU/g, respectively, which indicated spoilage at the end of the storage period. The pH, texture, WHC, and color were affected (p < 0.05) during the storage period. Overall, results indicate that blue shrimp muscle quality was maintained for 12 days of storage in ice.

A Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical, Proximate Composition and Microbiological Muscle Properties, in Two Species Shrimps of the Pacific Tropical Coast

Physicochemical, proximate composition and microbiological analysis of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and blue shrimp (L. stylirostris) tissues were compared. The wild shrimp were collected off the coasts of Sinaloa, Mexico (in front Navachiste Bay, Guasave) and of Nayarit (in front Boca de Cuautla-Novilleros, Tecuala), Mexico. The results of our study suggested that meats of white and blue shrimp are a good source of protein and lipids. The blue shrimp tend to have better protein content than white shrimp, and white shrimp tend to have better lipid content than blue shrimp.

ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES ON THE SHELL PROTEINS OF THE PRAWNS METAPENAEUS AFFINIS (M. EDW.) AND PENAEUS INDICUS (M. EDW.)

SUMMARY Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins extracted from the shells of the two prawns Metapenaeus affinis (M. Edw.) and Penaeus indicus (M. Edw.) disclose that each protein can be resolved into three fractions of different mobilities in the electrical field, all moving towards the anode. Chromatographic studies of these fractions indicate that they markedly differ from one another in their amino acid compositions and as such are distinct proteins. The first fraction represents the basic protein of the crustacean cuticle as it is rich in the amino acids glycine, hydroxyproline and proline. The second fraction represents the protein involved in the phenolic tanning of the cuticle as it is rich in the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The third fraction represents the protein rich in the amino acids methionine and cysteine which seems to cause the cementing of calcium ion to it so as to cause the final hardening of the crustacean cuticle by forming S-S bonds.

Isolation of probiotics bacterium from coral reef for controlling vibriosis in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae

&lt;p&gt;Pathogenic Vibrio, especially luminous Vibrio harveyi, could cause mass mortality in tiger shrimp culture. One of the technique to work against luminous Vibrio is, using probiotic bacteria to inhibit the luminous Vibrio growth. This study was carried out to obtain bacteria isolates from coral reef which potentially inhibit V. harveyi growth. A total of 110 isolates were isolated from Acropora sp, Merulina sp, Hystrix sp., Poecillophora sp, Porites sp and Haliophora sp., and have probiotic activity against V. harveyi in in vitro and in vivo test.Of the total 110 isolates, 54 isolates show the inhibiting zone. Two isolates(8A and 1C)were not pathogenic and have the most effective activity in inhibiting growth of V. harveyi and significantly reduced larval mortality in in vitro and in vivo test. Treatment using probiotics candidate have significant different survival rate (83.33%) compared with positive control (61.67%). The growth rate of lenght of larvae treatment with isolate of 8A (5.25%) and 1C (5.06%) show the significant different compared with positive control (3.54%). The growth rate of weight of larvae treatment withisolate of 8A (17.51%) and 1C (17.61%) show significant different compared with negative (15.27%) and positive control (14.69%).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Key word: coral reef, probiotic, tiger shrimp, vibriosis, V. harveyi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vibrio patogen, khususnya Vibrio harveyi berpendar, dapat menyebabkan kematian massal pada budidaya udang windu. Salah satu alternatif untuk menghambat Vibrio harveyi berpendar adalah dengan menggunakan bakteri probiotik yang dapat menekan pertumbuhan Vibrio tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat bakteri dari terumbu karang yang potensial menghambat pertumbuhan V. harveyi. Total 110 isolat diisolasi dari Acropora sp, Merulina sp., Hystrix sp., Poecillophora sp., Porites sp. dan Haliophora sp, dilakukan penapisan untuk melihat aktivitas kemampuannya melawan V. harveyi MR 5339 RfR dalam uji in vitro dan uji in vivo. Sebanyak 54 isolat teridentifikasi mampu menghasilkan zona hambat. Dua isolat (8A dan 1C) terbukti tidak bersifat patogen dan memiliki aktivitas probiotik melawan V. harveyi MR 5339 RfR pada uji in vitro dan in vivo. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva pada perlakuan yang diberi kandidat probiotik dari kedua isolat tersebut adalah 83,33%, dan menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda nyata dengan kontrol positif (61,67%). Laju pertumbuhan panjang larva yang diberi isolat 8A (5,25%) dan 1C (5,06%)menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda nyatajika dibandingkan dengan kontrolpositif (3,54%). Laju pertumbuhan bobot yang diberi isolat 8A (17,51%) dan 1C (17,61%) menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda nyata terhadap kontrol negative (15,27%) dan kontrol positif (14,69%).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kata kunci: probiotik, terumbu karang,udang windu, V. harveyi, vibriosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Régime alimentaire de la crevette rouge Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) (Decapoda, Penaeoidea) dans la région algéroise (Algérie centre)

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the stomach contents of 263 individuals of the blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (males and females) show that this species has a diverse diet. Foraminiferans, shellfish, mollusks, and worms constitute its preferential prey, while the secondary preys encountered are represented by echinoderms and fish scales. Larvae, fish eggs, tintinnids (Ciliophora), and radiolarians are found as incidental preys. Variations in diet according to sex, season, and size of the individuals were also studied.

Effect of processing treatments (frozen, frying) on contents of minerals in tissues of ‘frutti di mare’

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of thermal treatment (frying) of frozen seafood on the content of minerals and heavy metals. An analysis was conducted to compare concentration of sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, as well as lead, cadmium and mercury in the analysed tissues of invertebrates (shellfish – blue mussel, Japanese squid, white shrimp and octopus). Thermal processing (in this case, frying) applied to the frozen invertebrates was found to affect significantly the content of macro‐ and microelements as well as the content of heavy metals, except for potassium and manganese content in mussels and shrimps, respectively. Frozen and thermally treated (frying) mussels are characterised by significantly higher concentrations of the analysed minerals (except Na+, Ca+2, Cu+2), as well as higher concentrations of cadmium and mercury. In turn, shrimps and squids are invertebrates with lower content of both macro‐ and microelements.

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN SEAFOODS CAUGHT IN CORIGLIANO CALABRO GULF (CS,ITALY)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection in seafoods (Merluccius merluccius, Arnoglossus laterna, Scomber japonicus, Penaeus kerathurus, Eledone cirrhosa) collected along coasts of Corigliano Calabro gulf (Calabria Region - Italy). The results showed that Bap levels exceeded the limit fixed by EU Regulation 1881/2006 in only four samples of Merluccius merluccius, Arnoglossus laterna and Scomber japonicus particularly. PAH concentrations detected in samples caught in winter were higher than those found in summer.

Updating knowledge on growth, population dynamics, and ecology of the blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816), on the basis of the study of its instars

AbstractBoth national (GRUND) and international (MEDITS) trawl surveys carried out in the Italian seas since 1994 have produced consistent and rather homogeneous samples of red shrimps (per season, gear, and methods to ascertain abundance). Study and discussion of data regarding Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) from Ligurian fishing grounds during the REDs project (FISH/2004/03‐32) made it possible to verify how key instars of the life of the female shrimp can be recognized from length frequency distributions derived from trawl surveys, allowing the age distributions to be split up. The segment of life that can be studied spans ages 1 and 10 and includes 20 instars, but larger sizes have been found which may extend the life span another 3 years. After age 5, only one growth instar per year occurs. Based on our study of the instars, we developed a size/age key for A. antennatus and used it to derive a von Bertalanffy growth function, total mortality rates and exploitation rates. Our results are related to basic biological and ecological characteristics of this species. Large individuals (females ≥50 mm CL at age 5 onward) present in a considerable percentage in the Ligurian Sea, are very important because (i) their fecundity is very high and therefore greatly influences the reproductive potential and (ii) they represent commercially the most valuable part of the catch. In addition, substantial relationships between the life history of A. antennatus and local oceanographic processes exist because the long life span of the species enlarges the area to which eggs and larvae are transported in surface currents, as well as the active return movements in deep waters where adult life mainly takes place. In the study area, the Northern Current provides the possibility of great horizontal displacement of A. antennatus eggs, larvae and early juveniles and, in general, attention to surface circulation may help to identify affinities in distant Mediterranean populations. This study presents A. antennatus in terms of a resource on the move at a Western Mediterranean scale.

Salinity tolerance, ontogeny of osmoregulation and zootechnical improvement in the larval rearing of the Caledonian Blue Shrimp, Litopenaeus stylirostris (Decapoda, Penaeidae)

The ontogeny of osmoregulation was investigated in Litopenaeus stylirostris by studying salinity tolerance and osmoregulatory capacity. Shrimp at different larval and postlarval stages were exposed to various salinities and survival was monitored for 24h. Survival rates exceeded 80% at salinity over 25ppt (750mOsm.kg−1) at all the stages. At salinities below to 25ppt, salinity tolerance was higher in nauplii and zoeae than in mysis larvae. Postlarval stages were able to withstand lower salinities, e.g. 6.0ppt (176mOsm.kg−1) at PL9 stage, but they were more sensitive than larvae to salinities over 35ppt (1035mOsm.kg−1). Zoea and mysis larvae slightly hyper-regulated at all tested salinities. After metamorphosis, postlarvae progressively acquired the adult pattern of hyper-hypo-osmoregulation: At PL9, the estimated isosmotic salinity was 24.5ppt (720mOsm.kg−1); below and over this salinity, animals hyper-regulated and hypo-regulated, respectively. Finally, we determine the effects of lowering salinity at different animal development stages. We conclude that seawater salinity (35ppt) is optimum during larval stages; but for postlarval stages, lowering salinity at 27ppt leads to a better growth in 19days compared to those maintained at 35ppt (1.07mg vs 0.47mg). These results are in agreement with penaeid natural life cycle during which larvae are released in oceanic water while juveniles live in coastal areas where salinity is more fluctuant.

The geography of mercury and PCBs in North Carolina’s local seafood

Mercury and PCBs are used by non-governmental organizations and federal agencies to inform seafood safety recommendations. Pollution dynamics suggest recommendations on the national scale may be too large to be accurate. We tested softshell and hardshell blue crab, white and pink shrimp, oysters, clams, spot, and mullet from fishers in each of the three North Carolina fishery districts. We measured mercury using EPA method 7473 and PCBs using a commercially available ELISA kit. Over 97% of samples were below the Environmental Protection Agency levels of concern for both mercury and PCBs. Mercury and PCBs have different spatial dynamics, but both differ significantly by water body, suggesting that seafood safety recommendations should occur by water body instead of at the national scale. This finding supports previous research suggesting that differences in water chemistry, terrestrial influence, and flushing time in a particular water body control the contaminant load in locally resident species.

Application of combined preservative in anti-melanosis of Penaeus Vanmamei

Application of combined preservative in anti-melanosis of Penaeus Vanmamei

Diversity of the edible fishes of the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria and the public health concerns based on their Lead (Pb) content

In this study, a total of eighteen fish species were recorded in the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria during a one year survey. Among the animals species recorded, the following, Galeoidesdecadactylus, Dentex gibbosus, Elops lacerta, Scomber japonicus, Ethmalosa fimbriata, Lutjanus agennes, Caranx senegallus, Callinectes amnicola, Paeneus notialis and Mytilus edulis were considered to be abundant in the Lagos lagoon based on the frequency of occurrence in fishermen catches. The analysis of the lead content in muscles of the edible fisheries revealed that the animals accumulated measurable quantity of lead in the edible parts. The level of lead detected in most (12 out of 18 species) of the fisheries species were found to be lower than the daily allowable concentration of 2.0 µg/g standard recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Fishes species with high level of lead in their edible parts include Senegal jack, C. senegallus (2.188 µg/g), Bobo croaker, Pseudotolithus elongatus (2.024 µg/g), Cassava croaker, Pseudotolithus senegalensis (3.157 µg/g), crayfish, Penaeus notialis (25.46µg/g), edible mussel, Mytilus edulis (17.69 µg/g) and crab,Callinectes amnicola (10.19 µg/g). The mean levels of lead in Mytilus edulis, Penaeus notialis, and Callinectes amnicola collected from the Lagos lagoon were about 8 to 24 times higher than the WHO daily allowable standards for lead in sea foods and are therefore unsafe for human consumption. The need for regular monitoring of the levels of metals and other contaminants in edible fisheries resources and collaboration between environmental, health and food agencies to avert human tragedies due to lead accumulation are discussed. Key words: Bioaccumulation, lead, industrial pollution, aquatic ecosystem, biomonitoring.