Peanut Production Research Articles

Increasing Growth and Yield of Peanuts with Various Types and Dosages of Organic Fertilizer in Dry Land

Dry land is very potential to be developed into agricultural land, one of which is planting peanuts, although it has constraints such as low pH and low soil fertility. Efforts can be made to improve soil fertility by applying organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers are expected to improve the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and provide nutrients that peanut plants need. This research aims to obtain the right organic fertilizer type and dosage to increase peanut production. This research was conducted in farmers' fields in Margo Bhakti Village, Block C unit II, Mesuji District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency (OKI) from March to June 2021. The layout in the field used a factorial RAK design with 9 treatment combinations repeated 3 x. Type of Organic Fertilizer: cow manure organic fertilizer, chicken manure organic fertilizer, biofertilizer. Dosage of organic fertilizer: 200 kg/ha, 400 kg/ha, 600 kg/ha. The heaviest pod weight was achieved in the combination of biofertilizer treatment at the dosage of 400 kg/ha at 89.67 g/plant or 6.97 kg/plot and increased production by 109.31% when compared to cow manure organic fertilizer at the rate of 200 kg/ha.

Volatile Compound Profiles of Raw and Roasted Peanut Seeds of the Runner and Virginia Market-types

The unique flavor of peanuts that develops during roasting is the primary driving force for the consumption of peanut products. Although rarely consumed raw, the raw state of the peanut contains the precursors involved in the transformations that lead to the distinct flavor development in roasted peanuts. Volatile compounds extracted from the headspace above raw and roasted peanut samples of the runner and virginia market types by solid phase microextraction were characterized using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The roasting treatment and peanut market-type each had a significant impact on the types and concentrations of small molecular weight compounds found. Among 361 sample components detected, 290 compounds were found to be significantly different between the raw and roasted treatments (p < 0.05). The roasted samples contained pyrazines, pyrroles, thiazoles, and furans. Alcohols were the primary compounds found in the raw peanut samples. Additionally, 107 compounds were found to differ significantly between roasted runner and virginia-type peanuts. Virginia-type peanuts contained higher levels of linoleic acid oxidation products, such as 2-octenal, hexanal, and 1-octen-3-one. More significant distinctions in volatile compounds were recognized between runner and virginia market types than previously observed. In total, this study reported 119 volatile compounds that have not previously been reported in roasted peanuts, including 11 furans, seven pyrroles, five pyridines, and 12 pyrazines.

Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the stress response in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) subjected to drought-stress.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the valuable oilseed crops grown in drought-prone areas worldwide. Drought severely limits peanut production and productivity significantly. In order to decipher the drought tolerance mechanism in peanut under drought stress, RNA sequencing was performed in TAG - 24 (drought tolerant genotype) and JL-24 (drought susceptible genotype). Approximately 51million raw reads were generated from four different libraries of two genotypes subjected to drought stress exerted by 20% PEG 6000 stress and control conditions, of which ~ 41million (80.87%) filtered reads were mapped to the Arachis hypogaea L. reference genome. The transcriptome analysis detected 1,629 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 186 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) and 30,199 SSR among the identified DEGs. Among the differentially expressed TF encoding genes, the highest number of genes were WRKY followed by bZIP, C2H2, and MYB during drought stress. The comparative analysis between the two genotypes revealed that TAG-24 exhibits activation of certain key genes and transcriptional factors that are involved in essential biological processes. Specifically, TAG-24 showed activation of genes involved in the plant hormone signaling pathway such as PYL9, Auxin response receptor gene, and ABA. Additionally, genes related to water deprivation such as LEA protein and those involved in combating oxidative damage such as Glutathione reductase were also found to be activated in TAG-24. This genome-wide transcription map, therefore, provides a valuable tool for future transcript profiling under drought stress and enriches the genetic resources available for this important oilseed crop.

Insect and Mite Pest Management in Florida Peanut

Peanut is one of the most important cash crops grown in the United States, with an estimated production value of over $1 billion. The southeastern coastal plains harbor most of the US peanut acreage, and Florida is ranked among the top five major peanut producers in the US, with 160 thousand acres planted in 2022 and an annual production value of $130 million in 2021. The majority of peanut acreage in Florida is in the Panhandle and central Florida, in Jackson, Santa Rosa, and Levy counties. Several insect pests feed on various peanut plant parts, including foliage, roots, and fruiting structures. These pests can cause significant damage to the plant canopy and kernels and can also transmit diseases, reducing the quality and quantity of yield if they are not properly detected and managed. This publication serves as a guide for Extension agents and growers to provide an overview of proper sampling techniques and management for peanut pests found in the Florida Panhandle.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Peningkatan Budidaya Kacang Tanah di Kampung Jagebob Raya

Kampung Jagebob Raya is one of the villages that has Natural Resources (SDA) and Human Resources (HR) which have the potential to be developed. This can be seen from the carrying capacity and availability of land for peanut cultivation. In addition, the majority of people have livelihoods as farmers. Commodities cultivated by the people in this village include corn, chili, long beans and peanuts. Peanut is a palawija crop that has a fairly high selling value. Apart from being a source of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, it is also used as a cooking spice, boiled peanuts, fried peanuts, crunchy peanuts, and other snacks. This potential can encourage people to be more active in increasing the production and productivity of peanuts. Empowering the community through cultivating peanuts is one of the efforts to improve business skills in terms of innovation, promotion, processing and marketing. The method of implementing peanut cultivation activities in Kampung Jagebob Raya was carried out in two stages, namely socialization and demonstration plots. Socialization with the local government is to agree on the implementation of community service activities while the demonstration plot is to assist farmers in cultivating land, planting, pest control to post-harvest. Community empowerment activities have a positive value for farmers in Kampung Jagebon Raya. In addition to increasing knowledge, farmers can be empowered and help improve the community's economy.

Growth and yield performance of three peanut cultivars on different watering intervals

Many peanut planting fields have limited water resources, therefore farmers must use water efficiently. A study aimed to obtain appropriate watering intervals and adaptive peanut cultivars at limited water conditions. The greenhouse study was conducted at Central Bengkulu Regency, Indonesia, from December 2019 to March 2020. Three varieties of peanut (Takar 2, Talam 1, and Kancil) and four watering intervals (1, 3, 6, and 9-day intervals) were arranged using a split-plot design and replicated three times. Results showed that the three varieties evaluated had similar agronomic performance (P≥0.05). The Takar 2 and Kancil had similar growth and yield components to the dry land adaptive variety Talam 1. It indicates that Takar 2 and Kancil cultivars are suitable for cultivation in a water-limited field. Watering every 6 days reduced peanut growth and insignificantly differed from watering every 9 days. Daily watering produced the highest growth and yield of peanut, irrespective of genotypes. Nevertheless, in areas with limited water availability, watering every 3 days was sufficient with yield reduction by about 25.55% of watering daily.
 Keywords: drought, irrigation, peanut production

A comparative study of oil, protein, and fatty acid content of 12 cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown from two regions in Shandong province, China

AbstractPeanut is a primary oil crop that is cultivated on a large scale in Shandong province, China. This study evaluated the oil, protein, and fatty acid compositions of different types of peanut cultivars growing in different ecological regions (Yantai and Heze) in Shandong province from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the oil content ranged from 38.83% to 56.48%, and the protein content ranged from 21.80% to 31.65% among the studied sites. The oleic acid content and ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid (O/L) ranged from 39.19% to 52.58% and from 0.92 to 1.77, respectively. Accessions TY107, TY109, and HS‐D‐1 were identified as the most promising oil varieties; HY20 and HY6314 were identified as optimal protein varieties; and HY9311, HY9310, and LH09‐2 were identified as promising varieties for oleic acid production. A significant and positive relationship between seed oil content and accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and insolation duration demonstrated that environments with high temperatures and a long insolation duration promoted oil synthesis. However, a positive relationship was observed only between GDD and protein content. Based on the meteorological conditions of Shandong province, the southwest (such as Heze) is an optimal region for cultivating peanuts with high oil content; the east (Yantai) is most suitable for high‐protein peanut production. The results indicate that the growing conditions should carefully be considered for sustainable and healthy development of the peanut industry as climate variables will likely influence seed composition, thus affecting the suitability for various end uses.

The Effect of Harvest Dates on Production, Lipid Composition, Aspergillus Section Flavi Contamination, and Aflatoxin Production in High Oleic Acid Peanut Cultivars in Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of harvest dates on peanut yield, total lipid, fatty acid composition, phytosterols, Aspergillus section Flavi, and aflatoxin occurrence in two important high oleic peanut cultivars (IAC 503 and IAC OL3) in Brazil. Peanut yield and shelling percentage variation were not significant throughout the harvest dates for both cultivars. Total lipid concentration was higher in IAC 503 (48 g/100 g) than in IAC OL3 (45 g/100 g) cultivar and increased significantly over harvest time. Stearic acid showed significant variation during the harvest dates among the fatty acids. Stigmasterol concentration increased over harvest time in both cultivars. The harvest date influenced the quantities of Aspergillus section Flavi in the IAC OL3 cultivar. No sample showed contamination by aflatoxins. The proposed harvest dates slightly influenced the main compounds evaluated. These preliminary results are promising, considering the versatility they could bring to the peanut production chain.

The impacts of soil tillage combined with plastic film management practices on soil quality, carbon footprint, and peanut yield

Soil tillage and plastic film management practices are essential agricultural production strategies for improving crop yield. Furthermore, they can also play important roles in affecting soil quality, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and carbon footprint (CF), and the overall impacts of tillage and plastic film management on these indicators and the potential links among them are rarely assessed. A 4-year-long field experiment was performed under the winter wheat–summer peanut rotation pattern to investigate how the tillage (plow tillage and rotary tillage) and plastic film management practices (plastic film mulching and no plastic film mulching) affected the summer peanut fields' soil quality (soil carbon (C) stock, enzyme activity, and nutrients concentration), soil GHG (N2O and CH4) emissions, CF components, and peanut yield. The present results showed that plow tillage management improved peanut yield and decreased seasonal cumulative soil N2O and CH4 emissions and CF relative to rotary tillage management. However, the seasonal cumulative emissions of soil N2O and CH4 under plastic film mulching were higher than those under no mulching. The application of plastic film mulching also increased soil TOC stock, soil enzymes (invertase, unease, and catalase) activities, and soil nutrients (microbial biomass C, microbial biomass nitrogen (N), ammonium N, and nitrate N) concentrations. The mulching-induced improvements in soil quality can promote an increase in crop productivity; thus, plastic film mulching showed increased peanut yield and decreased yield-scaled CF. In conclusion, plow tillage combined with plastic film mulching (PTM) treatment maintained higher peanut productivity and produced lower CF while generating suitable soil conditions and therefore may be a more high-yielding, eco-friendly, and sustainable development management strategy for summer peanut production.

Valorization of Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste Using Various Extraction Methods: A Review.

Peanuts (Arachis hypogea) can be made into various products, from oil to butter to roasted snack peanuts and candies, all from the kernels. However, the skin is usually thrown away, used as cheap animal feed, or as one of the ingredients in plant fertilizer due to its little value on the market. For the past ten years, studies have been conducted to determine the full extent of the skin's bioactive substance repertoire and its powerful antioxidant potential. Alternatively, researchers reported that peanut skin could be used and be profitable in a less-intensive extraction technique. Therefore, this review explores the conventional and green extraction of peanut oil, peanut production, peanut physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, and the prospects of valorization of peanut skin. The significance of the valorization of peanut skin is that it contains high antioxidant capacity, catechin, epicatechin resveratrol, and procyanidins, which are also advantageous. It could be exploited in sustainable extraction, notably in the pharmaceutical industries.

Advances in omics research on peanut response to biotic stresses.

Peanut growth, development, and eventual production are constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in serious economic losses. To understand the response and tolerance mechanism of peanut to biotic and abiotic stresses, high-throughput Omics approaches have been applied in peanut research. Integrated Omics approaches are essential for elucidating the temporal and spatial changes that occur in peanut facing different stresses. The integration of functional genomics with other Omics highlights the relationships between peanut genomes and phenotypes under specific stress conditions. In this review, we focus on research on peanut biotic stresses. Here we review the primary types of biotic stresses that threaten sustainable peanut production, the multi-Omics technologies for peanut research and breeding, and the recent advances in various peanut Omics under biotic stresses, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, miRNAomics, epigenomics and phenomics, for identification of biotic stress-related genes, proteins, metabolites and their networks as well as the development of potential traits. We also discuss the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for peanut Omics under biotic stresses, aiming sustainable food production. The Omics knowledge is instrumental for improving peanut tolerance to cope with various biotic stresses and for meeting the food demands of the exponentially growing global population.

Determination of Planting Pattern and Screening of Agricultural Machineries for Maize-Peanut Strip Intercropping: A Case Study in Henan Province of China

Maize-peanut strip intercropping is an important method to solve the contradiction between grain and oil land competition, and achieve stable grain and oil production. However, there are no research reports on the selection and matching of agricultural machinery for such planting patterns at home and abroad. Therefore, this article takes the Henan Province of China as an example to carry out a study. The main content of this study is to determine the pattern of maize-peanut strip intercropping and screen the agricultural machinery from the perspective of deep integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy. A new strip intercropping pattern consisting of four rows of maize and two ridges (four rows) of peanut was determined. A series of operating machineries suitable for this planting pattern were selected for the needs of mechanized sowing, field spraying, and harvesting. Field experiments were conducted to further verify the applicability and reliability of the determined planting pattern and operating machinery. The yield of 4-4 strip intercropping is slightly lower than that of monocropping maize, but the yield of peanut per mu can be increased by 105.2 kg. Moreover, the yield per mu of 4-4 strip intercropping is about 40% of that of monocropping peanut. This study can effectively compensate for the lack of research on the screening of agricultural machinery for maize-peanut strip intercropping at home and abroad. It also can provide beneficial exploration for the full mechanized production of maize and peanut under this planting pattern, and provide reference for the mechanized production of other crops strip intercropping.

The economic importance of the peanuts production chain

The importance and economic representativeness of the peanut production chain has grown exponentially in recent years, tending to gain more market share. Background: The study had as its theme the question: What is the economic, technological, social and environmental relevance of the peanut production chain for Brazil? Objective: Conduct a survey of information and data that allow inferring the economic, social and environmental importance of the peanut production chain for Brazil in the global scenario. Methods: The methodology applied was exploratory research "ad hoc" in exploratory theoretical essay of qualitative approach, and analytical descriptive in the report of the findings. Results: Exports grow on a logarithmic scale, in 2020 it had revenues of US$ 427.8 million. The sector generates 42 thousand jobs, and the culture makes it possible to meet social and environmental demands. Conclusions: The adoption of technologies and the improvement of production methods are essential for the continuous progress of the sector with the creation of jobs and the adhesion of new producers, with an increasingly sustainable production, with less environmental impact and reduction of fertilizer waste, with expansion of the productive capacity per planted bushel.

Determining peanut moisture content by scattering coefficient

Moisture content is a fundamental parameter in peanut production and storage. Moisture content information is essential for crop analysis. Crop analysis is significant for production planning and improving yield. Thus, developing a moisture content measurement system with high precision and low cost can benefit peanut production, processing, and storage. To achieve accurate and rapid nondestructive testing of shelled peanuts and peanut pods, this study proposes a new method for measuring moisture content based on the microwave scattering coefficient. The microwave free-space method was used to measure the scattering parameters of peanut samples with different moisture contents (8.11–45.59% wet basis) at different temperatures and sample thicknesses. Moreover, a peanut moisture measurement model using S-parameters was developed. Using the amplitude, phase, and real part and imaginary part combinations of the S11 and S21 parameters of the peanut samples as the input and peanut moisture content as the output, moisture content and S-parameter prediction models based on the gradient boost regression trees (GBRT), extreme gradient boost (XGBoost), and fully connected deep neural network (FC-DNN) were established. Test results verified that the FC-DNN-based model had the best prediction performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.9998, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.0891, mean square error (MSE) = 0.0254, and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.1593. This study provides a new method for the nondestructive measurement of moisture content during peanut production and storage. Moreover, the proposed model can be applied for moisture content measurement of other agricultural products in the food processing industry.

Geographical distribution of Aspergillus flavus in peanut harvest period in China

In order to grasp the distribution of Aspergillus flavus in the soil of peanut production areas in China, A. flavus biomarkers were tested on 555 soil samples from 37 sampling points in 17 provinces, peanut fields in four agroecological zones (Southern area, Yangtze River Basin, Northern area, Northeast area). The results showed that (1) the cultivation amount of A. flavus per gram of soil in the Yangtze River Basin is 1.30 times that of the southern area, 1.56 times that of the northern area, and 6.20 times that of the northeast area, with obvious regional characteristics. (2) In the Yangtze River basin, the change of longitude in the east-west direction has no direct impact on the cultivation amount of A. flavus per gram of soil. (3) In the east coast, the A. flavus cultivated per gram of soil increased first and then decreased with the increase of latitude from south to north. (4) A. flavus can be isolated in the soil samples above 1000 ​m. Field pollution is an important source of aflatoxin contamination in peanut. The study on the distribution of A. flavus in soil in China could provide theoretical support for the early warning and prevention and control measures of aflatoxin contamination in peanut.

Registration of ‘Georgia‐22MPR’ peanut

Abstract‘Georgia‐22MPR’ (Reg. no. CV‐153, PI 702544) is a new high‐yielding, high‐oleic medium‐large‐seeded, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar resistant to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), root‐knot nematode [RKN; Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood], and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris). It was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2022. Georgia‐22MPR was developed at the University of Georgia, Tifton Campus. It originated from the cross ‘Georgia Greener’ × GA 082524. Georgia Greener is a normal‐oleic, TSWV‐resistant, runner‐type peanut cultivar. GA 082524 is a high‐oleic, RKN‐resistant, advanced Georgia breeding line. Pedigree selection was practiced within the early segregating generations. Performance testing began in the F4:6 generation with the advanced pure‐line selection, GA 163120. During the past 4 years (2018–2021) averaged over 27 multiple location tests without nematode pressure in Georgia, Georgia‐22MPR had significantly less TSWV and total disease incidence than ‘Georgia‐14N’. Georgia‐22MPR was also found to have a larger runner seed size as compared to the smaller runner‐type check cultivar, Georgia‐14N. Georgia‐22MPR combines high yield, TSWV resistance, leafhopper insect resistance, and RKN resistance with medium–large seed size and the high‐oleic trait for longer shelf‐life and improved oil quality of peanut and peanut products.

Response of seed production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on different dosages of compound NPK fertilizer and rice straw mulch

Peanut is an important protein source of agricultural commodity in Indonesia because it has high economic value and plays a strategic role in national food supply. In recent years, peanut production across the country has been declining, so it needs to be improved through various efforts such as intensification, land expansion, and per-land increase.The research was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022 at IP2TP Genteng Banyuwangi, used Factorial Randomized Block Design. The first factor was compound NPK fertilizer dosages, i.e. 200; 300 and 400 kg/ha. The second factor was rice straw mulch dosages, i.e. 0; 3 and 6 ton/ha. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Compound NPK fertilizer dosages didn’t affect all observation variables. On the other hand, the dose of rice straw mulch had a highly significant effect on plant height at 15 DAP (M2 = 8.99 cm) and 30 DAP (M2 = 22.35 cm). The interaction of compound NPK fertilizers and rice straw mulching doses was associated with branch number 15 DAP (D2M2 = 2.10), pod dry weight per plot (D2M2 = 1.80 kg), and seed production per hectare (D2M2 = 2.48 tons) demonstrated to have a significant impact.

Seleção de acessos de amendoim precoce para melhoramento genético em ambiente com restrição hídrica

ABSTRACT Peanut production is growing annually in Brazil, but with frequent droughts throughout the country, it is necessary to identify an earliness germplasm for the improved environmental adaptation of peanuts. Here, a mini-core collection of peanuts was studied to select germplasms for further use in breeding, with a focus on dry environments. Twelve agronomic traits were adopted and later used in multivariate methods based on hierarchical models (UPGMA) and graphical dispersion (canonical variables), which aimed to identify earliness accession clusters. Statistically significant differences were found for most traits, indicating that there was genetic variability among accessions. Multivariate analyses subsequently revealed coherence in the formation of three clusters, one of which (G3: PI-268-689 and AHK-85-3) combined the most promising accessions for pod production and reproductive efficiency, previously identified through analysis of variance. Therefore, both germplasms are recommended here for use in future breeding studies focused on water-restricted environments.

A cooperative scheme for late leaf spot estimation in peanut using UAV multispectral images.

In Australia, peanuts are mainly grown in Queensland with tropical and subtropical climates. The most common foliar disease that poses a severe threat to quality peanut production is late leaf spot (LLS). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely investigated for various plant trait estimations. The existing works on UAV-based remote sensing have achieved promising results for crop disease estimation using a mean or a threshold value to represent the plot-level image data, but these methods might be insufficient to capture the distribution of pixels within a plot. This study proposes two new methods, namely measurement index (MI) and coefficient of variation (CV), for LLS disease estimation on peanuts. We first investigated the relationship between the UAV-based multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) and the LLS disease scores at the late growth stages of peanuts. We then compared the performances of the proposed MI and CV-based methods with the threshold and mean-based methods for LLS disease estimation. The results showed that the MI-based method achieved the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest error for five of the six chosen VIs whereas the CV-based method performed the best for simple ratio (SR) index among the four methods. By considering the strengths and weaknesses of each method, we finally proposed a cooperative scheme based on the MI, the CV and the mean-based methods for automatic disease estimation, demonstrated by applying this scheme to the LLS estimation in peanuts.

Integrating SAR Sentinel-1A and DSSAT CROPGRO Simulation Model for Peanut Yield Gap Analysis

Crop yield data are critical for managing agricultural sustainability and assessing national food security. This study aims at increasing peanut productivity from its current levels by analyzing the yield gap (difference) of potential production between theoretical yield and actual farmers’ yields. The spatial yield gap of peanut for the Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu is examined in this investigation by integrating the products of microwave remote sensing (SAR Sentinel-1A) with the DSSAT CROPGRO Peanut simulation model. The CROPGRO (crop growth) Peanut model was calibrated and validated by conducting a field experiment at Oilseeds Research Station, Tindivanam during Rabi (spring) 2019 for predominant cultivars, i.e., TMV 7, TMV 13, VRI 2 and G 7. Actual attainable yield was recorded by organizing crop cutting experiments (CCEs) with the help of the Department of Agriculture Economics and Statistics in the respective monitoring villages. The regression analysis between the maximum recorded DSSAT leaf area index (LAI) at the peak flowering stage of peanut and the yield recorded by CCEs for the spatial yield estimation of peanut in the Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu during Rabi 2021 was carried out using ArcGIS 10.6 software. The DSSAT CROPGRO simulated potential yield ranged from 3194 to 4843 kg/ha, whereas actual yield ranged from 1228 to 3106 kg/ha, with a considerable disparity between the actual and potential yield levels (from 1217 to 2346 kg/ha) of the monitored locations. The minimum, maximum and average yield gaps in peanut for Tiruvannamalai district were assessed as 1890, 2324 and 2134 kg/ha, respectively. In order to reduce the production difference of peanut cultivation, farmers should focus more on management issues such as time of sowing, irrigation or water management, quantity and sources of nutrients, cultivar selection and availability of quality seeds tailored to each region.