Peanut Production Research Articles

Optimization of energy use efficiency and environmental assessment in soybean and peanut farming using the imperialist competitive algorithm

This study proposes using input-output analysis to improve energy use efficiency and assess environmental indicators in soybean and peanut farming. The research findings show that soybean production consumes 43170.20 MJ ha−1 of total energy and yields 40417.28 MJ ha−1 of output energy, while peanut production requires 28677.36 MJ ha−1 of total energy and produces 28677.36 MJ ha−1 of output energy. The LCA results indicate that on-farm emissions are associated with production inputs for both soybean and peanut systems, with diesel fuel and chemical fertilizers being the main contributors. Soybean farming shows higher levels of diesel fuel pollutants due to reduced usage, while peanuts have a higher prevalence of contaminants associated with diesel fuel. Using ICA to calculate optimized energy consumption results in 36672.77 MJ ha−1 for soybean production and 23485.45 MJ ha−1 for peanut production, leading to energy savings of 6075.33 MJ ha−1 and 5191.91 MJ ha−1, respectively. Additionally, the environmental impact category quantities for ICA analysis of soybean and peanut production reveal the resources per ton for soybean production to be 111.25 USD2013 and for peanut production to be 45.43 USD2013 in terms of energy use. The use of ICA demonstrates potential in maximizing energy efficiency and evaluating environmental indicators in soybean and peanut farming. By optimizing resource allocation and decision-making processes, ICA can help farmers reduce energy consumption and minimize environmental impact, ultimately leading to more sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices that benefit both the environment and the agricultural industry. Further research and implementation of ICA in farming practices have the potential to significantly improve energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in the soybean and peanut farming industry.

Is non-legume green manure rotation or straw biochar more effective in promoting peanut production?

In contemporary agronomy, the adoption of green manure rotation and straw biochar amendment has emerged as an important strategy, explicitly targeting the enhancement of soil health and crop productivity. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of incorporating non-legume green manure rotation and straw biochar application on soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and peanut production, along with a comprehensive assessment of their effectiveness. Over the three-year experimental period, the treatments included: a control treatment that followed traditional planting practices (PT); ryegrass was planted and then returned to the field before peanut cultivation (GM); and straw biochar was applied prior to peanut planting (BC). The results demonstrated that both GM and BC treatments led to a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in soil bulk density. They also increased water-stable aggregates measuring >5 mm and 2–5 mm, while decreasing aggregates measuring 0.25–2 mm, 0.053–0.025 mm, and < 0.053 mm when compared to PT. Additionally, GM and BC improved soil mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter. They also enhanced the soil's organic carbon and nitrogen content, attributing these changes to shifts in microbial taxa crucial for carbon and nitrogen fluxes, as revealed by soil metagenomic sequencing analysis. Specifically, GM increased the relative abundance of genera such as Solirubrobacter, Arthrobacter, and Bradyrhizobium, while BC favored Methylibium, Burkholderia, and Acinetobacter, etc. Despite both GM and BC significantly increasing yield and net income, a comprehensive assessment using the entropy weight-TOPSIS indicates that non-legume green manure rotation is more effective in promoting peanut production based on soil quality attributes, inputs, and outputs.

Chromosome-Scale Genome Sequence of Nothopassalora personata (syn. Cercosporidium personatum), a Devastating Fungal Pathogen of Peanut

Nothopassalora personata, the causal agent of late leaf spot, is an economically important fungus that poses a significant threat to peanut production worldwide. Currently, studies on N. personata are focused on epidemiology, host resistance, early environmental detection, and molecular studies based on a limited number of genes for classification. A high-quality whole-genome sequence can be a valuable tool for studying complex species and identifying molecular mechanisms in pathogenicity and adaptation. This study reports a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly for N. personata with a total length of 54.6 Mb, an N50 of 2.54 Mb, a longest contig length of 4.47 Mb, and a BUSCO genome completeness score of 99.5% with mostly single-copy genes. Genome annotation revealed 11,295 protein-encoding genes and 12,121 transcripts in which 411 of the 995 predicted proteins were putative effectors. Genome comparison with the closely related fungi Dothistroma septosporum NZE10 and Fulvia fulva (syn . Passalora fulva, Cladosporium fulvum) isolate Race 5 revealed 13 chromosomes. This genome sequence resource can be used as a reference for aligning sequences of multiple isolates to provide relevant information on the diversity and population genetic structure of N. personata to further inform peanut resistance breeding programs and devise the best disease management strategies. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins are involved in tolerance to heavy metal Cd2+ toxicity and resistance to bacterial wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oil and industrial crops. However, heavy-metal pollution and frequent soil diseases, poses a significant threat to the production of green and healthy peanuts. Herein, we investigated the effects of heavy metal Cd2+ toxicity to the peanuts, and screened out two peanut cultivars H108 and YZ 9102 with higher Cd2+-tolerance. RNA-seq revealed that Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP)-like genes were involved in the Cd2+ stress tolerance in H108. Genome-wide identification revealed that 28, 13 and 9 Nramp-like genes existing in the A. hypogaea, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis, respectively. The 50 peanut NRAMP genes share conserved architectural characters, and they were classified into two groups. Expressions of AhNramps, particularly AhNramp4, AhNramp12, AhNramp19, and AhNramp25 could be greatly induced by not only cadmium toxicity, but also copper and zinc stresses. The expression profiles of AhNramp14, AhNramp16 and AhNramp25 showed significant differences in the H108 (resistance) and H107 (susceptible) under the infection of bacterial wilt. In addition, we found that the expression profiles of AhNramp14, AhNramp16, and AhNramp25 were greatly up- or down-regulated by the application of exogenous salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and abscisic acid. The AhNramp25, of which expression was affected by both heavy metal toxicity and bacterial wilt infection, were selected as strong candidate genes for peanut stress breeding. Our findings will provide an additional information required for further analysis of AhNramps involved in tolerance to heavy metal toxicity and resistance to bacterial wilt of peanut.

Nondestructive and Rapid Screening of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Single Peanut Kernels Using Field-Portable Spectroscopy Instruments (FT-IR and Raman).

A nondestructive and rapid classification approach was developed for identifying aflatoxin-contaminated single peanut kernels using field-portable vibrational spectroscopy instruments (FT-IR and Raman). Single peanut kernels were either spiked with an aflatoxin solution (30 ppb-400 ppb) or hexane (control), and their spectra were collected via Raman and FT-IR. An uHPLC-MS/MS approach was used to verify the spiking accuracy via determining actual aflatoxin content on the surface of randomly selected peanut samples. Supervised classification using soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) showed better discrimination between aflatoxin-contaminated (30 ppb-400 ppb) and control peanuts with FT-IR compared with Raman, predicting the external validation samples with 100% accuracy. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of SIMCA models generated with the portable FT-IR device outperformed the methods in other destructive studies reported in the literature, using a variety of vibrational spectroscopy benchtop systems. The discriminating power analysis showed that the bands corresponded to the C=C stretching vibrations of the ring structures of aflatoxins were most significant in explaining the variance in the model, which were also reported for Aspergillus-infected brown rice samples. Field-deployable vibrational spectroscopy devices can enable in situ identification of aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts to assure regulatory compliance as well as cost savings in the production of peanut products.

Effect of planting pattern and herbicide programs on sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.) control in peanut

Abstract Sicklepod is one of the most difficult to control weeds in peanut production in the southeastern United States due to its extended emergence pattern and limited effective herbicides for control. Growers rely on preemergence herbicides as the foundation of their weed control programs; however, postemergence herbicides are often needed for season-long weed control. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of planting pattern and herbicide combinations for sicklepod control in peanut crops. Due to rapid canopy closure, twin-row planting improved late-season sicklepod control by 13% and peanut yield by 5% compared with a single-row pattern. A preemergence application of fluridone, flumioxazin, or fluridone + flumioxazin provided 76% to 89% control of sicklepod 28 d after preemergence. Regardless of the herbicide applied preemergence, paraquat + bentazon + S-metolachlor applied early postemergence was required to achieve ≥90% sicklepod control 28 d after early postemergence. All preemergence herbicide treatments followed by (fb) S-metolachlor or diclosulam + S-metolachlor applied early postemergence provided &lt;90% control 28 d after early postemergence. A mid-postemergence application of imazapic + dimethenamid-P + 2,4-DB controlled sicklepod by 67% to 79% prior to peanut harvest, and biomass reduction was unacceptable (&lt;80%), resulting in difficulty in peanut digging. The highest peanut yield was observed when paraquat + bentazon + S-metolachlor was applied early postemergence fb imazapic + dimethenamid-P + 2,4-DB applied mid-postemergence. Based on the results of this study, a herbicide combination of paraquat + bentazon + S-metolachlor is an important early-season tool for controlling sicklepod in peanut crops. The results also showed that a twin-row planting pattern improved late-season sicklepod control but did not reduce herbicide input to protect peanut yield.

Methods for seedling production and establishment of forage peanut in an intercropping with BRS Tamani grass

Methods for seedling production and establishment of forage peanut in an intercropping with BRS Tamani grass

The structure and potential allergenicity of peanut allergen monomers after roasting.

Given that roasted peanut (Ro) products are commonly used in daily life, peanut allergenicity is a foremost concern. Analyzing the changes in the structure and potential allergenicity of individual allergens can promote the exploration of the structural basis of the alterations in the potential allergenicity of Ro. This work focused on four major allergens in raw peanut (Ra) and Ro. Structural changes were analyzed on the basis of circular dichroism, ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular dynamic simulation. The IgE recognition capability of allergens was assessed via western blot analysis. The IgE binding capacity of allergens was detected by conducting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The potential allergenicity of allergens was evaluated using the KU812 cell degranulation model. The results showed that roasting induced different changes in the overall structures of allergens and altered the structures and electrostatic potential of IgE epitopes, especially Ara h 1 and Ara h 6. These alterations affected the potential allergenicity of allergens. Ara h 1 and Ara h 6 in Ro showed significantly enhanced IgE binding capacities and abilities to elicit KU812 cell degranulation, while Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 did not change significantly. For total protein, the roasted peanut protein showed decreased abilities to elicit KU812 cell degranulation. The results indicated that different allergens in Ro showed different changes of structures and potential allergenicity and that the conformational structure plays a crucial role in potential allergenicity of allergens.

First Report of Vascular Wilt on Peanut in Mexico Caused by Fusarium incarnatum.

During the fall of 2020, wilt symptoms were presented in a commercial peanut field (Arachis hypogaea L.), variety 'CHAMPS' in Buenavista de Benito Juárez, México (18.460501 N, 98.627100 W). A peanut field was scout 80 days after planting, and plants presenting symptoms of root and crown rot, vascular chlorosis, and tissue death, were sampled. Disease incidence was estimated at 55% of the field. Isolations of the pathogen were made from stem and root tissues. These samples were disinfected by immersion in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 3 min and immersion in 70% ethanol for 1 min with 3 rinses with sterile distilled water. Subsequently, 0.5 cm fragments were removed and placed on media of potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Rose Bengal. Petri dishes were incubated in complete darkness at 26 °C for 7 days. Abundant aerial white mycelium was observed, which turned tan to brown and showed a slightly orange color on the back of the plate. Finally, pure cultures were obtained by single sporing (Aslam et al. 2020). Colonies identified as Fusarium spp. (Leslie and Summerell, 2006) were sub cultured on PDA agar media and Spezieller Nährstoffarmer (Pérez-Vázquez et al. 2022) to observe microscopic characteristics of ten isolates. Colonies of a representative strain (MA-PET-03) produced hyaline septate hyphae, macroconidia dorsoventrally curved, tapering towards both ends of 51-57 × 4.6-5.4 μm (n = 80) with most having 7 septa. Microconidia were unicellular, nonseptate, hyaline, and ovoid, 12.4-20.6 × 3.6-4.1 μm (n = 80). Chlamydospores were abundant and globose 5-11 μm diam (n = 80), intercalary, and solitary in short chains (Figure 1). The observed microscopic characteristics correspond to the description of Fusarium incarnatum (Khoa et al. 2006; Leslie and Summerell, 2006; Xia et al. 2019). The molecular analyses were done with genomic DNA extracted as previously reported by Pérez et al. (2022). A region from the translation elongation factor gene was PCR amplified using EF688/EF1251 primers (Alves et al. 2008) and from the calmodulin (CMDA) gene, using CALDF1 and CALDR1 primers (Noel et al. 2022). The corresponding PCR products were purified with the Gen Elute™ PCR Clean-Up Kit from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis Mo. USA) and sequenced at Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, South Korea). The phylogenetic analysis was inferred using the Bayesian Inference method with 1 million generations, final standard deviation was 0.008516. The nucleotide substitution model for Calmodulin (CMDA) was GTR + G and for TEF1 GTR + I + G. This analysis showed that strain MA-PET-03 shared 100% identity (Figure 2) with F. incarnatum ex-type strain CBS 132.73 (CMDA: MN170342; TEF1: JMN1704761) from Pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica) in Malawi Africa. The sequences of strain MA-PET-03 were deposited in GenBank (CMDA: OQ679820; TEF1: OQ679821). The pathogenicity tests were carried out with a total of 20 peanut plants, variety 'CHAMPS', 18 days after having been sown in groups of five seeds in 250 g plastic pots, containing a sterilized mixture of Peatmoss and Agrellite (1:1 v./v), with four repetitions. The seeds were inoculated by immersion in 20 mL of spore suspension (106 conidia/mL) isolated from F. incarnatum for 10 min. The plants were maintained in a greenhouse (70% relative humidity and 28 °C) until the appearance of disease symptoms of. Likewise, 10 control plants were inoculated with sterile water. The experiment was repeated twice. The symptoms developed 15 days after inoculation, the plants presented symptoms of chlorosis, wilting of leaves, stems, and roots, a manifestation similar to that observed in the field, while the control plants remained healthy. F. incarnatum was consistently reisolated from inoculated stems and roots and identified by the microscopic characteristics described above. Peanut leaf blight and wilt disease caused by F. incarnatum has been reported in India (Thirumalaisamy et al. 2019). This first report emphasizes that this phytopathogen is a new threat for peanut producers in Mexico, which is why our finding suggests the need to seek new strategies for its control.

ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER PREFERENCES TOWARDS ROATED NUTS PRODUCTS AT UD. AL-MURTADHA PAMEKASAN DISTRICT

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an agricultural commodity that is needed by the community, bothas human food and industrial raw material. This study aims to determine consumercharacteristics, product quality of roasted peanuts, analyze consumer preferences for theattributes of roasted peanut products. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis.Based on the results of the research and analysis that has been carried out, it can beconcluded that roasted peanut products with the "comfortable" brand are consumerpreferences at UD. Al-Murtadha, Pamekasan Regency, which has special characteristics interms of taste, quality, price, packaging and durability so that consumers agree with roastedpeanut products. Consumers are satisfied with the quality of roasted peanut products becausethey are different from other products so that consumers prefer products at UD. Al-Murtadha,Pamekasan Regency

The Effects of Long Soaking Seeds and Phosphate Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Peanuts are a potential agricultural commodity after soybeans. Peanut production increased after 2017 but in 2018 it decreased. This occurs due to several obstacles, especially poor soil conditions, especially in several areas in South Sumatra. One effort to increase production is done by fertilizing according to the conditions and correct seed management. This research was carried out to determine the length of soaking of seeds in liquid biological fertilizer and giving different doses of phosphate fertilizer to peanuts, which was carried out from July to October 2020 in Pulau Semambu Ogan Ilir Village, South Sumatra. The experiment was carried out using a factorial randomized block design with 2 treatment factors, namely the length of immersion (0. 15 and 30 minutes) and the administration of a dose of phosphate fertilizer (50,75,100 and 125 kg / ha). The treatment of soaking seeds for 30 minutes gave the best results on the variables of the number of pods planted, the number of empty pods planted, the weight of the planted pods, the weight of the pods per plot, and the weight of 100 seeds. Treatment of phosphate fertilizer dose of 100 kg / ha gave the best results on the variables of number of pods planted, weight of planted pods, weight of pods per plot and weight of 100 seeds. The interaction between the duration of soaking the seeds for 30 minutes with a dose of phosphate fertilizer of 100 kg / ha by tabulation gave the highest yield of 1.28 kg / plot or equivalent to 3.41 tons / ha.

Moroccan and Spanish agriculture comparative analysis 2008-2021

In the general context of Morocco's New Development Model, where public policies need all their credentials, and more specifically in the context of Morocco's new agricultural strategy (Green Plan), the challenge is to develop modern agriculture with high added value and high productivity, capable of competing with agricultural production in other countries. This article compares the overall characteristics of agricultural production in Spain and Morocco. To make this comparative analysis, we have focused on a set of agricultural statistical aggregates, such as cultivated area, level of production and yield in relation to each family of agricultural products. These are calculated, using the Laspeyres index, over the period 2008 to 2021. In addition, we have chosen 2008 as the base year for plotting the evolution of Moroccan agricultural performance against that of Spain. The results of our comparative analysis showed that agriculture in Spain is more stable than in Morocco, particularly in cereals and fresh vegetables. Thus, they showed that the majority of Spanish agricultural products outperform those of Morocco. On the other hand, this comparative analysis showed that Moroccan agriculture outperforms Spanish agriculture in the production of sheep, apples, fresh peas, carrots, turnips, broad beans, green beans, goat meat, dried lentils and chickpeas, and that Moroccan agriculture outperforms Spanish agriculture in the production of dates and unshelled peanuts.

Short-term continuous monocropping reduces peanut yield mainly via altering soil enzyme activity and fungal community

Continuous monocropping can lead to soil sickness and increase of soil-borne disease, which finally reduces crop yield. Microorganisms benefit plants by increasing nutrient availability, participating in auxin synthesis, and defending against pathogens. However, little is known about the influence of short-term successive peanuts cropping on soil properties, enzyme activities, its yield, plant-associated microbes, and their potential correlations in peanut production. Here, we examined the community structure, composition, network structure and function of microbes in the rhizosphere and bulk soils under different monocropping years. Moreover, we assessed the impact of changes in the soil micro-environment and associated soil microbes on peanut yield. Our results showed that increase of monocropping year significantly decreased most soil properties, enzyme activities and peanut yield (p < 0.05). Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) indicated that monocropping year significantly influenced the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere and bulk soils (p < 0.01), while had no effect on the bacterial community. With the increase of continuous monocropping year, peanut selectively decreased (e.g., Candidatus_Entotheonella, Bacillus and Bryobacter) or increased (e.g., Nitrospira, Nocardioides, Ensifer, Gaiella, and Novosphingobium) the abundance of some beneficial bacterial genera in the rhizosphere. Continuous monocropping significantly increased the abundance of plant pathogens (e.g., Plectosphaerella, Colletotrichum, Lectera, Gibberella, Metarhizium, and Microdochium) in the rhizosphere and negatively affected the balance of fungal community. Besides, these species were correlated negatively with L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity. Network co-occurrence analysis showed that continuous monocropping simplified the interaction network of bacteria and fungi. Random forest and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis further showed that fungal community, pathogen abundance, soil pH, and LAP activity negatively affected peanut yield. In conclusion, short-term continuous monocropping decreased LAP activity and increased potential fungal pathogens abundance, leading to reduction of peanut yield.

Harvesting of Arachis hypogaea L. in an Italian Area: Synergy between Cultural Techniques and Mechanization

The world production of peanuts is 45.9 million tons, of which China and India account for 50% of the total production. The cultivation of peanuts in Italy has had a reduction in recent decades mainly due to the high harvesting costs due to a lack of specific mechanization despite possessing favorable soil and climatic conditions. In this work, modern harvesting technologies are analyzed for adaptation to Italian areas and loss containment, and agronomic technique adaptation for mechanical harvesting. The mechanical harvesting was evaluated in two steps: plant extraction and separation pods. The results showed that lower planting density led to approximately 22% higher production and reduction in crop losses (−52%). The same trend showed that yield and harvesting efficiency were found to be 40% and 22% higher. Our research aimed to evaluate the impact of new technologies integrated by suitable agronomic management, grain losses, and the quality of the final product obtained. The lowest density also improved the healthy pod rate by 11%, from 59 to 70%. These results suggest that an integration of modern technologies and specific agronomic management improves pod retention during harvesting.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANTING TIME ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF SWEET CORN (zea mays saccharata sturt) AND PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea)IN AN INTERCROPPING SYSTEM

The effectiveness of planting time on the growth of production of sweet corn (zea mays saccharata sturt) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in an intercropping system, Ruly awidiyantini and Lia Kristiana, Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Madura. peanuts is by several planting treatments and spacing. This study aims to determine the response of several planting treatments and plant spacing to the growth and production of maize (Zea mays) in an intercropping system with peanuts. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatment levels, namely P0 planting at the same time, P1 planting a difference of 1 week and P2 a difference of 2 weeks. Parameters observed were plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), weight of wet ear (g), and weight of dry ear (g). The results showed that the effectiveness of several treatments and planting time of sweet corn (Zea mays) in the peanut intercropping system gave a very significant effect on the parameters of sweet corn height, number of leaves, weight of wet cobs and weight ofdry cobs but had no significant effect on number of branches peanuts. The planting time treatment was still the most effective in responding to sweet corn (Zea mays) in the peanut intercropping system.

Morphological and Physiological Mechanism of Activating Insoluble Inorganic Phosphorus of Different Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Varieties under Low Phosphorus

To reduce the application of phosphorus fertilizer and improve phosphorus efficiency in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production, six peanut varieties with different phosphorus activation efficiencies were selected, and the root morphology, physiological indexes, and types and content of organic acids secreted were measured via a hydroponic experiment for 20 days. We analyzed the difference in calcium phosphate activation between peanut seedlings cultivated under low-phosphorus (LP, 0.01 mmol/L KH2PO4) and normal phosphorus (NP, 0.6 mmol/L KH2PO4) conditions and explored the physiological mechanisms of different peanut varieties on the activation efficiency of insoluble inorganic phosphorus. The results showed that under LP conditions, the root length, root surface area, root volume, root tip number, and root activity of the efficient P activation varieties were 18.31%, 17.50%, 15.23%, 20.00%, and 50.90% higher than those of the inefficient P activation varieties respectively. The reduction range of the nutrient solution pH of the high-efficiency varieties was 74.48% higher than that of the low-efficiency varieties under LP conditions. The total amount of organic acid secreted by the efficient P activation varieties increased by 236.07% on average under LP conditions compared with that under NP conditions. In comparison, the average increase in inefficient P activation varieties was only 16.36%. Under low P stress, the peanut varieties with high-efficiency P activation could increase the activation of insoluble inorganic P in the environment mainly by changing the root architecture and increasing the root-shoot ratio, root activity, and root proton and organic acid secretion.

A Poverty Alleviation-oriented Study on the Factors Influencing Peanut Cultivation

In the context of continued poverty alleviation and high demand in China, the plantation industry is an indispensable way to help farmers get rich. China is the world's top producer of peanuts and the world's top consumer of peanuts, and the demand for peanuts is very high. Therefore, promoting peanut production by farmers can not only increase chemical production, but also bring farmers income and get rid of poverty. So it is of great significance to explore how to promote peanut cultivation. On the basis of previous research, this paper lists four factors affecting the peanut planting area, and finds the data of 16 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021, and carries out regression analysis. From the results, it can be seen that the government gives subsidies and strengthens the degree of mechanization can significantly increase the peanut planting area. When the number of employees reaches a certain level, further increase will fail to improve the output and have a negative impact. This concludes that government subsidies and increased mechanization can promote peanut cultivation, which in turn promotes poverty alleviation in an efficient manner.

Physiological components of seed quality in runner‐type peanut during seed formation

AbstractSeed is one of the most expensive costs in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production, and the use of high‐quality seed is important to provide the greatest yield potential. Physiological seed quality, represented by a combination of germination, vigor, desiccation tolerance, and longevity, is progressively acquired during seed formation. When all components reach their maximum, seeds achieve the highest physiological quality. The objectives of this study were to identify the acquisition pattern of the physiological components of seed quality, to determine the timing in which the maximum physiological quality is achieved during seed formation, and to define the timing in which seeds acquire and further break primary dormancy in peanut. A 3‐year field study was conducted using the cultivar Georgia‐06G. Plants were inverted when growing degree days reached 2500 for all fields, and a maturity board profile was used to classify the pods into the maturity classes. Seeds were split into two groups, treated and non‐treated, with ethephon to break potential primary dormancy. Water content, germination, vigor, desiccation tolerance, and longevity were tested in the seeds. Seed mass maturity was reached in the “orange” class. Maximum germination and vigor were achieved between “brown 1” and “brown 2”. Primary dormancy was acquired between “orange” and “brown 1” and broken after artificial drying. Maximum desiccation tolerance was observed in “brown 1”, whereas maximum longevity was achieved only in “black 2”. Considering all physiological quality components, peanut seeds achieved the maximum physiological quality between “brown 1” and “brown 2”.

A systematic review of chemical weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in the United States: challenges and opportunities

AbstractHerbicides are the primary tool for controlling weeds in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and are crucial to sustainable peanut production in the United States. The literature on chemical weed management in peanut in the past 53 yr (1970 to 2022) in the United States was systematically reviewed to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different herbicides and identify current research gaps in chemical weed management. Residual weed control in peanut is achieved mainly with dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and S-metolachlor. More recently, the use of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor flumioxazin and acetolactate synthase inhibitors, such as diclosulam, for residual weed control in peanut has increased considerably. Postemergence broadleaf weed control in peanut is achieved mainly with acifluorfen, bentazon, diclosulam, imazapic, lactofen, paraquat, and 2,4-DB, while the graminicides clethodim and sethoxydim are the major postemergence grass weed control herbicides in peanut. Although several herbicides are available for weed control in peanut, no single herbicide can provide season-long weed control due to limited application timing, lack of extended residual activity, variability in weed control spectrum, and rotational restrictions. Therefore, effective weed management in peanut often requires herbicide mixtures and/or sequential application of preplant-incorporated, preemergence, and/or postemergence herbicides. However, the available literature showed a substantive range in herbicide efficacy due to variations in environmental conditions and flushes of weed germination across years and locations. Despite the relatively high efficacy of herbicides, the selection of herbicide-resistant weeds is another area of increasing concern. Future research should focus on developing new strategies for preventing or delaying the development of resistance and improving herbicide efficacy within the context of climate change and emerging constraints such as water shortages, rising temperatures, and increasing CO2 concentration.

Immobilizing white-rot fungi laccase: Towardbio-derived supports as a circular economy approach in organochlorine removal.

Despite their high persistence in the environment, organochlorines (OC) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in plastics, and in the manufacture of pesticides, among other applications. These compounds and the byproducts of their decomposition deserve attention and efficient proposals for their treatment. Among sustainable alternatives, the use of ligninolytic enzymes (LEs) from fungi stands out, as these molecules can catalyze the transformation of a wide range of pollutants. Among LEs, laccases (Lac) are known for their efficiency as biocatalysts in the conversion of organic pollutants. Their application in biotechnological processes is possible, but the enzymes are often unstable and difficult to recover after use, driving up costs. Immobilization of enzymes on a matrix (support or solid carrier) allows recovery and stabilization of this catalytic capacity. Agricultural residual biomass is a passive environmental asset. Although underestimated and still treated as an undesirable component, residual biomass can be used as a low-cost adsorbent and as a support for the immobilization of enzymes. In this review, the adsorption capacity and immobilization of fungal Lacon supports made from residual biomass, including compounds such as biochar, for the removal of OC compounds are analyzed and compared with the use of synthetic supports. A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the reported results was made. In this context, the use of peanut shells is highlighted in view of the increasing peanut production worldwide. The linkage of methods with circular economy approaches that can be applied in practice is discussed.