Pastoral Activities Research Articles

The value of pastoral ranches for wildlife conservation in the Kalahari

Abstract Context Rangelands can play an important role in conservation by providing additional habitat for many threatened species and maintaining global biodiversity. Identifying areas that can integrate both pastoral and conservation activities is important for capturing benefits from wildlife in non-protected areas. Aims To investigate wildlife distribution in a contiguous landscape comprising both pastoral ranches and wildlife-based areas in western Botswana. Methods We deployed motion-activated camera traps to assess mammal richness and occupancy using a multi-species occupancy model. We tested whether environmental factors influenced these parameters in a commercial ranching block in the western Kalahari region of Botswana, and whether species-specific occupancy varied between ranches and neighbouring wildlife management areas. Key results In the ranching block, vegetation, season and distance to wildlife areas influenced species-specific occupancy and species richness, whereas farm type and water availability affected only a few carnivore species. Commercial ranches supported several threatened species such as African wild dog, cheetah and pangolin, and we detected two species, African civet and serval, not previously considered being present in this region. Mammal diversity was similar between ranches and wildlife areas, but species composition varied. Land use affected species-specific occupancy, with many carnivore species occurring close to or in wildlife areas. Conclusions We showed that commercial ranches in the Kalahari are utilised by many mammal species, and these areas may play an important role in the conservation of threatened species. Understanding species-, group- and community-level responses to the impacts of human activities in rangelands is vital as the need for pastoral land increases. Implications We predicted regions of high occurrence of carnivores that can be important for tackling human–wildlife conflict as well as regions with high species diversity that may be useful for increasing integration of conservation endeavours (e.g. eco-tourism) that promote the benefits of wildlife in predominantly livestock regions.

Death and Afterlife in the Pages of Gregory of Tours: Religion and Society in Late Antique Gaul by Allen E. Jones

Reviewed by: Death and Afterlife in the Pages of Gregory of Tours: Religion and Society in Late Antique Gaul by Allen E. Jones Kavya Bhat and Maria E. Doerfler Allen E. Jones Death and Afterlife in the Pages of Gregory of Tours: Religion and Society in Late Antique Gaul Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020 Pp. 380. $272.00. Gregory of Tours, while historically often dismissed in scholarship as uninteresting or even simplistic, has in recent years enjoyed considerable scholarly attention. Allen E. Jones’s recent monograph, Death and Afterlife in the Pages of Gregory of Tours: Religion and Society in Late Antique Gaul, contributes to this salutary trend. Jones aligns his project with recent reconsiderations of Gregory, focusing particularly on showcasing Gregory as a theologian. In this vein, he offers an original interpretation of Gregory’s motives for writing that attends to religious feeling as a reasonable, indeed essential, category of scholarly engagement. More specifically, Jones aims to interpret Gregory’s corpus as born out of the “gradual process of an individual seeking to give meaning to a lifetime of experiences in Gallic society” (16), and shows how a practical and cohesive theology underpins Gregory’s work. Death, self-consciously anthropomorphized, stays front and center throughout the monograph, providing both the motivation for Gregory’s ideas and the primary context for situating his theologies of the afterlife. The book is divided into two distinct parts. The first of these examines the centrality of pastoral concerns to Gregory’s theological system. Jones attributes these to his early experiences of death, tracing the influences that motivated Gregory’s literary engagement with it beyond his clerical education or his engagement with patristic ideas. The first chapter accordingly argues that Gregory’s responses to and interpretations of his encounters with death during childhood provide the best explanation for his decision to join the clergy. Jones also understands these encounters, which for Gregory included both his own recognition of death close at hand and his observation of others’ reaction to the same experience, to have encouraged the bishop’s lifelong affection for saints and relics, and his finely tuned appreciation for their various powers. Chapter Two focuses on death’s presence in Gregory’s life from the moment he vowed to become a cleric to the moment he became a bishop. Jones here describes death’s impact on Gregory’s familial and social environment and his concomitant theological development. This chapter also includes a fine analysis [End Page 453] of the patristic and scriptural foundations supporting Gregory’s treatment of the sanctity and efficacy of the person and the cult of saints and relics, particularly those of St. Martin. The third chapter centers on the beginning of Gregory’s episcopal career at Tours, including the civil war of 573–577 c.e. Gregory’s experience with death in this period, Jones argues, led the bishop to committing decisively to the prominent pastoral imperative Jones discerns in most of his later writings. More broadly, Jones investigates how specific, practical religious objectives shaped Gregory’s theological ideas, and organized how he communicated them to different audiences. He offers a nuanced and persuasive reading of the death-narratives that populate Gregory’s writings as part of the bishop’s attempt to support the piety and pastoral activity of Gallic Christians at a moment of danger or uncertainty. The book’s second part attempts to read Gregory’s descriptions of the deaths of specific people, whether actual or hypothetical, as evidence for the role that dying and the afterlife played in constructing his theology. Jones here seeks to understand how Gregory’s particular modes of presentation, literary abilities, and exactness of expression served his literary aims. Chapter Four describes Gregory’s narration of the death of various souls in relation to their fate in the afterlife. In his accounts of particular lives and deaths, Jones suggests, Gregory provided clues for deducing the probable afterlives of specific souls. By presenting not just an interpretation but unveiling the very process of interpreting to the reader, Jones argues, Gregory aimed to train his audience in a deductive method they might themselves apply—a narrative pedagogy that in turn furthered a number of...

Detecting human impacts: non-pollen palynomorphs as proxies for human impact on the environment

Abstract Non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) are widely used to detect human activities, in addition to the anthropogenic indicators used in palynology. This paper first tries to determine the best way to approach most probable number (MPN) counting for young scientists. It then looks at the anthropogenic indicators and the different types of human activity that can reveal the studied taxa. Among the different fungal spores, coprophilous fungi are very useful to evidence pastoral activities and grazing pressure. Numerous taxa related to dung are also indicators of decaying organic matter and deserve our attention. Erosion processes due to human activities increase the representation of fungal spores. Development of carbonicolous fungal spores in association with fire and algal assemblages due to eutrophication are also considered. Indeed, studies focusing on modern analogues have greatly improved our understanding of spore taphonomy, and the relationship between spore abundance and local livestock biomass and composition.

Отражение этоса духовенства в отчетах о состоянии епархий Восточной Сибири (вторая половина XIX – начало ХХ в.)

This article examines the reports on the status of the Irkutsk, Yenisei and Trans-Baikal dioceses as a source for studying the clergy ethos, which is defined as the correlation of normative values with their practical activities and everyday behavior. The author reconstructs the normative model of behavior of the white clergy and its transformation in connection with the change in the objective conditions of its activities. The author analyzes the ideas of the diocesan leadership about the differences between “what is” and “what is proper” in the clergy pastoral activities, causes, consequences and measures to overcome these differences. The content of the reports allows us to conclude that in the late 19 – early 20 centuries there was a certain “worldliness” (Great Apostasy) of the clergy ethos, since the normative behavior model implies an increase in the responsibility of the parish clergy not only for pastoral, but also for public service.

라리보 주교의 대전교구 사목

라리보 주교는 한국 천주교회사에서 서울과 대전이라는 두 교구의 책 임자를 맡은 이례적인 인물이었다. 그는 서울의 교구장에서 물러나서 본 당 신부를 하다가, 다시 대전의 교구장이 된 특별한 경력을 가진 선교사이 기도 하였다. 현재 라리보 주교의 사목활동에 대해서는 적극적으로 의미가 부여되고 있지 않다. 그러나 제 2차 바티칸 공의회에도 참석한 그를 자신이 살고 있 는 시대와 사회 속에서 무엇이 한국 천주교회에 유익한 일인가를 끊임없 이 모색하면서 사목활동을 전개한 매우 진보적인 주교로 파악해야 할 것 이다. 1948년 5월 라리보 주교가 교구장이 되면서 파리외방전교회가 새롭게 담당하는 대전교구가 탄생하였다. 그러나 대전교구가 실질적으로 독립될 때까지에는 매우 복잡한 과정이 뒤따랐다. 그것은 그의 교구장 임명이 서 리였다는 사실에서 살펴볼 수 있다. 이에 그는 1958년까지 대전이 독립적 인 교구로써 제대로 운영될 수 있도록 만들었다. 한편 라리보 주교는 한국에 젊고 진보적인 선교사들이 새롭게 들어오기를 바랐으며, 그들의 사명이 한국인에 의한 한국천주교회가 되도록 하 는데 있음을 주장하였다. 때문에 그는 한국인 성직자의 양성에 많은 노력 을 기울였으며, 1965년에 한국인 성직자에게 교구장을 다시 넘겨줌으로 써 한국천주교회사에서 그가 담당한 역사적 역할을 성공적으로 마무리하 였다. 이제 이러한 그의 노력과 함께 대전교구가 새로운 시대를 향한 도약 을 할 수 있게 되었던 것이다.

Importance of Lay Christian Participation on Management of Pastoral and Institutional Activities in the 21st Century

Participation has become a popular concept and a system not only in the secular governments and institutions, but also within religious circles. The author defines the concept. Participation, for this paper is an action or a system of involving all people of an organization in the activities pertaining to their development. In Such a system, equality is the basis of the operations. Everybody participates in decision making that brings out the desired outcome of an organization. In order to bring positive change in any institution all members must participate directly or indirectly. Even if they passively involved, they should be aware in the decisions. It is a right of every citizen under the Kenyan constitution 2010 to give their views during the public participation forums prior to initiating any county development. It is, therefore, important as well for all institutions including religious, including churches to involve their members in decision making and in the management process for effective delivery of service and production. This paper is aimed at determining the extent to which laid Christians of Kaplong catholic Parish of the diocese of Kericho, Bomet County, in the pastoral and institutional management. The objective is to determine how lay Christians participate in the management of the church in the 21 st century, in Kaplong and the entire Kenyan church in the post-missionary era. Like other parishes in Kenya, Kaplong was established by the Mill Hill missionaries as early as the 1920s when the missionaries who came from Uganda ventured into the missionary work among the Kalenjin and the Maasai communities. The missionaries had first to go to Uganda before turning to the Western, Nyanza and the Rift Valley. Reputable missionaries among them included bishop Stam, Jan de Reeper, Brandsman, Ferdinand Fent among others. At that ancient period, most of the pastoral work was done by the missionaries since lay Christians had not acquired western education which was essential in the establishment of the Christian faith. Christianity and education were synonymously intertwined. That was why the first teachers in Kenya were the catechists who pioneered the participation of church management. Having collected the data on this paper, the writer established that, the Mill Hill missionaries succeeded in their mission because of involving the lay Christians in the building of the institutions that have existed to date. Fr Fent is still a household name because the work of his hands is still indelibly seen like the hospital, schools, the Parish house and the old sister’s convent currently occupied by the Asumbi sisters. The paper concluded that most of the underlying factors causing conflicts and disagreements in church institutions emerge when all the stake holders are not involved in the management. Involvement is participatory and it creates a sense of ownership. In the 21 st century, lay Christians have replaced the former missionaries in the contribution of finances of the church. Hence, they should be involved in the management in order to avoid lack of trust and ensure transparency and accountability on the resources of the church.

Clérigos y encomiendas en Tarapacá. Relaciones en la implantación del orden colonial durante el siglo XVI

En este artículo se analiza el rol de los clérigos en el Perú en la implantación del orden colonial durante el siglo XVI. Sus autores abordan diferentes casos sobre las relaciones que estos religiosos sostenían con la distribución de cargos en la “doctrina de indios” y el rol que desempeñaban en el “mercado de doctrinas”. En tal contexto, examinan el itinerario de las actividades pastorales y económicas realizadas en el territorio de Tarapacá, al exponer los repertorios de dos de los primeros curas doctrineros: Marcos Giles de Valdelomar y Francisco Churrón de Aguilar. Sobre la base de un repertorio de fuentes inéditas halladas en el Archivo General de Indias (Sevilla), problematizan sobre las actividades emprendidas por los clérigos en un área del desierto andino, donde los proyectos de la evangelización se vincularon al servicio de la economía que los encomenderos poseían en la naciente sociedad colonial y no necesariamente a la catequesis de los indígenas.

Oto są baranki młode – an extraordinary paschal journey

Oto są baranki młode is a popular religious song born in the renewed liturgical and pastoral activity of Dominican friars in Kraków in the early 1990s. The sources of the music and text are explored here, beginning with a long responsory at the end of the first millennium, through new text and music in France about 1900, to another textual variant at Tyniec in 1960 and finally new music at Kraków. Text and Dominican music combine to build a religious song with intense paschal overtones celebrating the reception of Baptism and the Eucharist. The author compares the generation of the Dominican mix of text and musical motifs favourably with the earliest Sung Propers of the Roman Mass.

The history of human land use activities in the Northern Alps since the Neolithic Age. A reconstruction of vegetation and fire history in the Mangfall Mountains (Bavaria, Germany)

Millenia of sustainable, low intensity land use have formed the cultural landscapes of central Europe. Studies from the Central Alps show that mountain pastures also look back onto many thousand years of land use history. In this palynological and pedoanthracological study in the border region between Germany and Austria in the Mangfall Mountains, we aim to close the knowledge gap that exists for the German part of the Northern Alps, where no conclusive evidence for the onset of pastoral activities has been presented so far. Our results reveal strong evidence, that mountain pasture use in this region reaches back to the Iron Age at least. However, the reconstruction of vegetation and fire history indicates human interaction with the environment much earlier, starting in the Neolithic Age, where we found evidence of slash and burn activities and first occurrences of pasture indicator pollen. A rising number of mega charcoal pieces dated to the Bronze Age suggests increased slash and burn activities, possibly linked to the creation of open space for pasturing. Therefore, our results provide profound evidence of human interaction with the mountain environment, beginning in the Neolithic Age and clear evidence of mountain pasture use beginning during the Iron Age at 750 BC. Based on palynology and pedoanthracology it is, however, difficult to clearly differentiate between pasturing, hunting and other human interactions with the environment. Further archaeological studies in this area could add valuable information to our findings and shed more light onto the early history of farming activities in the Northern Alps.

Groundwater features in Hoedh el Chargui, Mauritania

The Hodh el Chargui, a region located in the south-east of the Mauritania at 1000 km to the capital city of Nouakchott, is one of the poorer and remoter areas of the country. It is characterised by hard and in rural environment. Farmers and agro-pastoralists are the main economic actors and completely depend on natural resources. A specific project entitled “Reducing Agro-pastoral Vulnerability and Improving Resilience in Hodh el Chargui”, funded by European Union, has been implemented in the Program “Institutional Strengthening in Mauritania towards Agricultural and Pastoral Resilience (RIMRAP)”. The aims of the project are the strengthening of the resilience of Hodh el Chargui communities and the reduction of their vulnerability to crisis, assuring access to natural resources and their sustainable use. In particular, the water resource is fundamental to assure the development of the traditional agricultural and pastoral activities and guarantee proper health conditions. The present study reports the results obtained from a census of the well in the Hodh el Chargui, their distribution in the region and the main features of groundwater resource.

IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN DALAM KELUARGA MELALUI GEREJA

Peran gereja menerapkan pendidikan agama Kristen masih sangat kurang karena ada kebencian dalam keluarga. Tujuan penelitian ini yakni berusaha menumbuhkan perhatian, motivasi dan sikap untuk memperbaiki hubungan antar manusia; serta menajamkan kembali perasaan untuk saling mengasihi dan mempedulikan. Subyek penelitian adalah Jemaat Talenalain rayon 5, Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor (GMIT). Metode yang dipakai adalah kualitatif. Data diambil dengan teknik wawacara dan hasilnya dipaparkan dalam bentuk narasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang tua menyadari bahwa PAK adalah pembelajaran paling penting dalam keluarga. Gereja belum maksimal menjadi wadah belajar bersama yang melahirkan keluarga yang berwatak kristiani. Pendidikan Agama Kristen masih sebatas ibadah bersama, perayaan hari raya gereja, mengajar melalui partisipasi keluarga dalam persekutuan, mengajar melalui pastoral-pastoral kepada keluarga Kristen.

Father Stepan Gorodetsky (1853-1928): historical portrait

The aim of the article is a comprehensive, as complete as possible, objective coverage of the historical portrait of Fr. S. Gorodetsky in the form of his biographical essay based on the analysis of a whole set of unpublished sources. Research methodology: based on scientific principles of objectivity and historicism, specific scientific methods of periodization (to identify stages of the priest's life in the context of historical epochs of Galicia under the rule of different states), comparative analysis (to study and compare information from different sources), biographies (to clarify certain details of the priest's biography). The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the thesis about the formation of the worldview and priestly vocation of Fr. Stepan Gorodetsky during his studies at the gymnasium, seminary and university in Lviv, refuted the allegations about his studies in Rome, revealed the "career path" from an employee of the archcathedral in Lviv to the dean of Rohatyn deanery, his pastoral and public activities, shows the consistent evolution of his social political views from populist to national democrat. Conclusions: The formation of the worldview of Fr. Stepan Gorodetsky from childhood, associated with social background from a peasant family, studying at school in Halych and gymnasium in Brzezany, then at the seminary and university in Lviv, prompted him to choose a priestly vocation (celibate). Already during his studies at the gymnasium and seminary, and then at the beginning of his priestly "career" in the Cathedral of St. Yuri in Lviv, prefect of the seminary, military chaplain in the reserve, chaplain of the Metropolitan of Halych and "government official" of the metropolitan consistory Fr. Stepan Gorodetsky proved to be a consistent pastor and populist in socio-political beliefs. Already in the role of the pastor of the village of Verbylivtsi, and later also the dean of Rohatyn, he launched active pastoral and public activities, focusing on spreading education among the faithful through the centers of "Enlightenment" and "Native School" and Ukrainian private gymnasium in Rohatyn, forming the economic basis of Ukrainian people through the development of the cooperative movement. In 1918 he supported the proclamation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, for which he was later persecuted by the Polish authorities. In the postwar period, he focused his efforts on restoring the organized social life of Ukrainians - the centers of "Enlightenment", "Native School", cooperatives, the party organization UNDO.

Pastoral activity of Father Ivan Kachaniuk in the late 80's - early 90's of the twentieth century

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (hereinafter - the UGCC) in the last century experienced difficult times of persecution, which began in 1946 at the Lviv Pseudo-Cathedral. However, thanks to the tireless work and unshakable faith of many bishops, priests and laity, the UGCC managed not only to survive in conditions of total control, but also to develop. Proof of this was the pastoral activity of Fr. Ivan Kachanyuk in illegal conditions of functioning of church structures. Father Ivan chose the priestly ministry in the days of Soviet reality, when the atheistic ideology of communism prevailed everywhere, and his membership in the UGCC was punishable by arrest and imprisonment.

Coexistence through the Ages: The Role of Native Livestock Guardian Dogs and Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Key Resources in Conflict Mitigation between Pastoralists and Large Carnivores in the Romanian Carpathians

Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) in the Romanian Carpathians are as old as the pastoral presence and activity in the region. The main role of these dogs is to protect livestock from predation by large carnivores. The Carpathian Mountains, as opposed to other European mountain ranges, have always had considerable populations of wolf, brown bear, and lynx; conflict with the herders is inevitable. Here, the shepherds rely only on themselves and their dogs to keep their animals safe from predation during pastoral movements. We investigated 12 sites from the historical regions of Banat and Transylvania, where we have collected traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on the use of native LGDs as an ancient non-lethal method for the prevention of livestock depredation. By monitoring the behavior of their dogs, the shepherds establish a complex ethno-ethological relationship with them, which helps them foretell the movements and presence of large carnivores in their vicinity. We have also investigated the recent positive change of attitude of some of the Romanian nature conservationists towards the Romanian Carpathian Shepherd Dog breed, which is also currently promoted by important international nature conservation NGOs as an ecologically friendly method to mitigate the conflict with large carnivores. The uninterrupted use of endemic LGD breeds by pastoralists in Romania might be one of the main reasons for the survival and conservation of large carnivores here in the past and in the future.

Juntos en la casa común, con María, la madre de Jesús : una lectura de Hch 1,12-14 en el contexto de pandemia

The article deals with the central role of Mary in Christian life from the rereading of Acts 1,12-14 in the context of the 2020 national Marian year signed by the pandemic and the quarantine. The reflection develops the biblical and theological founda- tions of the fontality of the loving knowledge of Mary, and its place in the maternal affection of the Church, as a point of support for a pastoral activity that prioritizes the confident Marian piety and the caring and maternal presence of Christians at home, in society and in the common home.

Comparison of the Isotopic Composition of Hg and Pb in Two Atmospheric Bioaccumulators in a Pyrenean Beech Forest (Iraty Forest, Western Pyrenees, France/Spain)

Mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) isotopic compositions were investigated in mosses and lichens collected in a large mountainous beech forest (Iraty Forest) located on the French-Spanish Pyrenean border. Hg isotopic signature in topsoil samples were also analyzed in selected sampling sites. This is the first work that uses the complementary information of both isotopic systems in two distinct atmospheric bioaccumulators. Mosses and lichens present characteristic accumulation due to their integration times, displaying different information on metal pollution over the area. Hg and Pb concentrations in annual moss shoots represent recent atmospheric accumulation, while whole lichen thalli integrates a process of accumulation over a longer period. Lead isotope ratios in mosses are consistent with reported data corresponding to the actual European atmospheric background (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.158), while Hg isotopic composition reflects potential uptake of both dry and wet Hg depositions. For lichens, Pb isotopic composition exhibits the contribution of a longer integration period of both industrial Pb emissions and legacy of leaded gasoline pollution. Hg isotopes in lichens discriminate two main groups: a larger one representing the background atmospheric contribution and a second one corresponding to unexpected higher Hg content. The similarities in odd and even Mass-independent fractionation of Hg isotopes between topsoils and lichens from the larger group, support the idea that foliage uptake is the main input of Hg in soils. The second group of lichens exhibits more negative δ202Hg (down to –4.69‰) suggesting a new source of fractionation in this area, probably related to lichens aging and/or stubble and grass fires due to pastoral activities. This study demonstrates that using both Hg and Pb isotopic signature in lichens and mosses allows to trace atmospheric sources and environmental pathways of these metals in forested ecosystems. This original data set in a remote environment provides also new information on the fate of atmospheric Pb and Hg depositions.

Kanonické paradigma nerozlučitelnosti. O vztahu přirozenosti a kultury v katolickém chápání manželství

Recollecting the elementary truth that matrimony is an institution established by the Creator so that humankind can implement His purpose of love and that the triune God reveals Himself in history and enters a salutary Covenant with His people making the matrimonial communio personarum a living image, which reflects His own image, might seem a truism. We aim to demonstrate in this study, however, the fact that some regularity deserves a moment’s thought. The clarity/transparency of this image constitutes a continuous challenge for the pastoral activity of the Church, in which an auxiliary, although, significant role is played by theological sciences. An uninterrupted dialogue with the pluralistic world of thought and ideas concerning the search for a fuller truth about man and subsequently, looking for an appropriate communication language for this truth is their domain. The fact the Second Vatican Council recommends such a language, which optimally harmonizes the vetera et nova of the Catholic matrimonial doctrine, is corroborated by the unmatched teacher of personalism Saint John Paul II when he proclaims: Within the perspective of authentic personalism, the teaching of the Church confirms the possibility of establishing matrimony as an indissoluble relationship (vinculum indissolubile) between spouses, through its essence directed towards the good of the very spouses and children (Address to the Roman Rota, 1997; Dignitas connubii Instruction, 2005). It is exactly this affirmation of the personal­-centric optics that currently opens up new possibilities: firstly, an appropriate look at the title canonical paradigm of indissolubility through the prisms of a properly understood (on the ground of anthropological realism) relationship between nature and culture, secondly, a convincing realization of the postulate of inspiring/evangelizing the legal culture, in which the Church exists and functions.

Teologia strachu przed zarazą

CEL NAUKOWY: Autor artykułu przedstawia epidemię dżumy w miastach Pomorza w latach 1708 – 1711.
 PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Ukazane zostały i scharakteryzowane postawy społeczne mieszkańców Pomorza wobec epidemii dżumy.
 PROCES WYWODU: Przedstawione zostały główne organizacyjne decyzje i rozporządzenia władz miejskich i działalność duszpasterska duchownych związana z zabezpieczeniem przed chorobą.
 WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Zasadniczym wnioskiem płynącym z przedstawionej analizy jest traktowanie przez mieszkańców epidemii jako kary za grzechy. Dlatego podjęte wysiłki zmierzają do działań kierujących do wyleczenia ducha (przez praktyki religijne) oraz wyleczenie ciała (przez medyczne zabiegi).
 Społeczeństwo Pomorza jednoznacznie wiąże epidemię z działalnością Boga. Podstawowym czynnikiem wobec epidemii jest strach.
 WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Z uwagi na swe odniesienia historyczne artykuł może przysłużyć się do refleksji nad społeczeństwem postpandemicznym.

Modernity and contemporaneity in dialogue with the heritage

Since the 1960s, the artistic and architectural interventions carried out in the church of Santa Isabel and Rato Chapel, in Lisbon, brought to the debate the overlap of different narratives in these two different spaces of worship: the first, is a parish church preserved by the earthquake of Lisbon (1755), which had its liturgical space redesigned before the Second Vatican Council; the second, is a private chapel annexed to a 18th century palace that became a symbolic worship space for students and engaged young professionals since the 1970s. Enriched with the work of either well-known artists or, sometimes, anonymous architects, the two case studies show us the life of monuments, where Modern and Contemporary Art and Architecture participate in preserving and enhancing their cultural value. At the same time, the liturgical and pastoral activities are shown to be the engine behind successive interventions.

Das Archiv von JUDr. Vendelín Laca und sein Zeugnis über den Kampf der Mitglieder der Untergrundkirche um vollwertige Eingliederung in die offizielle Kirchenstruktur nach 1989

The present article provides a detailed description of the personal archive of one of the secretly ordained priests of the Underground Church (or Clandestine Church as they prefer to say), namely Vendelín Laca (1932–2015) from the Slovak town of Šurany (close to Nitra). The complex issue of how the secret priests were integrated into the official structures after the fall of the Communist regime is tackled here from a special point of view: the focus is on one concrete group of married priests whose letters, articles, and memories are stored in the archive. In the first and second sections, the paper reports growing difficulties which arose as the official bishops in Slovakia refused to recognize the priestly status of those individuals, whose ordination originated from Bishop Felix Davídek. The church authorities forced these priests to undergo an ordination ‘sub conditione’, but nobody was able to bring up any evidence as to why Davídek’s ordinations should be questioned. Moreover, this option was only open to celibate men. The third and fourth sections describe the protracted conflict which led to the disenchantment and frustration of those married priests who were only admitted to a limited form of service in the Greek-catholic Exarchate (in Czechia) or, worse, completely excluded and charged of schism in Slovakia. The sixth and last section as a moving coda tells of the well-meant efforts of four outstanding priests who tried to engage in pastoral activities on their own. Before that, the fifth section brings witness to mutual misunderstandings and animosities within the Underground Church itself. Thus, the quotations and paraphrases of archival texts through their telling of personal stories shed light on the history of the remarkable phenomenon of the Underground Church with its glory and martyrdom without denying its shades.