Passenger Transport Sector Research Articles

Analysing the ride sharing behaviour in ICT based cab services: A case of Mumbai, India

The land passenger transport sector lies on the cusp of a major transformation, guided by last mile connectivity, digital technology, and collaborative consumption. The recent emergence of transportation network companies, in tier-I cities of developing countries, which provide economically and environmentally convenient sharing services over the last decade motivates this research. The objective of this research is to find the extent to which different considerations persuade people to choose non-sharing rides over sharing rides so that policy recommendations for a modal shift from a non-sharing service to a sharing service can be suggested. A revealed preference survey was conducted in the city of Mumbai capturing information on an individual’s travel patterns, socio-economic characteristics, and attitudes. A novel methodological framework was conceptualized to test the impact of these socio-economic, attitudinal, and other underlying factors on sharing of cab rides. The framework was then tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). The results showcased that latent variables for ‘socio-economic status’ and ‘spending propensity’ negatively impacted sharing. Meanwhile, travel characteristics such as the number of companions and how they value comfort in a ride also had significant negative impacts on sharing choice. The findings of the study were then used to discuss policy recommendations for the modal shift from non-sharing to sharing services.

Soft-linking of a behavioral model for transport with energy system cost optimization applied to hydrogen in EU

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) currently have the challenge of high CAPEX mainly associated to the fuel cell. This study investigates strategies to promote FCEV deployment and overcome this initial high cost by combining a detailed simulation model of the passenger transport sector with an energy system model. The focus is on an energy system with 95% CO2 reduction by 2050. Soft-linking by taking the powertrain shares by country from the simulation model is preferred because it considers aspects such as car performance, reliability and safety while keeping the cost optimization to evaluate the impact on the rest of the system. This caused a 14% increase in total cost of car ownership compared to the cost before soft-linking. Gas reforming combined with CO2 storage can provide a low-cost hydrogen source for FCEV in the first years of deployment. Once a lower CAPEX for FCEV is achieved, a higher hydrogen cost from electrolysis can be afforded. The policy with the largest impact on FCEV was a purchase subsidy of 5 k€ per vehicle in the 2030–2034 period resulting in 24.3 million FCEV (on top of 67 million without policy) sold up to 2050 with total subsidies of 84 bln€. 5 bln€ of R&D incentives in the 2020–2024 period increased the cumulative sales up to 2050 by 10.5 million FCEV. Combining these two policies with infrastructure and fuel subsidies for 2030–2034 can result in 76 million FCEV on the road by 2050 representing more than 25% of the total car stock. Country specific incentives, split of demand by distance or shift across modes of transport were not included in this study.

Assessment of the road and railway infrastructure and means of public transport by the aspect of the survey in the selected area of Poland

The current socio-economic conditions of some developed and developing countries are not favorable for the development of the public mass transport services. Most of the residents of large and medium-sized cities, but also smaller towns, use their own passenger car on mandatory trips. This phenomenon perfectly reflects the constantly growing of motorization index in such countries. The consequence of this is, of course, the decreasing number of passengers carried by means of public mass transport, in particular operating outside of large urbanized areas. This causes and unfortunately will cause not only further problems of automotive congestion on the transport networks of urban areas, reduction of the road safety level, but also adverse environmental effects in the form of pollution. The authors of the article analyzed the results of transport surveys, which were carried out in recent years among the public transport passengers. The surveys concerned the assessments and postulates and expectations of passengers. The research was carried out in one of the typical in terms of socio-economic conditions of Polish voivodships (a country dynamically developing in the passenger transport sector, in terms of both mobility, as well as the quantitative and qualitative status of transport means and transport infrastructure). The voivodship subjected to such analysis was the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship, located in the central part of Poland. The respondents were asked to speak on topics related to, among others, transport infrastructure, means of transport, access to services of public transport systems, comfort and safety of traveling. The analysis also included assessments and postulates related to tariff systems, travel information systems, and transport integration systems - functioning in the voivodship. The results of the research were analyzed by the rail passenger transport and bus passenger transport as part of the voivodship public transport system. In the majority of cases, passengers’ assessments were not satisfactory. The most frequently issued evaluations fluctuated only around the average (on a scale from 1 to 10). The authors have thoroughly analyzed the results of the transport survey, confronting the results obtained and trying to find out their causes depending on the characteristics of the area under analysis.

Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Decomposition of CO2 Emissions from Urban Passenger Transport: An Empirical Study of Global Cities from 1960–2001

The urban transport sector has become one of the major contributors to global CO2 emissions. This paper investigates the driving forces of changes in CO2 emissions from the passenger transport sectors in different cities, which is helpful for formulating effective carbon-reduction policies and strategies. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method is used to decompose the CO2 emissions changes into five driving determinants: Urbanization level, motorization level, mode structure, energy intensity, and energy mix. First, the urban transport CO2 emissions between 1960 and 2001 from 46 global cities are calculated. Then, the multiplicative decomposition results for megacities (London, New York, Paris, and Tokyo) are compared with those of other cities. Moreover, additive decomposition analyses of the 4 megacities are conducted to explore the driving forces of changes in CO2 emissions from the passenger transport sectors in these megacities between 1960 and 2001. Based on the decomposition results, some effective carbon-reduction strategies can be formulated for developing cities experiencing rapid urbanization and motorization. The main suggestions are as follows: (i) Rational land use, such as transit-oriented development, is a feasible way to control the trip distance per capita; (ii) fuel economy policies and standards formulated when there are oil crisis are effective ways to suppress the increase of CO2 emissions, and these changes should not be abandoned when oil prices fall; and (iii) cities with high population densities should focus on the development of public and non-motorized transport.

Peaking CO2 emissions for China's urban passenger transport sector

Due to economic development and urbanization, the number of car ownership continues to increase, making the urban passenger transport sector becoming an important contributor for energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China (accounting for around 20% of the total carbon emissions of the transport sector in 2016). Hence, how the urban passenger transport sector can contribute to peaking China's carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 is worthy of attention. To that end, we develop a National Energy Technology-Transport (NET-Transport) model to assess the impacts of shifting to alternative clean fuels, improving vehicle fuel efficiency, and promoting public transportation on the future energy demand and CO2 emissions for China's urban passenger transport sector. The results show that in the context of promoting the use of clean fuel vehicles and increasing vehicle fuel efficiency, CO2 emissions of China's urban passenger transport sector could reach a peak of 225 MtCO2 in 2030. If the mode share of public transport could further increase, the CO2 emissions from the urban passenger transport sector in China are possible to peak at around 2020 with the emissions ranging from 171 to 214 MtCO2.

Achieving low-carbon urban passenger transport in China: Insights from the heterogeneous rebound effect

The rapid increase in energy consumption and carbon emissions in China's passenger transportation sector threatens both the environment and the nation's energy security. Energy efficiency improvements, leading to lower fuel consumption, are therefore of considerable interest to policymakers trying to achieve low-carbon travel. However, it is well established that higher miles per gallon efficiencies can, by reducing the costs of travel, lead to some level of increased personal travel: the so-called ‘rebound effect’. This paper describes an empirical study to measure the size and also the variability in this effect at the provincial level and what this variability implies for a carbon tax policy. This rebound effect is quantified using a two-stage Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model. A backfire effect (i.e. the rebound is ≫100%) is observed in urban passenger transport, with disparities in the size of the rebound effect ranging from 114% to 153% among China's provinces. The differences in economic development as well as related differences in consumers' behavior, especially in the behavior of “marginal consumers”, have contributed to this heterogeneity, with a larger carbon tax (more than 110Yuan/tonne) needed in richer provinces such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian in order to bring about similar levels of carbon reductions nationwide.

Systematic Review of Integrated Sustainable Transportation Models for Electric Passenger Vehicle Diffusion

Ensuring energy security, stopping climate change, and improving urban air quality are the three main challenges of this century that are being addressed by governments globally. The transportation sector contributes significantly to these issues. Sustainable transport involves the consideration of three dimensions—economic development, environmental preservation, and social development—and one of its aspects is the focus on the transition towards electric vehicles. The sustainable transportation is a complex system with multiple relationships and feedback between their elements. Understanding this complexity in an integrated and holistic manner is a challenge that must be addressed. To obtain insight into this complexity, we perform a systematic review of studies in which the demand and supply components of the passenger transportation sector were modelled in an integrated manner along with the dimensions of sustainability. All the reviewed previous studies had taken into consideration both the economic and environmental dimensions; however, only a few had also considered social development. The holistic and systematic integration of the dimensions of sustainability along with their relationships and feedback would facilitate a better understanding of the transportation sector and promote the development of better policies for improving the diffusion of passenger electric vehicles.

Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Passenger Transport Sector in Megacities: A case of Ho Chi Minh City

This research aims to propose mitigation measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from passenger transport sector for Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The Extended Snapshot tool is used to calculate the socio-economic development indicators and transport demand for base year 2013, and then estimate the transport demand based on the socio-economic development in target year 2030. In the base year 2013, the air pollutants (NO2, CO, PM10, Pb, etc.) are monitored at the six main stations to analyse the air pollution situation due to transportation activities. In the target year 2030, two scenarios are developed with the same socio-economic development and transport demand projections. Business-as-usual scenario does not consider the mitigation measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions while the countermeasure scenario does. Among the 940.5 kt CO2-eq reduction (15.0 % of emissions from passenger transport in 2030’s business-as-usual scenario), the promotion of energy-efficient vehicles helps to reduce 631.0 kt CO2-eq, followed by 146.7 kt CO2-eq reduction by modal shift from motorbike to mass rapid transports. The shift from fuel-motorbike to electric motorbike helps to reduce 83.2 kt CO2-eq, together with 41.4 kt CO2-eq reduction by shifting from conventional bus to compressed natural gas bus. The promotion of eco-driving with digital tachograph in passenger car helps to reduce 38.2 kt CO2-eq. As the co-benefit, the air pollution due to transportation activities might be reduced thanks to the implementation of mitigation measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions.

Factores organizacionales relacionados con el comportamiento intraemprendedor

La dinámica comercial actual en la que se encuentran inmersas las empresas pertenecientes a las economías emergentes demanda la búsqueda de nuevos métodos para incrementar sus niveles de competitividad, resultando imperativo el estudio de las formas alternativas de desarrollo empresarial, como el intraemprendimiento y los factores que dentro de la organización pueden promover este tipo de conductas. Por tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la relación de elementos identificados en el entorno interno de la empresa con su nivel de intraemprendimiento. Para lograr lo anterior se aplicó un cuestionario a 144 empleados de rango medio del sector de servicios de transportación de pasajeros en el noreste de México, cuyos resultados fueron tratados por medio de un análisis multivariante de correlación y de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados sugieren un impacto positivo y significativo del soporte administrativo y la disponibilidad de tiempo en el intraemprendimiento, así como un impacto moderado de las recompensas otorgadas a los empleados. Estos resultados contribuyen a la creación de teoría en un contexto y sector escasamente estudiado, e invitan a la reflexión sobre la importancia de la consideración de estas prácticas como métodos efectivos de gestión en pro de la empresa.

Well-to-wheel analysis and a feasibility study of fuel cell vehicles in the passenger transportation sector

Well-to-wheel analysis and a feasibility study of fuel cell vehicles in the passenger transportation sector

Regulating the Autonomy of Gig Workers. A Paternalizing Look into the Consent-Based Platform Work Economy

The role of the traditional labour market has been changed by globalisation and modern technology, particularly by the unprecedented and generalised use of smartphones. The platform economy, also called “gig economy” is radically changing the rights and duties of service providers, as it is associated with a high degree of flexibility and profit maximisation, which suppresses or significantly limits traditional workers’ rights, such as the right to paid holiday, maternity license or unemployment benefits. This paper focuses on Uber, the current international market leader on online ridesourcing platforms, and the impact they have on gig workers that chose to enter the platform. Online ridesourcing platforms assign private drivers to rides booked and paid for by passengers through an app. The platform’s drivers may vary from ‘genuine’ freelance business owners, ‘multiple jobholders’, “moonlight” workers to workers who opted for working full-time as gig workers. Among the latter are former professional riders or amateur riders who were unable to cope with the tight restrictions of a heavily regulated professional passenger transportation sector, high-priced licenses, inefficient work-life balance policies and lack of safety guarantees. A sector of the scholarship argues that the conditions offered by platforms to drivers encourage entrepreneurship across all segments of society and foster the decentralization of economic growth. In fact, on-demand ridesharing platforms adapt the drivers’ income to the market, providing for primetime pricing to meet increased demand. Additionally, by allowing for a flexible work schedule, they are deemed to promote work-life balance. Finally, by integrating technology they ensure a more efficient provision of services and a safer one as well, with passenger registration, money-free rides and GPS location as integral part of the operation. The wider majority of the scholarship, however, has been heavily criticizing these platform services for infringing workers’ rights. If there is an almost consensus in the scholarship that gig workers have been opting for entering a labour economy which will affect them, their families and other parts of the working population in the mid or long-run, the question is asked whether it is justified for regulators to nudge such workers into taking decisions (or imposing these upon them) which are better for their own welfare and the decent living standard of other workers. In other words, what should be the balance between respecting the autonomy of ‘gig-workers’ in grasping their chances to access the ‘gig-labour market’ and taking paternalizing measures to protect ‘gig-workers’ against ‘self-exploitation ’?

Marketing Management in Urban Passenger Transportation Innovations

Purpose: This main aim of the article is to explore possible approaches to innovation marketing management by the example of urban passenger transportation. Design/Methodology/Approach: In modern conditions with the digitalization of the economy enterprises that provide transportation services are aimed at managing through artificial intelligence. Modern transport depends on the preferences of the population, based on philosophy of automation, intellectualization while at the same time is focused on the quality of transportation, elimination of losses and cost reduction. The specifics of marketing activities in the urban passenger transportation market is of particular importance in this study, taking into account the formation of the marketing innovation toolkit in the urban passenger transportation market under these specifics. Findings: A model for innovational marketing management in the urban passenger transportation sector was developed and justified, which includes six key innovation management blocks based on marketing functions: research, forecasting, information, organizational, advertising and practice. Practical implications: In practice, it is about creating a concept necessary for the provision of transport services for passengers transportation, based on the use of innovational marketing. The basic directions for the introduction of innovations at the enterprises of urban passenger transport are proposed. Originality/value: In the field of urban passenger transportation in the digital economy, new opportunities are opening up for development by applying innovational marketing, the practical implementation of which ensures increased efficiency and increases the demand for public transport services.

Framework conditions of occupational safety: Comparing Norwegian maritime cargo and passenger transport

Abstract Seafaring is among the most hazardous occupations, and more knowledge is needed to inform preventive measures. One way of developing such knowledge is to compare different sub-sectors, to shed light on factors influencing occupational safety. Previous research has indicated a higher risk of serious occupational injuries in coastal cargo transport compared to passenger transport, hypothesizing that this could be due to the safety culture in coastal cargo transport. The aims of the present paper are to: (1) Compare organizational safety culture and working conditions in Norwegian cargo and passenger transport at sea, (2) Examine safety outcomes (safety behaviours and crewmember accidents) of safety culture and working conditions in the passenger and the cargo sector, and (3) discuss how safety culture and working conditions are influenced by the framework conditions of the the passenger and the cargo sector. The study is based on a small-scale survey to crewmembers on vessels registered in the Norwegian Ship Register (NOR), both at passenger vessels (N = 84) and coastal cargo vessels (N = 73). Results indicate that crew members in the coastal cargo sector experience more work pressure, and that they rate their organizational safety culture as lower than respondents in the passenger transport sector. Moreover, results indicate that work pressure and poor organizational safety culture are closely related to unsafe working behaviours, which in turn is associated with personal injuries on board. However, as a positive organizational safety culture is related to safer working behaviours, future research should examine how organizational safety culture can be employed to reduce the impact of negative framework conditions in maritime transport on occupational safety.

Air Transport - A Source of Competitive Advantages of the Region

This study investigates the relationship between the development of the air transport and the economic development of the Bulgarian regions and the improvement of its competitiveness over the period of 2000–2016. The timeliness of the problem is related to the contradictory impact of the air transport on the economic effects of aviation development and related socio-economic effects at local and global level. The purpose of the report was to identify the impact of the air transport on the economic development of the region. In this connection, the following tasks have been set: to monitor trends in the development of the air passenger transport sector; to determine the impact of the average annual income per capita on the passenger flow; to establish the impact of passenger flows on the average annual income of the population as an indicator of the sustainable development of the region. The aim of the article was to establish the link between the passenger flow and the gross domestic product of the region. Economic data processing methods for the 10-year period were used through the Gretl program. The data obtained is evidence of the positive impact of air transport development on the competitiveness of the region and its steady social-economic growth.

Evaluation of Quality in Public Transport Services: The Use of Quality Dimensions as an Input for Fuzzy TOPSIS

The assessment of the quality of service provided by organizations plays a key role in the continuous improvement of the quality management system. When it comes to the quality of public transportation, the theme becomes even more relevant since user satisfaction influences the perception of a better quality of life. One of the modes of public transport that stands out in Brazil is the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, characterized by fast passenger transportation since it uses exclusive runways and promotes faster locomotion and less pollution of gases. In the Northeast region of Brazil, the current system has operated since 2014 with two large corridors with a length of 25 km and carrying more than 830 thousand people daily. Due to the importance of the fast passenger transport sector, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of the service provided. In this sense, the present work proposes an approach to evaluate the public transport services offered to users of the BRT system in the northeast of Brazil, through a structured questionnaire to measure customer perception and applying the Fuzzy Set and Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The motivation for choosing the Fuzzy Set is based on the data processing mode since fuzzy numbers simplify the expression of human judgment rather than its individual rationality, the translation of individual subjectivity, and data processing. The choice of TOPSIS for the possibility of ordering variables by means of comparison with the perfect alternative. The methodology of this article is considered a case study and 569 questionnaires were applied to BRT users. The result of the application of the approach showed that the best-evaluated variables are technical security and a single charge of the collection. On the other hand, there was a shortage of information about the schedules of the lines and the presence of convenience stores, demonstrating that these aspects can be developed for greater user satisfaction. It is believed that the proposed approach can contribute to the organizational context by guiding managers and establishing a logical set of procedures for assessing service delivery situations, revealing the level of adjustment required to achieve optimal service performance, and variables and quality dimensions by the best performance score according to the customer’s perception.

Improvements in the representation of behavior in integrated energy and transport models

The inclusion of sociological aspects, as human behavior related to transportation, in energy–economy–environment (E3) models may enable an inclusive representation of the system under analysis, thus providing a more likely representation of reality. This article presents a review of integrated energy and transport models characterized by a detailed description of the passenger transport sector and by the presence of transport behavioral features. First, we propose a working taxonomy based on the level of integration of the energy and transport sectors. As the study underlines, a high level of integration is a precondition for incorporating the consumer behavior related to purchase decisions and use of transport technologies in energy and transport models. Second, we identify and review the recurring behavioral features related to transport included in current integrated energy and transport models: technology choice, modal choice, driving pattern, and new mobility trends. The main contribution of the paper resides in analyzing the modeling methodologies adopted in the literature to incorporate behavioral features in transport and in examining opportunities and challenges of each of them. We draw recommendations on model structure and relevant attributes to consider in relation to consumers’ choices in transportation.

2438 - Training for the Occupational Health of the Workers of the Transport of Passengers in Argentina

A meeting was organized of physical exercise for medium-distance professional drivers. This participation was carried out to enrich the work carried out by the passenger transport sector in order to agree on the content of a Manual of Good Practices of this work group. In order to increase the individual and collective performance of transport workers, prevent occupational diseases and occupational accidents, a series of actions aimed at raising awareness about occupational health through physical activity and preventing work fatigue was carried out. musculoskeletal disorders and stress to carry out a task of high complexity such as driving a public transport unit. To combine the progress of the entities between them are linked directly or indirectly, in the common goal of reducing accidents on public roads, the Head of Institutional Relations and Road Safety Protection -Mutual Passenger Public Transport Insurance was invited. The representatives of the aforementioned organizations are assigned to the headquarters of Protection to know the public driving simulator that exists in Latin America. In this framework, a new work meeting is held and good management practices are carried out in the simulator. It is appropriate to point out that, modern facilities allow to perform, depending on the existing equipment, training, training and evaluation of public passenger transport workers. It should be noted that in Argentina, this activity employs around 22,500 workers throughout the country. Due to the characteristics of the public transport sector, continuous training is of great importance, not only because of the need to take care of the health of the workers it occupies, but also because of the impact on the prevention of millions of citizens who use the service and who circulate on public roads. That is why it actively promotes better practices and healthy environments to identify inappropriate processes, implement policies to eliminate or reduce risks and strengthen the culture in health and safety. These actions not only entail a benefit for workers who will improve their working conditions and environment, but also allow the reduction of road accidents, which are one of the biggest causes of death in our country.

The Thredbo story: A journey of competition and ownership in land passenger transport

This is a companion paper to Bray, Hensher, and Wong (2018), reviewing developments in public transport institutional reform, contract design and implementation over the past 30 years since the inception of the International Conference Series on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport (known as the Thredbo Series). Whilst Thredbo has grown to encompass all topics in transport planning, policy, contracting, financing, data, as well as funding; competition and ownership remains the core focus and the 14 conferences to date constitute a unique resource to chart the conversation and state of the art as it has evolved in both developed and developing economies. Discussion is structured around three eras (the early years, turn of the century and recent developments) and six elements of contracting—market arbitration, procurement mechanism, asset ownership, contract design, risk allocation and contract management. What emerges is a shift in interest from deregulated to contracted markets (and back to deregulated to some extent), a renewed focus on institutional performance in line with changing government and community expectations, and an increasing desire to place contracted services within the broader context of land use, well-being and wider economic benefits. Importantly, this paper also covers some landmark ideas which have grown to become key cornerstones of the Thredbo series including the STO (strategic/tactical/operational) framework, regulatory cycles in the bus and rail sectors, as well as trusting partnerships between transport regulators and operators. We conclude with the enduring legacy of the Thredbo series and look with optimism to the future for what the next 30 years of Thredbo may bring to the land passenger transport sector.

Effects of road tolls for intercity buses on travel activities and the choice of means of transport in German long-distance passenger transport

In our study, we used a system dynamics model to analyze how distance-related road tolls for intercity bus services (Fernlinienbusverkehr) would affect the choice of means of transport and the travel activities of long-distance passenger transport users in Germany. In particular, we have analyzed how the modal split will change with certain toll rates, whether rail transport can benefit from the increased burden on its intermodal competitor, or whether the car is the biggest beneficiary instead. In addition, we also examined other relevant aspects, such as the revenue development in the national intercity bus market. Our simulations show that the introduction of distance-related road tolls in intercity bus transport (if they are completely shifted to customers in the form of surcharges) will result in significant changes: Thus, at a toll rate of 0.6 ct/passenger kilometer the modal share of intercity buses (by passenger kilometers) in the German long-distance passenger transport sector will drop by about 12 percent to 2.44 percent in the year 2025. At 0.4 ct/passenger kilometer, the share drops by almost three percent. The railway sector is the main beneficiary, but the car can also gain shares.

Low-carbon futures for Shenzhen’s urban passenger transport: A human-based approach

Shenzhen, one of China’s leading cities, has the potential to be a model for achieving China’s ambitious CO2 emission reduction targets. Using data from a travel diary survey in Shenzhen in 2014, we develop a human-based agent model to conduct a scenario study of future urban passenger transport energy consumption and CO2 emissions from 2014 to 2050. Responses to different policy interventions at the individual level are taken into account. We find that with current policies, the carbon emissions of the urban passenger transport sector in Shenzhen will continuously increase without a peak before 2050. Strengthening 21 transport policies will help Shenzhen to peak the carbon emissions by 2030 for passenger transport. Among these policies, the car quota policy and the fuel economy standard are essential for achieving a carbon peak by 2030. In addition, a package of seven policies, including fewer car quotas, a stricter fuel economy standard, raising parking fees, limiting parking supply, increasing EV charging facilities and subway lines, and improving public transport services, is sufficient to peak carbon emissions by 2030, although at an emissions level higher than for the 21 policies.