Part Deals Research Articles

Simulation and Experimental Design of Load Adaptive Braking System on Two Wheeler

The braking quality is considered the main execution of the adaptive control framework that impacts the vehicle safety and rides solace astoundingly notably the stopping distance. This research work aims to create a pattern and design of an electromechanically adjusted lever that multiplies the applied braking force depending on the inputs given by the sensors to reduce the stopping distance of the vehicle. It is carried out using two main parts of the two-wheeler vehicle: the first part deals with the detection of load acting on the vehicle and identifying the required braking force to be applied, and the second part deals with the microcontroller which activates the stepper motor for varying the mechanical leverage ratio from various loads on the vehicle using two actively movable wedges. The electromechanically operated variable braking force system is developed to actuate the braking system based on the load on the motorcycle. The MATLAB simulation and experimental work are carried out for various loading (driver and pillion) conditions on a two-wheeler. The results indicate that the proposed electronically operated braking system is more effective than the conventional braking system for various loads and vehicle speeds. Specifically, the stopping distance of the vehicle is decreased significantly by about 4.9% between the conventional braking system and the simulated proposed system. Further, the experimental results show that the stopping distance is condensed by about 4.1%. The validation between simulated and experimental results revealed a great deal with the least error percentage of about 0.8%.

Nierówne traktowanie z powodu religii lub przekonań

Unequal treatment because of religion or belief The article presents the legal opinions of two Advocates General (AG) of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and two judgments of this court (CJEU) issued in cases C-157/15 and C-188/2015 in matters relating to religion. The main research method used in the article is the dogmatic method. The author analyzes the positions of two lawyers employed as AG CJEU in matters concerning the imposition of bans by entrepreneurs on persons employed, displaying religious symbols in places and time of work. The article is divided into five parts. In the first part, the author looks at legal concepts such as discrimination and religious freedom. In the second part, the reader is introduced to the essence of the dispute between entrepreneurs and employed believers of religion. The third part deals with the cases regulated by the provisions of Directive 2000/78/EC concerning lawful exceptions to the prohibition of discrimination. The fourth part is devoted to the policy of religious neutrality recognized by the European Union as a remedy between employers and employees. In the last, fifth part, the operative parts of the judgments of the Court of Justice are listed. CJEU rulings prohibit employees from wearing and displaying overly visible religious symbols. Failure to comply with this prohibition cannot be considered as direct discrimination on the basis of religion. The interest of the entrepreneur is not a sufficient justification for the parties to the re-employment relationship to reach an agreement, because the wearing of religious symbols by employees in the workplace cannot be considered as a “significant professional requirement.”

Репрезентационализм и природа ментальных состояний

The paper explores representationalist theories of mind in the context of the mind-body problem and the hard problem of consciousness. The mind-body problem is related to the substantial dualism, according to which there are two independent types of objects – physical and mental. For a materialistically oriented metaphysics, such a dualism was unacceptable. In the second half of the twentieth century. a new version of dualism appeared – the dualism of properties. Its essence lies in the fact that it is not the existence of mental substances that is affirmed, but the existence of phenomenal properties of experience that are irreducible to physical and functional properties. The dualism of properties is associated with the hard problem of consciousness – why are certain neurophysiological processes accompanied by a qualitative experience? The problem of a naturalistic explanation of the phenomenal characteristics of experience has become a new threat to naturalistic metaphysics. The first part of the work analyzes the philosophical context of the formation of cognitive science. It is shown how functionalism and representationalism became the two main philosophical positions that underlie this discipline. The second part deals with an attempt to solve the mind-body problem through the naturalization of intentionality. It is shown that teleosemantic representationalism, within the framework of which this naturalistic project was implemented, is not able to explain the phenomenon of misrepresentation, which plays a crucial role for the idea of representation as such. The final part of the study evaluates an attempt to answer the hard problem of consciousness by reducing the phenomenal character of experience to representational content. The author demonstrates that such a reduction leads to an ontology with non-instantiated properties and non-existent objects, which is an undesirable consequence for a physicalism.

Neural-like growing networks in the development of general intelligence. Neural-like growing networks (P. II)

This article is devoted to the development of general artificial intelligence (AGI) based on a new type of neural networks – “neural-like growing networks”. It consists of two parts. The first one was published in N4, 2022, and describes an artificial neural-like element (artificial neuron) in terms of its functionality, which is as close as possible to a biological neuron. An artificial neural-like element is the main element in building neural-like growing networks. The second part deals with the structures and functions of artificial and natural neural networks. The paper proposes a new approach for creating neural-like growing networks as a means of developing AGI that is as close as possible to the natural intelligence of a person. The intelligence of man and living organisms is formed by their nervous system. According to I.P. Pavlov's definition, the main mechanism of higher nervous activity is the reflex activity of the nervous system. In the nerve cell, the main storage of unconditioned reflexes is the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. The article describes ribosomal protein synthesis that contributes to the implementation of unconditioned reflexes and the formation of conditioned reflexes as the basis for learning biological objects. The first part of the work shows that the structure and functions of ribosomes almost completely coincide with the structure and functions of the Turing machine. Turing invented this machine to prove the fundamental (theoretical) possibility of constructing arbitrarily complex algorithms from extremely simple operations, and the operations themselves are performed automatically. Here arises a stunning analogy, nature created DNA and the ribosome to build complex algorithms for creating biological objects and their communication with each other and with the external environment, and the ribosomal protein synthesis is carried out by many ribosomes at the same time. It was concluded that the nerve cells of the brain are analog multi-machine complexes – ultra-fast molecular supercomputers with an unusually simple analog programming device.

The myth of space: Interpretation in the Ural stone-cutting art of the 1950s –1980s

The article is devoted to the study of one of the key topics of the Soviet art industry — the space program of the USSR. This topic is considered on the example of the activities of the Sverdlovsk factory «Russkiye Samotsvety». In the 1950s – 1980s, the factory was the leading stone-cutting enterprise of the state, which allows us to consider the formation and development of the space theme in the stone-cutting art and, more broadly, the art industry of the Soviet Union using its example. For the study, archival data published for the first time, graphic materials previously unknown to researchers from the collection of the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, as well as works from the collection of Russian museums were involved. The material of the article is divided into two parts, revealing the areas of activity of the stone-cutters of the factory «Russkiye Samotsvety». The first part deals with models of souvenirs and functional items approved for production from the late 1950s to the 1970s. The main constructive motives of these works are noted, as well as materials (stone raw materials) and techniques chosen by the masters for the implementation of projects. Stable motives and techniques are singled out, which remained relevant in the framework of the embodiment of space themes in products of the circulation circle. The second part is devoted to the consideration of the so-called author’s works of the plant’s stone-cutting masters. On the basis of recently discovered sheets of design graphics, as well as rare objects presented in museum collections, the main types of works are distinguished, as well as the characteristic techniques used by masters in creating objects. Great detail is noted, the use of materials uncharacteristic for the space theme in the 1970s, as well as attempts by craftsmen to use their specific properties within the framework of a given topic (transparency-translucency, color, texture, stone pattern, etc.). Consideration of two areas of creativity of stone-cutting masters makes it possible to single out the topic of space exploration as one of the most important in line with the selfpresentation of the successes and capabilities of the USSR.

A non-linear backstepping control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)

In the industry, the permanent magnet synchronous motors are one of the most widely used motors and have superior performance compared to the other types of motors. The principal objective of this paper is to ameliorate the performance of PMSMs by implementing a robust non-linear backstepping control. The first part deals with the vector control of mechanical sensors using PI controller. In the second part, we shed the light on the non-linear backstepping control, using Lyapunov function, of PMSM from the point of view of stability and robustness. The results are validated by MALTAB/SIMULINK. The results obtained show the good stability and good dynamic of PMSM’s control by backstepping controller, also the PI is very sensitive to parameter’s machine variation compared with the backstepping controller.

Deleuze’s philosophy of language

This paper analyzes the possibility of outlining a certain kind of philosophy of language, whose frameworks and contours can be recognized within a broader specter of Deleuze?s oeuvre. Even though the French thinker is not someone whose name we often associate with any kind of notion concerning a discipline such as philosophy of language, the paper aims at presenting that the philosophy of language is implicitly present within Deleuze?s writings, nevertheless. As a backbone to this thesis, we cite the analyses that are based on a number of different texts by Deleuze, written in different periods of his life. The recurring motif of these texts is the subject of literature, and these papers were later published under the name of Essays Critical and Clinical. To make our investigations more thorough, it was rather necessary to incorporate other key publications by Deleuze (written by himself or in co-authorship with F?lix Guattari), as well. On top of that, the paper specially parses the pertinence of narration for constituting a highly idiosyncratic approach in treating language, as well as the structure of reality which is primarily understood as bound to language and story-telling. The said approach is named the ?narrative method?. This method is constructed as a certain kind of heuristic device with the ability to untangle various problems stemming from the usual ways we treat language (language understood as an expression of thought, or as information, e.g.), as well as the poststructuralist approach (language understood as an instance that goes beyond subjectivity). The text is divided into two parts: the first part deals with the importance of characterizing language as self-expressive, coupled with insisting on its fundamentally story-telling nature. The second part of the text explores the possibility of potentially correlating the way language operates with the mathematical model known as the Markov chain. The end result of the research can be doubly summarized: on the one hand, the paper puts in the foreground a prospect of understanding Deleuze?s philosophy of language, and on the other hand, the paper insists on supplementing thus instituted philosophy of language with the insight of radical narrativity of every linguistic event.

Medical use of hydrolyzed collagen in osteoporosis

In this narrative review, the scientific background of the use of collagen in osteoporosis is presented, drawing inspiration for a discussion on the food supplements use in medicine. The first part of the paper provides an overview on collagen and hydrolyzed collagen. The second part deals with collagen carential disease, comprising conditions ranging from nail fragility to osteoporosis. The third part focuses on osteoporosis and its treatment, the fourth on hydrolyzed collagen. The medical use of hydrolyzed collagen provides a typical example of “Green economy”, the new alliance between man and nature that is involving medicine too.

Paulo Freire e a pedagogia latino-americana: a construção de uma identidade pedagógica

ABSTRACT The argument in this essay is that Paulo Freire's pedagogy represents both a consolidation of Latin American pedagogical thinking and the starting point for new developments in the area. The text is divided into four parts. In the first, an attempt is made to look at how Paulo Freire builds his vision of Latin America, with special attention to his time of exile in Chile. The second part deals with understanding the context of praxis at the time when the pedagogy of the oppressed was formed, highlighting the relationship with theology and social research. It follows the identification of sources of the pedagogy of the oppressed, exemplifying how Paulo Freire's work is constituted within a rich pedagogical tradition. Finally, in the fourth part, marks of Latin American pedagogy are highlighted, in which the presence of Paulo Freire is more evident. The conclusion points to perspectives for future research in the context of the follow up of the centenary of Paulo Freire's birth.

The Deposition of Czar Vasili Shuisky in the Light of New Data

The article demonstrates how onomastic studies can help with interpretation of the key events of Russian history. The central figure of the paper is Czar Vasili IV of Russia (Vasili Ivanovich Shuisky): the first part of the paper focuses on the attribution of a valuable altar cross from the early 17th c., which has to do with the Christian binominality of this monarch, while the second part deals with the semiotics of the Czar’s deposition from the anthroponymic perspective. The votive inscription on the eight-pointed reliquary cross made of gilded silver gilded and decorated with stamped and carved sacred images on its front side says that the cross was donated to the Suzdal Monastery of the Intercession of Our Lady in 1603/04, with the style of figurative images, foliage pattern and the high quality of work clearly indicate the Moscow origin of this liturgical object. Until now, the identity of the donator was believed to be unclear, although the inscription is readable and contains both the names and all information necessary for identification. Many people of Medieval Rus’ had two lay Christian names — today this idea comes as less of surprise to researchers as it used to a decade earlier, yet the tradition of lay Christian binominality is still to be described and analyzed. Studying specific cases sometimes requires almost detective investigation, and challenges faced by a researcher are not incidental: they are rooted in the very ways how this system of lay Christian binominality functioned in the pre-Petrine Rus’: the same person could appear under one name in one case and under the other name in another, and sometimes it is really challenging to find the crossover points allowing to identify, say, Cosmas, servant of God with Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. The historical and onomastic analysis of the inscription on the cross not only allows to reliably identify the owner of this precious specimen of early 17th-century jewellery but also to make some guesses about the circumstances of donation and to clarify our evidence of naming practices characteristic of the 16th-century Russia.

Propozycje w zakresie wprowadzenia do polskiego prawa dawstwa identyfikowalnego komórek rozrodczych i zarodków

The purpose of this paper is to present proposals for implementation of identifiable donation of gametes and embryos into the Polish law. The analysis is divided into three parts. The first part examines arguments for the abolition of a donor’s anonymity and the practical consequences of using direct-to-consumer genetic testing to track an anonymous donor. The second part deals with international documents regarding the child’s right to know their genetic origins; attempts to standardize the model of gamete and embryo donation within the member states of the Council of Europe, analysis of national jurisdictions, and debate on the retrospective amendments of law. The third part moves to analysis of how the identifiable donation should be implemented into the Polish law, assuming that the law should be changed only prospectively. Therefore, differentiation of donors who decide on donation before changing the law and after amendment of law is taken into consideration. Moreover, the third part examines which potential changes to law may be taken into consideration, assuming that it is justified to indicate the circumstances of third-party reproduction in documents related to the Polish Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths.

Formalna podrška - očekivanja roditelja dece sa smetnjama u razvoju

Introduction. Parents of children with developmental disabilities receive many different forms of support, including formal support provided by professionals from different systems. Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in expectations of the type of formal support by parents of children with developmental disabilities with regard to their sociodemographic characteristics. Methodology. In total, 152 parents participated in the study, out of which 63.8% were female and 36.2% were male. The participants' average age was 38 years. Data was collected using a questionnaire specifically designed for the purpose of this study, which is a component of a large-scale research study on early support provided to children with developmental disabilities and their parents. The first part of the questionnaire concerns sociodemographic characteristics, while the second part deals with the parents' expectations of the type of formal support. Results. The results of this study show that there is a statistically significant difference in the expectations of the type of formal support by the parents of children with developmental disabilities with regard to two sociodemographic characteristics, namely the self-evaluated financial wellbeing and the level of education. Conclusion. This study shows that parents with higher levels of education and better financial wellbeing have different expectations of the type of formal support than parents with lower levels of education and lower income. These differences should be, therefore, taken into account during the processes of planning and providing support.

Transparent Sonic Sculptures in Site-Specific Intermedia Music

The paper deals in the first part with the centripetal juxtaposition of Marcel Duchamp’s Sculpture Musicale and John Cage’s 4’33”. Both pieces became the starting points of the author´s creation of acousmatic comprovised music saving/transforming unique soundscapes (mostly) in Slovakia. The sounds of specific environments (with semantic social meanings) as a kind of unique musical-sonic sculptures were involved in his musical artistic projects: e. g. Animation of Silence (in Music) of Puppets (2000), or Nitrian Atlantises (2013) dedicated to the part of the pre-ancient history of Nitra as well as to semantic parallels of this period in the contemporary life of the city. Melancholy (2017), co-created with the fine artist Slavomír Zombek and the poet Peter Milčák, has changed the site of a desolate cowhouse near Levoča to the site-specific gallery/concert hall of sounding events. Sonic Sculpture of Bin (2018) inspired by Duchamp’s idea mentioned above was realized in a deserted refinery in Rimavská Sobota as site-specific sonic-musical piece, as well as other transparent sonic sculptures Cockroach Lure (2019) with intermedia artist Petr Nikl, and two pieces, La Mer (2021/2022) and ÚÚÚ-FFF-ÓÓÓ (2021), dedicated to two great Slovak conceptual intermedia artists, Milan Adamčiak and Július Koller. In the final comment, the author writes about the phenomena of sonic photography – related to the ideas of Roland Barthes’ La Chambre Claire – which can be appropriated as an organic part of transparent sonic-musical sculpture.

FACTORS OF SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN FROM HOME EDUCATION

The essential of this paper is to find out how the secondary socialization of children from home education takes place and to map the personal experiences and opinions of parents educating their children at home. The paper is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part deals with the socialization as a necessary process in the life of each individual, we describe the various types of socialization, we deal with a different concept of socialization according to where it takes place, i.e. in the home and school environment. The theoretical part forms the basis for the empirical part. For the implementation of the research, we chose qualitative research using semi-structured interviews, which were conducted with parents who currently have a child or children in home education. The limit of the presented work is a small sample of respondents and the associated impossibility to generalize the results. However, the research went into the depth of the topic and brings subjective opinions and experiences of parents. Another limit is the implementation of interviews through telephone, which do not allow to observe non-verbal expressions of respondents during the interview, which can reveal a lot.

Russian–African cooperation and summit diplomacy. Challenges and opportunities

The article examines the perspectives of summit diplomacy in relations between Russia and the countries of the African region. Summit diplomacy in the context of this article can be considered as an integral part of multi-vector network diplomacy, which is an effective addition, and sometimes an alternative to traditional diplomacy, despite the fact that officials also take part in the summits. The authors note that in studies on the diplomacy of summits, insufficient attention is paid to the substantive aspects of the relations between their participants. Thus, the summits imply consideration of a wide range of tasks, including those of a domestic political nature. At the same time, as an instrument of foreign policy, the effectiveness of summit diplomacy depends not only on the structural characteristics of relations, but also on the dynamics of interaction between the participants. The countries of the African region have rich mineral deposits, vast areas that could potentially be suitable for highly productive agriculture; forests, including the most valuable species of trees, as well as a huge population, which can become the basis for one of the world's largest markets for goods and services. It is African countries that occupy the first places in terms of GDP growth prospects and the rapidly growing economy as a whole. Transnational corporations have long been fighting for control over resources, access to cheap labor and the population's money, increasing their presence on the continent. In this regard, Africa has become the object of special attention of leading international players, including Russia. Thus, at present, a certain return of Russia's real interest in Africa is being ascertained. In the first part of the article, the authors analyze the economic opportunities of Russia and its main interests in relations with the countries of the African region. The second part deals with the development of Africa and the negotiating agenda of African states. The third part deals with new points of growth and promising areas of interaction between Russia and Africa.

The Qualification of Action in Administrative Justice and its Perils – the Czech Experience

This paper concerns the system of the ‘main’ types of administrative action in the Czech administrative justice, more precisely the qualification of the ‘correct’ type of an action. The boundaries between action types are not always clear, which has consequences for the protection of applicants’ rights in the administrative justice proceedings. The first part of the paper deals with the theoretical level of the problem outlined. The second part deals with some recent changes in Czech case law and proposes possible solutions.

Loan Words from Turkish into Kurdish

This study entitled "Loan words from Turkish into Kurdish” is an attempt to clarify and reveal a number of words which are in Kurdish and whose origin goes back to Turkish. The researchers try to answer these research questions. How and in which way has the Kurdish language benefited from those words, have the words been taken as they are, or have they been changed in terms of their phonemes, morphemes and meaning? What are the reasons that made Kurdish language loan Turkish words and use them in its dictionary? Based on the fact that the Kurdish and Turkish languages are not from the same group and family and there is no relationship between them, but some other reasons such as neighborhood, political, economic, social, scientific, etc., resulted in the interaction between those two languages and have loaned words from one another, that the researchers are willing to shed light only on those words that have been placed into Kurdish language from Turkish. The researchers have tried to clarify their foundations and explain their morphology, to learn more about our dictionary so as to distinguish pure Kurdish words from those of borrowed in other dialects of the world. The recent study composes of an introduction, three parts, conclusions and the list of references. The first part is allocated to the definition, the concept of language, characteristics of language, Indo-European languages and the family of the Indo-Iranian Languages. In the second part, the definition of words, methods of taking words and reasons for borrowing words has been presented. The third part deals with the practical side of taking the Turkish words from Kurdish language have been revealed. At first, a brief history has presented to Turkmen in Iraq, then; the reasons behind borrowing words from Turkish into Kurdish, and finally the results and the list of sources have presented.

Geosynthetics for Filtration and Stabilisation: A Review.

Geosynthetics have been commonly used for the construction of civil engineering structures such as retaining wall, road and railways, coastal protection, soft ground improvement work, and landfill systems since the 1960s. In the past 40 years, the development of polymer materials has helped to prolong the life of geosynthetics. In terms of the practical use of geosynthetics, engineers must understand their appropriate application. The first part of this paper provides a basic description of geosynthetics, including their types, components, and functions. The second part deals with the geosynthetics used as filters. This part briefly presents the mechanism of filtration, the factors affecting the durability of geotextile filters, design concepts, laboratory tests, and case studies. The third part of the study covers the use of geosynthetics for stabilisation. Its mechanism was explained separately for geogrids and for geocells. Several examples of applications with geosynthetics intended for the stabilisation function are described in the last part of this paper.

Accident rate in Polish mining. Current status and forecast

The article presents the analysis of accidents at work in the Polish mining industry in the period from 2010 to 2020 with forecasts for the next three years. The study consists of two parts. The first part deals with methods of analysing working conditions in the mining industry. A key element of the literature review is the econometric methods that have been used by researchers to analyse accidents at work in mining. In the empirical part (the second part of the paper), the authors present the results of their own econometric analysis. The authors use econometric models in predicting the indicator (W*) – total number of people injured in accidents per thousand employees. Testing classical econometric models, the authors obtained the best forecasts (based on the obtained forecast errors) in the Winters' model and the Brown's model. The accident at work in mining is an important topic for research because the branch of industry belongs to the branch with hard work. Health and safety in mines has a great importance for the sake of specific conditions in that kind of industry. Continuous analysis of accidents at work is necessary in evaluation of system effectiveness of health and safety system in all mines. Forecasting of accident at work can help miners to build safety in mines

The Economic Analysis of Dairy Production Farms in Qalyubia Governorate

Dairy and dairy products are important foods for humans, and increased food awareness and the entry of individuals have increased the demand for them, thus increasing the burden on the animal production sector. Which led to the deficit of local production of dairy and its failure to pursue the increasing demand for it, which led to the need to stand on the economic analysis of dairy production farms in Qalyubia governorate, the study deals with three parts, the first part deals with statistical and economic analysis of the production data of dairy farms in the villages of the sample, while the second part deals with the study of the cost structure of the sample farms, while the third part deals with statistical and economic analysis For the costs of the sample farmer, during the study period.