Parameters In Experimental Animals Research Articles

Impact of Varicocele on Testicular Oxidative Stress and Sperm Parameters in Experimental Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Varicocele has been associated with high seminal oxidative stress (OS), impaired semen quality, and reduced male fertility potential. However, the exact mechanism(s) underlying the development of varicocele-mediated infertility and the cause-effect relationship between varicocele and testicular dysfunction are not fully understood. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) is to investigate the impact of varicocele on testicular OS markers and sperm parameters in experimental animals with varicocele as compared to animals without varicocele. A literature search was performed using the Scopus and PubMed databases on studies that investigated testicular OS markers and sperm parameters in animals with varicocele. The primary outcomes included malondialdehyde (MDA) (nmol/mg) levels whereas the secondary outcomes included total sperm count (×106), sperm vitality (%), total sperm motility (%), and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) (%). Standardized mean difference (SMD) (95% confidence interval [CI]) was chosen to express the effect size. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cambridge Quality Checklist. Out of 76 identified articles, 6 studies on rats were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis showed a significant increase of MDA (SMD: 15.61 [1.93, 29.29]; p=0.03) in rats with varicocele vs. controls. We also observed a significant decrease in total sperm count (SMD: -17.45 [-28.97, -5.93]; p<0.01), sperm vitality (SMD: -16.41 [-26.30, -6.52]; p<0.01), total sperm motility (SMD: -17.67 [-24.90, -10.44]; p<0.01), and a significant increase of SDF (SMD: 7.41 [1.23, 13.59]; p=0.02), in rats with varicocele vs. controls. The quality of the included studies was ranked as high. This SRMA indicates a significant increase in levels of testicular MDA and SDF and a reduction of sperm quality in experimental animals with varicocele. These findings support the potential role of testicular OS in the development of varicocele-induced testicular damage.

Effects of rotating electric fields on blood metabolic indicators: an experimental study

BACKGROUND: Stress is an integral part of life in both humans and animals. Up to 70% of the Russian population have reported a certain degree of stress associated with approximately 80% of diseases. This heavy burden of stress explains a significant body of research on the issue of stress and its associations with health indicators. AIM: To study the effects of rotating electric fields on blood metabolic parameters in experimental animals with different levels of resistance to stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 54 non-inbred white male rats comprised the sample. We measured serum levels of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, glucose, C-reactive protein, total sialic acids and the activity of hepatospecific enzymes, such as aspartate transferase, alanine transferase, and alkaline phosphatase at the 10th and the 20th day of exposure to a man-made rotating electric field and in the non-exposed control group. By the level of resistance to stress all rats were divided into stress-resistant, stress-unresistant and ambivalent groups using the "open field" method. RESULTS: On the 10th day of exposure, the levels of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, glucose, C-reactive protein, total sialic acids increased in all three groups of animals. The activity of aspartate transferase, alanine transferase, and alkaline phosphatase also increased in all rats. On the 20th day, the studied parameters remained elevated compared to the control group. The most pronounced changes were observed in the group of stress-unresistant individuals. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate significant effects of rotating electric fields on blood metabolic indicators in rats. The degree of change depends on individual level of stress resistance.

Comparison of the respiratory effects of commonly utilized general anaesthesia regimes in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Background: Respiratory parameters in experimental animals are often characterised under general anaesthesia. However, anaesthesia regimes may alter the functional and mechanical properties of the respiratory system. While most anaesthesia regimes have been shown to affect the respiratory system, the effects of general anaesthesia protocols commonly used in animal models on lung function have not been systematically compared. Methods: The present study comprised 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into five groups (N = 8 in each) according to anaesthesia regime applied: intravenous (iv) Na-pentobarbital, intraperitoneal (ip) ketamine-xylazine, iv propofol-fentanyl, inhaled sevoflurane, and ip urethane. All drugs were administered at commonly used doses. End-expiratory lung volume (EELV), airway resistance (Raw) and tissue mechanics were measured in addition to arterial blood gas parameters during mechanical ventilation while maintaining positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) values of 0, 3, and 6cm H2O. Respiratory mechanics were also measured during iv methacholine (MCh) challenges to assess bronchial responsiveness. Results: While PEEP influenced baseline respiratory mechanics, EELV and blood gas parameters (p < 0.001), no between-group differences were observed (p > 0.10). Conversely, significantly lower doses of MCh were required to achieve the same elevation in Raw under ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia compared to the other groups. Conclusion: In the most frequent rodent model of respiratory disorders, no differences in baseline respiratory mechanics or function were observed between commonly used anaesthesia regimes. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in response to ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia should be considered when designing experiments using this regime. The findings of the present study indicate commonly used anaesthetic regimes allow fair comparison of respiratory mechanics in experimental animals undergoing any of the examined anaesthesia protocols.

ПАРАМЕТРЫ ПОХОДКИ КРЫС С ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКОЙ НЕЙРОПАТИЕЙ ПРИ ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИИ МЕЗЕНХИМАЛЬНЫХ СТВОЛОВЫХ КЛЕТОК И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СТИМУЛЯЦИИ КАННАБИНОИДНЫХ РЕЦЕПТОРОВ II ТИПА

Background. The study of the role of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the effectiveness of adipose-derived (AD) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in preventing motor activity disorders in the affected limb will deepen understanding of the mechanisms of MSCs effects when administered locally. Aim. To evaluate the effect of pharmacological stimulation of cannabinoid CB2 receptors during transplantation of AD MSCs on changes in gait parameters in rats in a model of peripheral neuropathy. Material and methods. In 40 male Wistar rats peripheral neuropathic pain was modeled by sciatic nerve transection. On the 7th day after NP modeling, AD MSCs transplantation was performed without additional interventions upon the pharmacological stimulation of CB2 receptors in the area of sciatic nerve transection, as well as after stimulation of CB2 receptors on the AD MSCs membranes during pretreatment. Within 90 days a detailed analysis of the gait was carried out using the CatWalk XT 10.6. Results. Transplantation of AD MSCs accelerated the recovery of dynamic gait parameters, as well as sciatic functional index, and abolished the development of static gait disturbances in rats after sciatic nerve transection. Significant differences in the analyzed gait parameters in the study groups with AD MSCs transplantation were not found. Conclusion. Pharmacological stimulation of CB2 receptors did not enhance or suppress the effect of AD MSCs on the rate of recovery of gait parameters in experimental animals.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INTERSPECIES EXTRAPOLATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA UNDER PULSED ACOUSTIC INFLUENCE ON BIOOBJECTS (REVIEW)

Background. Despite a significant number of theoretical and experimental studies, the issue of determining the threshold levels of pulsed acoustic exposure, when exceeded, their negative effect on the morphofunctional state of a biological object begins to appear. Traditionally, in laboratory conditions, such estimates are obtained in experiments on animals, varying the parameters of exposure, followed by extrapolation of the results obtained to humans. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of disturbances that develop in experimental animals as a result of impulse acoustic impacts have not been sufficiently studied in this context, and indicators of the state of the physiological systems of a biological object that are sensitive to acoustic impulses are not currently taken into account when determining their safe levels.&#x0D; Purpose. The purpose of the work was to analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of biological effects of pulsed low-intensity acoustic exposure at different levels of the organization of a living system and to develop a methodological approach to obtaining a quantitative assessment and extrapolation of data on such exposure from animals to humans, taking into account the physical parameters of the acoustic factor and characteristics of the state of the experimental biological object.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The selection and systematic review of the scientific literature on the topic of research by keywords in specialized bibliographic databases was carried out.&#x0D; Results. The analysis and generalization of the existing theories about the pathophysiological mechanisms of the biological action of acoustic impulses at different levels of the organization of a living system have been carried out. An original hypothetical scheme for interpreting the effects of acoustic exposure in animals is proposed, which is suitable for obtaining threshold estimates of the levels of the adverse effect of the factor on clinical parameters in experimental animals, and vulnerable critical links in the regulation of external respiration in mammals that cause the damaging effect of acoustic vibrations are identified. A scientific and methodological approach to interspecies extrapolation of medical and biological effects of exposure to low-amplitude air pressure waves from animals to humans has been developed, taking into account the anatomical and physiological parameters of the respiratory system of experimental animals, as well as the informative characteristics of the acoustic pulse. An empirical model is proposed that makes it possible to predict the threshold levels of the conditional power of adverse acoustic effects in humans using data on the development of lung damage in experimental animals of various biological species, and the features of setting up such a model are formulated.&#x0D; Conclusion. It has been substantiated that it is relevant to refine the proposed empirical model and develop a theoretical model for extrapolation of the initial experimental data on the threshold of safe acoustic exposure from animals to humans, taking into account the interspecific patterns of functioning of physiological systems of the body that are critical to the impact.

Effect of tetrapeptide Acetyl-(D-Lys)-Lys-Arg-Arg-amide on immunological and biochemical parameters of Wistar rats using passive smoking models

Tetrapeptides, the homologues of adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment (15-18), play a special role among the bioregulators of the immune system. These compounds have cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. However, no available studies concerned the immunotropic properties of tetrapeptides in the models with exposure to xenobiotics, thus making such research quite relevant. Our study concerned the effects of tetrapeptide Acetyl-(D-Lys)-Lys-Arg-Arg-amide (laboratory code KK1) on the immunological and biochemical parameters of 72 female Wistar rats exposed to passive smoking. The experimental animals were fumigated with tobacco smoke for 8 hours. Synthetic peptide KK1 was administered intranasally at a dose of 40 g/kg/day five times a day for 10 days. Cotinine was detected only in blood serum of rats from experimental groups, thus confirming a contribution of this tetrapeptide to the trend for normalization of some immunological parameters in experimental animals subjected to passive tobacco smoking, expressed as an increase in thymus mass and the number of splenocytes, and a decrease in the circulating immune complexes compared to the parameters of smoking rats of the group. We revealed that passive tobacco smoking in rats was accompanied by a general tendency to accumulation of iron, lead and nickel in peripheral blood. There was a marked increase in the concentration of cadmium, lead and cobalt in rats of the experimental group compared with the content of these trace elements in the liver of smoking animals injected with tetrapeptide KK1. The revealed shifts in immunological indices may be based, firstly, on hepatotoxic effect of ecotoxicants, The lymphoid lineage is mostly affected thus causing hypoplasia of the central and peripheral immunity organs. An evident sign of such pathology is a decreased cellularity of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs found in the present study. Secondly, the tobacco smoke components with prooxidant action may disrupt cellular redox homeostasis, causing damage to cell membranes, resulting in necrosis or apoptosis, thus explaining the revealed decrease in the number of thymocytes, splenic karyocytes and a decrease in the weight of organs. Thus, our results suggest usage of experimental passive smoking in order to evaluate efficiency of the tetrapeptides. Administration of Acetyl-(D-Lys)-Lys-Arg-Arg-amide peptide to the passively smoking rats is associated with tendency to normalize the mass of the thymus and spleen, the number of thymocytes and splenocytes, and a decrease in circulating immune complexes. Further studies are required to elucidate the effects of tetrapeptides upon the immune system.

Effect of the KK1 peptide on immunological parameters in passively smoking pregnant rats and their offspring

Currently, experimental studies are actively conducted to assess the effects of low-molecular-weight polypeptide mediators on the immune system, in order to design new immunomodulatory drugs. However, the specific effects of individual peptides on the immune system of experimental animals and their offspring remains insufficiently studied, thus requiring relevant research in this aspect. Our study evaluated the effect of the peptide homologue of the of adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment (15-18) (laboratory code, KК1) on immunological parameters of pregnant rats and their offspring using experimental models of passive maternal smoking exposure.&#x0D; The immunological parameters were studied in 96 pregnant Wistar rats weighing 200-300 g, exposed to passive tobacco smoking and receiving a synthetic peptide KK1, which is a structural analogue of the ACTH15-18 sequence fragment (Acetyl-(D-Lys)-Lys-Arg-Arg-amide), as well as probable effect on their offspring tested on the 14th day after birth (76 rats). Experimental rats were fumigated with tobacco smoke for 8 hours daily from the 1st to the 20th day of pregnancy. Synthetic peptide KK1 was administered to pregnant rats in the form of an aqueous solution at a dose of 40 mcg / kg / day five times a day for 10 days. Weights of whole body, thymus and spleen were determined in all animals, the number of leukocytes, thymocytes, splenocytes, myelocaryocytes, circulating immune complexes were assessed in accordance with common protocols for experimental laboratory animals. The data were analyzed by MannWhitney U test. The significance level was set at p 0.05.&#x0D; Administration of the KK1 peptide to both control and experimental pregnant rats was accompanied by multidirectional changes in the number of cells in lymphoid organs. The positive trend of shifts in immunological parameters when exposed to the peptide KK1 seems to be based on the possible reduction of the consequences of the toxic effect of tobacco smoke due to the anti-inflammatory effect of this drug, as well as its ability to limit the development of free radical reactions. It is shown that the studied peptide contributes to the positive dynamics of multiple immunological parameters in experimental animals subjected to passive smoking. Further studies are required to assess the mechanisms of immunotropic action of the ACTH15-18 peptide homologue.

Effect of extracted and commercial vitamin B12 on hematological, physiological parameters in experimental animals

The study aimed to know the effect of commercial vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 extracted from Lactobacillus rhamnosus after testing its ability to produce the vitamin, purifying it in the laboratory and determining the optimal condition for its. The results showed effect vitamin B12 on hematological, physiological parameters in experimental animals, it's have a negative effect on hemoglobin concentration, as it decreased to (11.9) µg/ml, with a significant difference from the control treatment (14.6) µg/ml. The results also indicated that the treatment of laboratory animals with B12 extract at a concentration of ( 2, 4) µg/ml positive effect by a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration rate to (13.48,15.2) g/100ml, respectively, compared with the control treatment. The results of the current study of PLT showed a decrease in the rate of blood platelets to (325.3) 103/µL infected with anemia compared to the control treatment, as it was (346) 103/µL. When the animals were injected with vitamin B12 extract, the PLT increased to (334.5) (387.5) 103/µL for the two concentrations (2,4) µg/ml respectively. In addition, the platelet rate increased when treated with commercial B12 for the two concentrations (4,2) respectively (331.2, 334.7) 103/µL compared with the control and extracted B12 treatments

Effect of experimental diabetes mellitus of the mother on the morphological characteristics of spermatogenesis of the offspring

AIM: The work aimed to analyze the morphological and functional state of seminiferous epithelium in the offspring of female rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (DM).&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies were conducted on white Wistar laboratory rats (females) with diabetes mellitus induced and their 70-day-old offspring. Diabetes mellitus was reproduced according to the generally accepted method using streptozotocin. The areas of parenchyma and stroma, the number and area of convoluted seminiferous tubules, the total count of spermatogenous cells and their subpopulation composition, and the count of Sertoli cells per one convoluted seminiferous tubule were determined on serial histological specimens of the testes of offspring of the DM mothers. A number of generally accepted indices were determined, including the spermatogenesis index, spermatogenesis relaxation index, and germinative index.&#x0D; RESULTS: The offspring of female rats with experimental DM has been established to have a decreased area of the testicular parenchyma and an increase of the area of its stroma, as well as a reduced total count of spermatogenic cells, including primitive sperm cells, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and, as a result, a decrease in the count of spermatozoa. The results are consistent with a decrease in the spermatogenesis index in the offspring of female rats with experimental DM. A study of the count of Sertoli cells in experimental animals did not reveal significant differences, however, an analysis of the germinative index and the spermatogenesis relaxation index revealed a significant decrease in these parameters in experimental animals compared to the control.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Offspring with reduced generative function of the testes is born in female rats with experimental type 1 DM.

The effect of vital stress on the bioelectric activity of the brain and the behavior of female rats

BACKGROUND: Identification of possible biomarkers that assess the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms is an urgent task for the early diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorders. The manifestation of emotional states, both human and animal, is reflected in altered behavior and in the violation of the ratio of basic rhythms and cross-correlation connections in the brain electroencephalogram, which indicates the development of pathological processes.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the behavior and electrocorticogram indicators of rats in the delayed period (on day 7) after life-threatening stress, as a way to predict the formation of post-traumatic stress disorder.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on mature female Wistar rats weighing 180200 g (n = 40). Mental trauma was modeled by the circumstances of experiencing the situation of the death of a partner from the action of a predator and the threat to their own life when placing rats in a terrarium with a tiger python. In rats, the behavior in the Open Field test and the bioelectric activity of the brain in the frontal and occipital regions on the left and right were analyzed before and on the 7th day after stress exposure.&#x0D; RESULTS: It is shown that in the delayed period after vital stress in female rats, there is a decrease in motor and research activity and altered emotional behavior in the Open Field test. Reduction of interhemispheric asymmetry in the index of theta and delta activity and changes in cross-correlation connections in the right hemisphere, as well as changes in the ratio of the main rhythms and cross-correlation connections of the electroencephalography. The revealed changes in the delayed period indicate a pronounced aversive nature of the psychotraumatic effect.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Life-threatening stress is caused by changes in electrophysiological and behavioral parameters in experimental animals not only at the time of exposure, but also in the long-term period.

Statistical characteristics of the components of coagulation hemostasis and the degree of oxygenation of rat blood in the normal and at different times of the experimental opioid effect

Background. The problem of non-drug use of opioid drugs occupies a significant place among the current problems of world medicine. Objective. Тo study the hematological parameters of coagulation hemostasis in the norm and the dynamics of their changes at different times of opioid exposure. Methods. The experimental study was performed on sexually mature, outbred male rats in the number of 80 animals, weighing 160-270 g, aged 4.5-7.5 months. Animals were injected intramuscularly with “Nalbuphine” once daily for one day (10-11 hours in the morning) for 98 days. The initial dose of nalbuphine during the first 2 weeks was 0.212 mg / kg, the next 2 (II - IV weeks) - 0.225 mg / kg, the next (IV - VI weeks) - 0.252 mg / kg, the next (VI - VIII weeks) ) - 0.260 mg / kg, the next (VIII - X weeks) - 0.283 mg / kg, the next (X - XII weeks) - 0.3 mg / kg, and during (XII - XIV weeks) - 0.454 mg / kg. Thus, the conditions for chronic opioid exposure were created. Animals are divided into 3 groups. The 1-st group of animals received Nalbuphine for 98 days, with subsequent collection of material (end of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10 weeks, 12 weeks and 14 weeks of experimental opioid exposure); The 2-d was the control group, which for 98 days received injections of saline intramuscularly in one period of time (10 - 11 o'clock in the morning). Blood sampling and study of hematological parameters of blood (platelet count, prothrombin time, prothrombin index, time of recalcification of stabilized blood, total fibrinogen, determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit) were performed according to conventional methods. Software R v 4.0.3 and RStudio v 1.2.5042 were used for statistical calculations and graphing. MSOffice Excel 2010 spreadsheets were used to generate the final tables and store the data. Results. The key to the dynamics of changes in the blood parameters of experimental animals was week 6 of the experiment, as most indicators had the highest dynamics up to 6 weeks including further indicators of stability, which was higher (fibrinogen and prothrombin index) or less (prothrombin time, recalcification time and hemoglobin) indicators of the control group. The blood hematocrit of the experimental animals decreased evenly at all study terms to a minimum value at 14 week, and the number of platelets evenly all times increased to a maximum value at the last term of the experiment. This trend in all indicators was confirmed statistically. Conclusion. Our research has made it possible to study first and then observe the dynamics of changes in coagulation hemostasis and the degree of oxygenation of blood in acute, subchronic and chronic periods of experimental opioid exposure with subsequent statistical comparison.

Системные гемостатические и гемостазиологические эффекты низкой дозы фибрин-мономера на фоне действия варфарина в эксперименте

Введение. Ранее было показано, что фибринмономер (ФМ) в низких дозировках обладает системным гемостатическим действием в условиях дозированной травмы. Авторами выдвинута гипотеза, согласно которой ФМ способен оказывать регулирующее гемостатическое действие in vivo на фоне сниженного гемостатического потенциала. Цель исследования: изучение системных гемостатических и гемостазиологических эффектов ФМ на фоне дозированной травмы печени при гипокоагуляции, обусловленной приемом варфарина. Материалы и методы. В работе использовали 40 кроликов породы Шиншилла. Для индукции кумаринобусловленной гипокоагуляции животным per os вводили варфарин в дозе 0,4 0,5 мг/кг 14 дней до достижения международного нормализованного отношения (МНО) более 2,0. Далее животным в краевую вену уха вводили концентрат факторов протромбино вого комплекса (КФПК) в дозе 40 ЕД/кг, ФМ в дозе 0,25 мг/кг или плацебо. Через 1 ч после введения препаратов наносили травму печени и оценивали кровопотерю (в процентах от объема циркулирующей крови). Исследовали число тромбоцитов, активированное парциальное тромбопластиновое время, МНО, содержание фибриногена и Ддимера, оценивали результаты тромбоэластографии крови. Результаты. Объем кровопотери в группах животных после внутривенного введения ФМ и КФПК на фоне приема варфарина был в 9,1 раза и 6,7 раза меньше, соответственно, по сравнению с группой плацебо, получавшей тот же антикоагулянт. Вместе с тем ФМ не влиял на параметры коагулограммы (отсутствие видимого гемостазиологического эффекта) и тромбоэластограммы, тогда как применение КФПК в качестве антидота варфарина сопровождалось нормализацией параметров тромбоэластометрии и коррекцией гипокоагуляционного сдвига по МНО. Заключение. Установлено, что ФМ способен проявлять свое системное гемостатическое действие в условиях сниженного тромбинообразования, обусловленного нарушением синтеза витамин Кзависимых факторов свертывания крови. Данное действие реализуется без признаков восстановления гемостатического равновесия. Introduction. It was shown earlier that fibrinmonomer (FM) in low doses had a systemic hemostatic effect in a controlled injury condition. The authors suggest that FM is able to exert a regulating hemostatic effect in vivo under reduced hemostatic potential. Aim: to study the systemic hemostatic and hemostasiological effects of FM under controlled liver injury during hypocoagulation caused by warfarin administration. Materials and methods. In this study 40 Chinchilla rabbits were used. For the induction of coumarinmediated hypocoagulation, animals were administered per os warfarin at a dose of 0.4 0.5 mg/kg for 14 days, until an international normalized ratio (INR) was more than 2.0. Subsequently, a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) at a dose of 40 U/kg, FM at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg or placebo were administered into the marginal ear vein of the animals. An hour later, a liver injury was inflicted and blood loss was assessed (in percents of the circulating blood volume). The number of platelets, activated partial thromboplastin time, INR, levels of fibrinogen and Ddimer were studied and the results of blood thromboelastography were evaluated. Results. Blood loss volume in animals groups after intravenous administration of FM and PPC, under warfarin reception, was 9.1 times and 6.7 times less, respectively, compared to the placebo group receiving the same anticoagulant. However, FM did not affect on coagulogram parameters (no visible hemostasiological effect) and thromboelastogram, whereas the use of PPC as warfarin antidote was accompanied by the normalization of thromboelastometry parameters and hypocoagulation shift correction according to INR. Conclusion. It was found that FM able to manifest its systemic hemostatic effect in conditions of reduced thrombin formation caused by impaired synthesis of vitamin Kdependent blood coagulation factors. This effect is implemented without any signs of recovery of hemostatic balance.

The effective use of biologically active substance that belongs to hydrolyse class “Lysozyme G3” in the composition of pigs premix

This article presents the results of the effective use of biologically active substance that belongs to hydrolyse class “Lysozyme G3” in the composition of pigs premix. New premix that can balance the main grains in pigs feeding has been developed. The main grains are wheat, corn, barley. These compounds are included into pigs feeding ration and they are the main crops in the South of Ukraine. The effect of using this new premix that contains the enzyme preparation “Lysozyme G3” for fattening pigs was also investigated. The productive effect of enzyme preparation in the rations with the same nutritional value for fattening pigs and its effect on the nutrients digestibility were studied. Experimental research activities were conducted at the agricultural enterprise “Avangard-D” LLC, Ovidiopol District, Odessa Oblast. The changes in live weight, as well as gains of fattening pigs at the age of 4, 5, 6 and 7 months were studied in the scientific and economical experience. During the main period (120 days), the increase in pigs live weight was observed in all groups. Thus, in the control group, this indicator changed from 27.8 to 107 kg; in II experimental group – from 28.1 to 109.2; in III experimental group – from 28.0 to 111.7 kg. When removing animals from fattening, the difference in live weight between the III experimental and control groups was 4.4% and it was statistically significant (P &gt; 0.95). The average daily gains in piglets of II and III experimental groups significantly exceeded the indices of control one by 2.4% and 5.7%, respectively. The nutrients digestibility in animals of all experimental groups was studied to analyze more carefully. The analysis of digestibility indices in pigs rations during experiment (when pigs are fed with premix that contains biologically active substance Lysozyme G3), and its content in the ration indicated that nutrient digestibility indices had changed into the direction of increase. Feed consumption was calculated after analyzing these indices. Thus, the smallest feed consumption per unit of live weight gain was established in the third experimental group, where it was 3.2 feed units and was less in comparison with animals of the control group by 3.4%. During scientific and economical researches, blood samples were taken from animals of the first control group and the third experimental one for morphological and biochemical studies. It was found that the blood parameters of experimental animals during the entire period of fattening were within the physiological norm. The amount of protein in the blood indicates that animals of experimental group have higher growth rate by 10.9%. The economic indicators directly reflected above mentioned facts when the calculation of the economic part of the research were carried out. Thus, we got 1870.5 UAH from the first group, 1934.3 UAH from the second group, 1989.4 UAH from the third group, selling products from one head. Accordingly, the level of profitability of pork production was: in the first group (control) – 13.5; in the second (1 kg/ton of premix) – 16.5%; in the third (2 kg/ton of premix) – 19.8%.

In vivo study of plant protein products from soybeans and non-alkaloid lupine Dega variety

Research on finding additional sources of vegetable protein as an alternative to soy has shown a great prospect of using lupine. The study of biological effects of flour of nonalkaloid lupine Dega variety will assess the future prospects for its use in food industry. The aim - a comparative study of protein products - soybean flour and non-alkaloid lupine flour (Dega-1 variety), added to laboratory rats' diet. Material and methods. Experiment was carried out on three groups of Wistar rats (n=30, 210±5 g) for 28 days: 1st group - rats that consumed the standard vivarium diet (control); 2nd group and 3rd group - animals, that consumed standard diet with addition of lupine flour (protein content - 42.1%) and soy flour (protein content - 50.2%), replacing 26 and 23% protein in standard diet, respectively. Results. As a result of the experiment, fluctuations in body weight of rats in 2nd group and 3rd group were observed from the 11th day; the weight gain of rats in 1st group was 7.74%, 2nd group and 3rd group - 3.32 and 2.04%. Noted changes could be explained by food adaptation of organism to the main nutrients of protein products. The blood test showed minor changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters within physiological reference values. Consumption of lupine flour led to a slight increase of leukocytes (by 14.2%) and lymphocytes (by 24.5%), an increase in the activity of certain enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase by 18.4%, alanine aminotransferase by 26.2% and lactate dehydrogenase by 21.6%, p≥0.05), while alkaline phosphatase activity decreased (14.4%, p<0.05) in comparison with control. Incorporation of soy flour into the diet of rats showed a statistically significant increase in the concentration of monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and immature cells (by 57.1% in comparison with 1st group and 83.3% in comparison with 2nd group), while relative content of granulocytes reduced (by 15.1% relative to the control). Conclusion. The inclusion of plant proteins into the rat's diet did not cause significant deviations in physiological (motor activity), biochemical, hematological parameters in experimental animals. However, the identified features in animals of the experimental groups, possibly related to biologically active substances and anti-alimentary factors in soybean and lupine, indicate the need to improve technological approaches to lupine protein products production in order to improve functional characteristics and completely remove substances that deteriorate nutrients absorption. A possible solution is lupine proteins' proteolysis, the use of various methods of fractionation, isolation and purification in combination with pretreatment to obtain protein concentrates or isolates with improved nutritional, technological and functional properties.

The apple pectin influence on biochemical and hematological parameters in animals with chronic alcohol intoxication

Enterosorbents and prebiotics are included in treatment protocols for somatic disorders in chronic alcohol intoxication. Considering on relevant properties of pectin, the purpose of the study was to investigate its effect on biochemical and hematological parameters of experimental animals in chronic alcoholic intoxication. The study was conducted on 30 white outbred rats (males) weighing 180-200 g, which injected 30% ethanol into the stomach (control), animals in experimental groups after 30 minutes, got apple pectin at a dose of 0.2 g/100 g of body weight and reference preparations — activated charcoal and silicon dioxide — by 0.25 g and 0.05 g, respectively for 11 days. The statistical analysis was performed by Microsoft Exel and Statistica 5.5 (Multiple Regression) software using variation statistics methods. Research results. Changes in lipid metabolism were manifested by an increase in serum cholesterol of alcoholic animals without treatment by 29.8% compared with intact (p˂0.05). The use of pectin and reference drugs significantly reduced cholesterol levels. In the group with the use of pectin, this indicator was 36% lower, activated charcoal — by 19%, silicon dioxide — by 26.4% (p˂0,05) compared to untreated animals, at the same time, practically did not differ from intact animals. The level of triacylglycerols increased in all experimental groups and, although, it significantly differed from the intact, at the same time, it was essentially lower in all groups of treated animals than in non-treated ones (p˂0.05). A normalizing effect of pectin and silicon dioxide on the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels comparing to alcoholated and treated activated charcoal animals also were shown (p˂0.05). The apple pectin curative effect on lipid and protein metabolism, as well as on the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood of animals with chronic alcohol intoxication, practically equaled to standard enterosorbents, and on some indicators exceeds their effect, which may also be due to partial neutralization of ethanol.

Extraterritorial-constitutional features of Вlack-and-Spotted Dairy cows of different affinity and production types

The evaluation of animals by exteriors and constitutions is an important component in an integrated selection system. Exterior of farm animals is an external manifestation of the constitution and fully characterizes their tribal, productive and adaptive capabilities. The exteriors also assess the degree of animal typical for the line, family, because the type of body structure, along with the indicators of milk productivity is the main selection criterion for the improvement of any breed. The research was carried out on a herd of cows of Ukrainian Black-and- Spotted Dairy breed in the amount of 320 heads in the LTD “Pershe Travnya” Drohobych district Lviv region. The definition of productive types was carried out in accordance with the recommendations from the evaluation of the type of body tissue of dairy cattle of Derzhagroprom of Ukraine (1991). In the result of the evaluation, two groups of animals were identified: milk and milk and meat types. At the same time, in each production type, two groups of cows were established by the method of genealogical analysis: I – up to 75% and II – over 75% of the inheritance of Holstein breed. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-Spotted Dairy breed are characterized by strong body structure and good muscle development. The assessment of exterior – constitutional parameters of experimental animals revealed, that from 320 cows to dairy type belong 170 heads, or 55.6%, and to a milk-meat type – 142 heads, or 44.4%. It was installed that the cows of Ukrainian Black-and-Spotted Dairy breed of various types of production, despite the same conditions of keeping, are distinguished by the following measurements: height at the withers – 132.9 – 136.2 cm, height in the back - 135.8 – 138.9 cm, height in the sacrum – 137.7 – 140.7 cm, depth of chest – 72.9 – 75.9 cm, breast width 43.4 – 45.9 cm, breast circumference – 193.3 – 196.4 cm, curvature of the body – 160.7 – 165.3 cm, spit curve length of the back – 53.6 – 55.1 cm, girth heel – 19.7 – 20.5 cm. The indicated measurements in the section of lactation in high-clover cows compared to animals with a proportion of heredity of holstein to 75% are generally higher in both types of production. This indicates that with the increase in genotypes the share of heredity and among the animals of the milk-meat type are formed externality signs with a bias in the milk type.

Preclinical Lipid Profile Studies of a Classical Ayurvedic Preparation, Siddha Makardhwaja (SMD), after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Siddha Makardhwaja (SMD) is a classical Ayurvedic formulation markedly used as a traditional medicine in the rural population for various purposes, such as a stimulant, tonic, and rejuvenator. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of conventionally prepared SMD on different lipid-profi le parameters in experimental animals, for providing scientifi c database for its logical use in clinical practice. Acute toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LD50 of the drug. To fi nd out the effect of chronic administration of SMD on serum lipid profi le, it was administered chronically to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 40 mg/kg for 28 days. During the lipid profi le study, we found out the following: There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.042) decrease in the triglyceride content of the serum of the male rat [21.71% decrease]. There is a [21.65%] increase in the LDL level of the serum of the male rat; the increase, though not signifi - cant, was prominent (p = 5 0.122). There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.042) decrease in the VLDL level of the serum of the male rat [21.71% decrease]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p 5 0.016) decrease in the HDL level of the serum of the male rat [20.36% decrease]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.041) increase in the Cardiac Risk Ratio [(CRR) 5 Total cholesterol/HDL ratio] of the male rat [23.45% increase]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p 5 0.026) increase in the Castelli’s Risk Index II [(CRI II 5 LDL/HDL ratio] of the male rat [51.50% increase]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.041) increase in the Atherogenic Coeffi cient (AC) of the male rat [40.39% increase].

Preclinical hematological profile studies of an ayurvedic medicine Siddha Makardhwaja after chronic administration to male sprague-dawley rats

Background: Siddha Makardhwaja (SMD) is a classical Ayurvedic formulation markedly used as a traditional medicine in the rural population for various purposes such as stimulant, tonic, and rejuvenator.Methods: The present study is conducted to evaluate the effect of conventionally prepared SMD on the hematological parameters in experimental animals, for providing scientific data base for its logical use in clinical practice. Acute toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LD50 of the drug. To find out the effect of chronic administration of SMD on hematological parameters it was administered chronically to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 40mg/kg for 28 days.Results: In this experiment the TC, DC, various erythrocytic parameters, platelet parameters, ESR were determined. The results of the studies are given below. There is an (13.41%) increase in the number of white blood cell count of the male rat, the increase though not significant yet it was prominent (p=0.257). There is an (15.87%) increase in the absolute count of Neutrophils of the male rat, the increase though not significant yet it was prominent (p=0.371). There is an (12.29%) increase in the absolute count of Lymphocytes of the male rat, the increase though not significant yet it was prominent (p=0.388). There is a statistically significant (p=0.035) increase in the number of platelet count of the male rat (11.13% increase). There is a (2.03%) decrease in the platelet volume distribution width of the male rat, the decrease though not significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.094). There is a statistically insignificant (p=0.619) (10.0%) increase in Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in blood from the male rat.Conclusions: As SMD decreases and increases abnormally on the hematological parameters in body of treated rats, so it should not be administered chronically at a higher dose. Further studies should be done by reducing the administered dose.

Evaluation of the effects of Padus grayanae Maxim.’s dry extract on the indices of peripheral blood and biochemical parameters of experimental animals as a stage of preclinical research

Evaluation of the effects of Padus grayanae Maxim.’s dry extract on the indices of peripheral blood and biochemical parameters of experimental animals as a stage of preclinical research

Biochemical Changes in the Serum of Experimental Animals Treated withAcorus calamusRhizome

The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of Acorus calamus rhizome on serum biochemical parameters in experimental animals. Tumor was induced in mice intraperitoneally using Dalton’s ...