Field Parallel Research Articles

Real-time time-dependent self-consistent field methods with dynamic magnetic fields.

The first finite basis set implementation of the real-time time-dependent self-consistent field method in a dynamic (time-dependent) magnetic field using London atomic orbitals (LAOs) is presented. The accuracy of the finite basis approach using LAOs is benchmarked against numerical results from the literature for the hydrogen atom and H2 in the presence of rapidly oscillating magnetic fields. This comparison is used to inform the choice of appropriate basis sets for studies under such conditions. Remarkably, relatively modest compact LAO basis sets are sufficient to obtain accurate results. Analysis of electron dynamics in the hydrogen atom shows that LAO calculations correctly capture the time evolution of orbital occupations. The Fourier transformation of the autocorrelation function yields a power spectrum exhibiting harmonics associated with coherent emission, which closely matches the literature and further confirms the accuracy of this approach. The dynamical response of the electron density in H2 for a magnetic field parallel to the internuclear axis shows similar behavior to benchmark studies. The flexibility of this implementation is then demonstrated by considering how the dynamical response changes as a function of the orientation of the molecule relative to the applied field. At non-parallel orientations, the symmetry of the system is lowered and numerical benchmark data, which exploit cylindrical symmetry, are no-longer readily available. The present study demonstrates the utility of LAO-based calculations for extreme dynamic magnetic fields, providing a stress-test on the choice of basis. Future applications of this approach for less extreme dynamic magnetic fields are briefly discussed.

Investigation on elastic, optical and thermoelectric properties of 2D MgX (X= O, S, Se, Te) materials under DFT framework

The first principles study of two-dimensional magnesium (Mg) chalcogenides (X = O, S, Se, Te) in square lattice (s-MgX) and hexagonal phases (h-MgX) is investigated for the first time. Except for h-MgSe and h-MgTe, all the square lattice and hexagonal structures in MgX compounds are dynamically stable, agreeing to phonon dispersion calculations. The electronic band structure and projected density of states of s- and h-MgX materials provided insight into the essence of electronic properties of these compounds. All s- and h-MgX compounds are found to be indirect wide band gap semiconductors, according to calculations using PBE and HSE06 functionals. The effective mass, mobility and relaxation time of electrons and holes carriers from the band structure of s- and h-MgX are examined to acquire a better intuition into these materials. Along the zigzag direction, h-MgTe has a largest mobility as well as relaxation time of 78104.92 cm2 V−1s−1 and 64385.56 fs, respectively in the entire MgX series. Additionally, we examined their mechanical stability through elastic characteristics, and the derived elastic parameters and polar graphs of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio verifying their mechanical stability. In application of parallel and perpendicular field polarizations, the optical properties of s- and h-MgX are examined. The thermoelectric properties of the complete s- and h-MgX series are examined for the temperature range from 50 K to 800 K. The results of the present study reveal that s-MgO and h-MgS are the better thermoelectric materials in the considered series. Finally, since these compounds are mostly UV-active, they may find useful applications in UV-protectant and UV-photodetectors materials.

NGDEEP Epoch 1: The Faint End of the Luminosity Function at z ∼ 9–12 from Ultradeep JWST Imaging

We present a robust sample of very high redshift galaxy candidates from the first epoch of JWST/NIRCam imaging from the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) survey. The NGDEEP NIRCam imaging, spanning 9.7 arcmin2 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Parallel Field 2, reaches m = 30.4 (5σ, point-source, 2″ diameter apertures corrected to total) in F277W, making it the deepest public JWST GO imaging data set to date. We describe our detailed data reduction process of the six-filter broadband JWST/NIRCam imaging, incorporating custom corrections for systematic effects to produce high-quality calibrated images. Using robust photometric redshift selection criteria, we identify a sample of 38 z ≳ 9 galaxy candidates. These objects span a redshift range of z = 8.5–15.8 and apparent magnitudes of m F277W = 27–30.5 AB mag, reaching ∼1.5 mag deeper than previous public JWST imaging surveys. We calculate the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity function at z ∼ 9 and 11 and present a new measurement of the luminosity function faint-end slope at z ∼ 11. We find a faint-end slope of α = −2.5 ± 0.4 and −2.2 ± 0.2 at z ∼ 9 and 11, respectively. This is consistent with no significant evolution in the faint-end slope and number density from z = 9 to 11. Comparing our results with theoretical predictions, we find that some models produce better agreement at the faint end than the bright end. These results will help to constrain how stellar feedback impacts star formation at these early epochs.

Modulation of vortex pinning by matrix defects in YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposite film

Nanorods are a very effective pinning center in YBa2Cu3O7 films, and the vortex pinning mechanism should be understood to further improve the critical current density (J c) in the nanocomposite films. Matrix defects are naturally formed during nanocomposite growth, and in this study the effect of matrix defects on the J c in the YBa2Cu3O7 films containing nanorods is discussed. YBa2Cu3O7 + BaHfO3 and YBa2Cu3O7 + BaSnO3 films were prepared by varying the laser repetition frequency to control the matrix defects. All the films contained the nanorods. The YBa2Cu3O7 + BaHfO3 film of 2 Hz exhibits high J c for magnetic field parallel to the c-axis (B//c) due to the nanorods and the isolated random point defects. In the YBa2Cu3O7 + BaHfO3 film of 10 Hz, while the short stacking faults and networked random point defects decreased the J c for B//c, the short stacking faults improved the J c for tilted magnetic field. In the YBa2Cu3O7 + BaSnO3 film of 10 Hz, the isolated random point defects improved J c regardless of the magnetic field direction. While the ab-plane correlated defects are analyzed by the structural observation, the network or isolated nature of the random point defects can be discussed by the normal state resistivity. The matrix defects of YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposite films should be designed considering the correlated/network/isolated nature which is determined by the morphology and defect concentration.

Multi-objective optimization of a double tapered flow field Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell

Flow fields are essential in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) performance. Appropriate in-plane tapering in the main channels width of parallel flow fields enhances flow distribution uniformity, increasing performance. To the best of the authors, there is no literature discussing the through-plane inclination in a parallel flow field with in-plane tapered main channels. This study develops a surrogate model based on a data set to study double tapering in the flow field. The three-dimensional multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) generates the data set. Decision variables are the angle of depth tapering, operating pressure, temperature, stoichiometries, and voltage. Also, the objectives are power density and efficiency. Proper depth tapering increases mass transfer, decreasing the concentration loss. The increment of 19.6% in maximum power is captured by tapering. Depth tapering in the parallel flow field improves efficiency, especially at a higher temperature and lower pressure. Furthermore, a multi-layer multi-objective optimization methods are utilized. A reference depth tapering angle θ is defined. Optimum characteristics are the tapering angle of 0.13θ, the temperature of 329.9 K, the operating pressure of 4 atm, the operating voltage of 0.465 V, and the unit stoichiometry of both sides. Optimum characteristics bring the best performance, an efficiency of 21.55%, and a power density of 0.75 W cm−2.

Angular magnetic field dependence of a doubly clamped magnetoelectric resonator

Angular dependence of magnetic field response of fully suspended resonant microelectromechanical double-clamped magnetoelectric beams was investigated as the basis for a vector magnetometer utilizing the magnetically induced change in fundamental resonance frequency. Strain-coupled magnetostrictive iron cobalt (FeCo) and piezoelectric aluminum nitride layers together constitute a magnetoelectric heterostructure with a high magnetic field sensitivity of 70 Hz/mT along the beam axis and a transfer function of 47 V/T at 10 Hz. The fundamental frequency shift to an external magnetic field is found to be strongly anisotropic with a relative variation of more than 3% between perpendicular and parallel field orientations with respect to the long axis of the beam at a field of 100 mT. This design can form the basis for an on-chip high sensitivity vector magnetometer operating with ultra-low power when multiplexed with two or more resonators.

AC Losses Calculation in the ITER TF Magnets During a Scenario

While the ITER Magnet system is being assembled at Cadarache (France), models are being developed on the basis of the conductors test results. The purpose is to prepare the performances extrapolation to magnet commissioning and operation. In particular, the AC losses generated in the conductors during a plasma scenario should be estimated in order to predict potential operating margins reductions and to prevent quenches. In particular, there is the case of AC losses in the conductors of the TF inner leg, where the field variations are both transverse and parallel to the axis of the conductor, during a PF/CS current variation. This paper proposes firstly to review the TF conductors results, extracted from the qualification phase, defining a reduced set of parameters for AC-losses calculation. Then, we propose expressions for calculating losses caused by a parallel field variation. Finally, we analyze a standard ITER scenario, and compute the generated losses, to later be introduced as inputs for thermohydraulic calculations.

Some Features of Potassium Migration in the Agro-Landscape

Relevance. The problem of the influence of land use methods on the loss of potassium by soils, one of the main elements in the triad of plant nutrition, is considered.Methods. The studies were carried out in 1996–2020 on the basis of monitoring the potassium content in the soils of the Gubino VNIIMZ agro-polygon located within the limits of a finite moraine hill. The monitoring was carried out on an agro-ecological transect — an industrial array that crosses the main landscape positions of the hill and consists of 10 parallel fields, each of which has an individual history. Potassium was determined in each field at 30 sampling points located 40 m apart, which made it possible to assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic conditions on it. Correlation coefficients and regression models of the dependence of potassium losses on the totality of anthropogenic factors in various microlandscapes were calculated.Results. It is established that the nature of potassium migration depends on time, the characteristics of the natural conditions of the field and the history of its use. In the mode of extensive cultivation of crops, its content in soils is significantly reduced. Within the agricultural landscape, the spatial dynamics of losses is influenced by the diversity of natural conditions, while the nature of the history of fields affects migration flows only in certain parts of it. The features of the agricultural landscape that intensify potassium losses are a light granulometric composition and the dominance of eluvial processes. In transit and accumulative geocomplexes, potassium losses are lower. Based on the regularities obtained, it is possible to develop measures for the adaptive placement of land and crops, which makes it possible to minimize the loss of potassium.

A Mixture of LBG Overdensities in the Fields of Three 6 < z < 7 Quasars: Implications for the Robustness of Photometric Selection

The most luminous quasars at z > 6 are suspected to be both highly clustered and to reside in the most massive dark matter halos in the early universe, making them prime targets to search for galaxy overdensities and/or protoclusters. We search for Lyman-break dropout-selected galaxies using HST WFC3/ACS broadband imaging in the fields of three 6 < z < 7 quasars, as well as for their simultaneously observed coordinated parallel fields, and constrain their photometric redshifts using EAZY. One field, J0305-3150, shows a volume density 10× higher than the blank-field UV luminosity function (UVLF) at M UV < −20, with tentative evidence of a 3σ overdensity in its parallel field located 15 cMpc away. Another field, J2054–0005, shows an angular overdensity within 500 ckpc from the quasar, but this is still consistent with UVLF predictions within 3σ, while the last field, J2348–3054, shows no enhancement. We discuss methods for reducing uncertainty in overdensity measurements when using photometric selection and show that we can robustly select Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) consistent with being physically associated with the quasar, corroborated by existing JWST/NIRCam WFSS data in the J0305 field. Even accounting for incompleteness, the overdensities in J0305 and J2054 are higher for brighter galaxies at short angular separations, suggesting preferential enhancement of more massive galaxies in the quasar’s immediate vicinity. Finally, we compare the population of LBGs with previously identified [C ii] and millimeter-continuum companions. The LBG overdensities are not accompanied by an enhanced number of dusty galaxies, suggesting that the overdense quasar fields are not in the bursty star-forming phase sometimes seen in high-redshift protoclusters.

Numerical study of the effect of a magnetic field on Rayleigh-Taylor instability with different density disturbances

Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) is a fundamental physical process in fluids and plasmas. RTI is ubiquitous and must be considered in the field of high-energy-density physics, such as in space physics, astrophysics, and inertial confinement fusion. In this work, two-dimensional numerical simulations of laser-driven RTI with different density perturbations are performed using a radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulation program (FLASH). The effect of the applied magnetic field on the evolution of RTI at different Atwood numbers is systematically discussed. The results show that RTI evolves freely without an external magnetic field, and it is accompanied by the generation of secondary Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Reducing the Atwood number weakens the mixing of fluids and has a strong stabilizing effect on the RTI. Introducing an external magnetic field parallel to the perturbation wave vector further inhibits the development of RTI and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, with magnetic pressure playing a dominant role. The study results are important to gaining an in-depth understanding of the mixing of magnetic fluids and the magnetic field evolution at the instability interface and provide a reference for subsequent experimental studies on the related magnetization RTI.

Magnetic field caused enhanced absorption and circular dichroism of an achiral plasmonic nanostructure.

In this paper, modulation of light-matter interactions by a magnetic field is used to generate circular dichroism (CD) from an achiral plasmonic nanostructure. Theoretical investigations show an increase in light absorption by the nanostructure in the presence of a magnetic field. The achiral nanostructure exhibits CD in external magnetic field parallel to circularly polarized light (CPL) incidence. The CD emergence is caused by modulation of electron motion to reduced/enhanced frequencies under CPL incidence. Compared to previous studies, in this paper the mechanism of CD emergence, and the physical reasoning behind the change in CD due to change in magnetic field direction and intensity, are explained. CD intensity increases with increasing magnetic field intensity, while CD sign changes on magnetic field direction reversal. Varying structural parameters significantly influences CD intensity. This study can be helpful in magneto-optics and in magneto-chiral applications.

Investigation of Equivalence Between Non-Resonant Raman Excitation Spectroscopy and Conventional Raman Spectroscopy

As spontaneous Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated to be viable for many applications, it is still held back by its inherently low signal and typically extended acquisition time. While several techniques can overcome this by enhancing the scattered signal to quicken acquisition, a parallel field that quickens spectral acquisition using instrumentation has received less focus. In principle, Raman spectra could be obtained by tuning the excitation wavelength and measuring the Raman signal at a fixed wavelength using a single-pixel detector. Before exploring the potential of quicker acquisition, it is important to first study the equivalence of Raman Excitation Spectroscopy and conventional Raman Spectroscopy experimentally. We demonstrate the equivalence between the two techniques for biological and non-biological samples by measuring Raman Excitation Maps. Additionally, we explore the interpolation of low-resolution excitation spectra using excess information in the maps for higher resolution excitation spectra. This work, together with current progression in fast tunable lasers and highly sensitive single-pixel detectors, provides a promising prospect for dedicated Raman Excitation Spectroscopy instruments to be developed.

The GLASS-JWST Early Release Science Program. II. Stage I Release of NIRCam Imaging and Catalogs in the Abell 2744 Region

We present images and a multiwavelength photometric catalog based on all of the JWST NIRCam observations obtained to date in the region of the Abell 2744 galaxy cluster. These data come from three different programs, namely, the GLASS-JWST Early Release Science Program, UNCOVER, and the Director’s Discretionary Time program 2756. The observed area in the NIRCam wide-band filters—covering the central and extended regions of the cluster, as well as new parallel fields—is 46.5 arcmin2 in total. All images in eight bands (F090W, F115W, F150W, F200W, F277W, F356W, F410M, and F444W) have been reduced adopting the latest calibration and reference files available. Data reduction has been performed using an augmented version of the official JWST pipeline, with improvements aimed at removing or mitigating defects in the raw images and improving the background subtraction and photometric accuracy. We obtain an F444W-detected multiband catalog, including all NIRCam and available Hubble Space Telescope data, adopting forced-aperture photometry on point-spread-function-matched images. The catalog is intended to enable early scientific investigations and is optimized for the study of faint galaxies; it contains 24,389 sources, with a 5σ limiting magnitude in the F444W band ranging from 28.5 AB to 30.5 AB, as a result of the varying exposure times of the surveys that observed the field. We publicly release the reduced NIRCam images, associated multiwavelength catalog, and the code adopted for 1/f noise removal with the aim of aiding users in familiarizing themselves with JWST NIRCam data and identifying suitable targets for follow-up observations.

A Large Population of Faint 8 < z < 16 Galaxies Found in the First JWST NIRCam Observations of the NGDEEP Survey

We present an early analysis on the search for high-redshift galaxies using the deepest public JWST imaging to date, the NGDEEP field. These data consist of six-band NIRCam imaging on the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Parallel 2 (HUDF-Par2), covering a total area of 6.3 arcmin2. Based on our initial reduction of the first half of this survey, we reach 5σ depths up to mag = 29.5–29.9 between 1 and 5 μm. Such depths present an unprecedented opportunity to begin exploring the very early universe with JWST. As such, we find high-redshift galaxies by examining the spectral energy distribution of all F444W detections and present 16 new z > 8.5 galaxies identified using two different photometric redshift codes: LePhare and EAZY combined with other significance criteria. The highest-redshift object in our sample is at , which has a blue and a very low inferred stellar mass of M * = 107.4 M ⊙. We also discover a series of faint, low-mass dwarf galaxies with M * < 108.5 M ⊙ at z ∼ 9 that have blue colors, flat surface brightness profiles, and small sizes <1 kpc. Comparing to previous work in the HUDF-Par2, we find 21 6 < z < 9 candidates including two z = 8 major mergers. One of these merger candidates has an additional two z = 8 sources within 30″, indicating that it may form part of an overdensity. We also compare our results to theory, finding no significant disagreement with a few cold-dark-matter-based models. The discovery of these objects demonstrates the critical need for deeper, or similar depth but wider-area, JWST surveys to explore the early universe.

Life beyond 30: Probing the −20 < M UV < −17 Luminosity Function at 8 < z < 13 with the NIRCam Parallel Field of the MIRI Deep Survey

We present the ultraviolet luminosity function and an estimate of the cosmic star formation rate density at 8 < z < 13 derived from deep NIRCam observations taken in parallel with the MIRI Deep Survey of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), NIRCam covering the parallel field 2. Our deep (40 hr) NIRCam observations reach an F277W magnitude of 30.8 (5σ), more than 2 mag deeper than JWST public data sets already analyzed to find high-redshift galaxies. We select a sample of 44 z > 8 galaxy candidates based on their dropout nature in the F115W and/or F150W filters, a high probability for their photometric redshifts, estimated with three different codes, being at z > 8, good fits based on χ 2 calculations, and predominant solutions compared to z < 8 alternatives. We find mild evolution in the luminosity function from z ∼ 13 to z ∼ 8, i.e., only a small increase in the average number density of ∼0.2 dex, while the faint-end slope and absolute magnitude of the knee remain approximately constant, with values α = − 2.2 ± 0.1, and M * = − 20.8 ± 0.2 mag. Comparing our results with the predictions of state-of-the-art galaxy evolution models, we find two main results: (1) a slower increase with time in the cosmic star formation rate density compared to a steeper rise predicted by models; (2) nearly a factor of 10 higher star formation activity concentrated in scales around 2 kpc in galaxies with stellar masses ∼108 M ⊙ during the first 350 Myr of the universe, z ∼ 12, with models matching better the luminosity density observational estimations ∼150 Myr later, by z ∼ 9.

Distributed Poloidal Magnetic Field Measurement in Tokamaks Using Polarization-Sensitive Reflectometric Fiber Optic Sensor.

Determination of the poloidal magnetic field distribution in tokamaks is of prime importance for the successful operation of tokamaks. In this paper, we propose a polarization-sensitive reflectometry-based optical fiber sensor for measuring the spatial distribution of the poloidal magnetic field in tokamaks. The measurement method exploits the Rayleigh backscattering and Faraday magneto-optic effect in optical fibers. The former is an intrinsic property of optical fibers and enables distributed polarization measurements, while the latter arises in the presence of a magnetic field parallel to the optical fiber axis and rotates the polarization state of the light. When an optical fiber is looped around a toroidal section of the vacuum vessel, the local polarization rotation of the light is proportional to the local poloidal magnetic field in the tokamak. The proposed method is discussed theoretically and experimentally using the results from JET. The obtained magnetic field measurement shows a good agreement with that of the internal discrete coils. A potential solution to recover the magnetic field data from the noise-affected region of the optical measurement is proposed and is demonstrated through simulations using the JET magnetic field configuration.

A New Repellent for Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Primary Vector of the Mycopathogen That Causes Laurel Wilt.

The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, was detected in Georgia, USA, in 2002 and has since spread to 11 additional states. This wood-boring weevil carries a symbiotic fungus, Harringtonia lauricola, that causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of trees in the Lauraceae family. Native ambrosia beetles that breed in infected trees can acquire H. lauricola and contribute to the spread of laurel wilt. Since 2002, laurel wilt has devastated native Persea species in coastal forests and has killed an estimated 200,000 avocado trees in Florida. Since laurel wilt is difficult to manage once it has entered a susceptible agrosystem, this study evaluated piperitone as a candidate repellent to deter attacks by X. glabratus and other ambrosia beetles. Additionally, piperitone was compared to the known repellent verbenone as a potential cost-effective alternative. The repellent efficacy was determined by comparing captures in traps baited with commercial beetle lures containing α-copaene versus captures in traps baited with lures plus a repellent. In parallel 10-week field tests, the addition of piperitone reduced the captures of X. glabratus in α-copaene-baited traps by 90%; however, there was no significant reduction in the captures of native ambrosia beetles in ethanol-baited traps. In two replicate 10-week comparative tests, piperitone and verbenone both reduced X. glabratus captures by 68-90%, with longevity over the full 10 weeks. This study identifies piperitone as a new X. glabratus repellent with potential for pest management.

Growth, structural characterization, DFT study, and magnetic properties of the NdAuIn crystal

A crystal of NdAuIn was successfully grown using the optical floating zone technique. Single-crystal and powder XRD studies confirmed that NdAuIn adopts a hexagonal ZrNiAl-type structure. Comparative analysis of the crystal morphology was performed using the Bravais-Friedel, Donnay-Harker (BFDH) model. DTA analysis revealed that the NdAuIn phase melts congruently at 1136°C. The DFT-calculated enthalpy of formation is −774.192 meV/atom. A thermal expansion coefficient α = 4.1(3) × 10−5 K−1 was derived from the single crystal XRD measurements at 100, 200, and 300 K. The Sommerfeld coefficient γ of 1.262 (mJ/mol × K2) derived from the DFT calculations and the distribution of the density of electronic states, predict metallic conductivity for NdAuIn. The analysis of the charge density difference and Bader charge analysis show that the NdAuIn compound might be treated as polar intermetallic with negatively charged [AuIn]n− and positively charged Ndn+ sublattices. Magnetization measurements with the field parallel and perpendicular to the six-fold axis of the crystal revealed that NdAuIn is a Curie-Weiss paramagnet down to 25 K with an effective magnetic moment of ∼3.62 μB/Nd, which corresponds to the Nd3+ ion. The compound exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering at TN ∼2.4 K.

An E‐plane horn antenna fed with E‐plane Tee junction conceptualized by SIW technology

AbstractA novel E‐plane horn antenna fed with E‐plane Tee junction, conceptualized using the substrateintegrated waveguide (SIW) technology is introduced and investigated. Conventional SIW‐inspired horn designs are mostly limited to H‐plane sectoral horns, portraying confined radiation along the H‐plane while unconfined, fan‐beam‐shaped radiation along the principal E‐plane. Such radiation characteristics restrict its usage to designs requiring an electric field parallel to the structure and ultimately narrow confined radiation along the principal E‐plane of the embodiment. The proposed design provides a glue‐less solution to designing an E‐plane horn fed by an E‐plane Tee junction, both conceptualized by the SIW technology, having relative ease of fabrication on dual copper clad Printed Circuit Boards. Such a design operates from 17.15 to 18.8 GHz (~9.2% operating bandwidth) with a realized gain greater than 10.5 dBi, making it suitable for applications requiring light‐weighted high‐gain E‐plane sectoral horn antennas.

Electromagnetic electron Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

On electron kinetic scales, ions and electrons decouple, and electron velocity shear on electron inertial length ∼de can trigger electromagnetic (EM) electron Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (EKHI). In this paper, we present an analytic study of EM EKHI in an inviscid collisionless plasma with a step-function electron shear flow. We show that in incompressible collisionless plasma, the ideal electron frozen-in condition E+ve×B/c=0 must be broken for the EM EKHI to occur. In a step-function electron shear flow, the ideal electron frozen-in condition is replaced by magnetic flux conservation, i.e., ∇×(E+ve×B/c)=0, resulting in a dispersion relation similar to that of the standard ideal and incompressible magnetohydrodynamics KHI. The magnetic field parallel to the electron streaming suppresses the EM EKHI due to magnetic tension. The threshold for the EM mode of the EKHI is (k·ΔUe)2&amp;gt;ne1+ne2ne1ne2[ne1(vAe1·k)2+ne2(vAe2·k)2], where vAe=B/(4πmene)1/2, ΔUe, and ne are the electron streaming velocity shear and densities, respectively. The growth rate of the EM mode is γem∼Ωce, which is the electron gyro-frequency.