Paradigmatic Relations Research Articles

Adults with Down syndrome challenge another paradigm: When aging no longer entails arterial hypertension.

The paradigmatic relationship between aging and atherosclerotic cardiovascular events does not apply to all patient populations. Though trisomy 21 (T21) and its phenotypic expression, Down syndrome (DS), are conditions that involve premature aging, the cardiovascular system of adults with DS appears to be particularly spared from this early senescence. Despite a higher prevalence of some classic cardiovascular risk factors in adults with DS than in the general population, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, or sedentarism, these individuals do not develop hypertension or suffer major cardiovascular events as they age. The protective factors that prevent the development of hypertension in T21 are not well established. Genes like RCAN1 and DYRK1A, both on chromosome 21 and over-expressed in adults with DS, appear to play a major role in cardiovascular prevention. Their regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and neprilysin synthesis could underlie the constitutive protection against arterial hypertension in adults with DS and explain the absence of increased arterial stiffness in this population. A better understanding of these molecular pathways could have enormous implications for the clinical management of adults with DS and might foster the development of novel therapeutic targets in cardiovascular prevention for the general population.

தொல்காப்பியரின் பலபொருள் ஒருசொல் பொருண்மைச் சிக்கல் தீர்வுகள் : அமைப்பு மொழியியல் விளக்கம்

Structural Linguistics explains that the words of any language have paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between them. Tolkappiyar seems to have known about this relationship in his time. This article establishes that Tolkappiyar utilized this knowledge of two types of relations between words in providing solutions to the semantic ambiguity of Polysemy and Homonymy words in Tamil.

Paradigms in construction terminology

The article is devoted to the consideration of the admissibility of lexical and semantic relations in terminology, about the phenomena of synonymy, polysemy and homonymy in the term system of construction, which is one of the controversial in modern terminology and has repeatedly become the subject of research by Russian linguists. The authors focus on the concept of the term as a system. It is noted that the consistency of terminology is an organic synthesis of extralinguistic and actually linguistic factors that the term is systematic, since it is included in the system of concepts of a certain field of knowledge and it is in the system that displays all the properties of the term. The main attention is paid to the consideration of the processes of paradigmatic system taking place in the modern terminological system of the construction industry, and it is proved that the terms (as well as commonly used units of the language) are subject to various lexical and semantic processes. The most active type of paradigmatic relationship is synonymy. In the studied terminology there is also a terminological ambiguity, the basic mechanisms of development of which are isomorphic.

Distinguishing between paradigmatic semantic relations across word classes: human ratings and distributional similarity

This article explores the distinction between paradigmatic semantic relations, both from a cognitive and a computational linguistic perspective. Focusing on an existing dataset of German synonyms, antonyms and hypernyms across the word classes of nouns, verbs and adjectives, we assess human ratings and a supervised classification model using window-based and pattern-based distributional vector spaces. Both perspectives suggest differences in relation distinction across word classes, but easy vs. difficult class–relation combinations differ, exhibiting stronger ties between ease and naturalness of classdependent relations for humans than for computational models. In addition, we demonstrate that distributional information is indeed a difficult starting point for distinguishing between paradigmatic relations but that even a simple classification model is able to manage this task. The fact that the most salient vector spaces and their success vary across word classes and paradigmatic relations suggests that combining feature types for relation distinction is better than applying them in isolation.

KINSHIP IN POETIC DISCOURSE (ON THE MATERIAL OF MYKOLAIV AUTHORS’ WORKS)

The article is devoted to the functional-semantic analysis of the group of terms of in poetic discourse. A broad approach to understanding the terms of as an open, formally and functionally open lexical-semantic system has been presented. The purpose of the article is to determine the system of family relations in the poetic discourse on the material of the modern Mykolaiv author A. Surov’s works. Achieving this goal necessitates the solution of a number of tasks: 1) to objectify lexical means of expressing in poetic discourse; 2) to make a semantic interpretation of the terms of in A. Surov’s poetic speech; 3) to identify syntagmatic and paradigmatic connections of words that explain the in the texts; 4) to analyse the ways of poetic images formation with the help of terms of kinship. The object of the research is fragments of poetic discourse that contain explicators of kinship; the subject of the research is the semantic features of the terms of in A. Surov’s poetic speech. All published works of the author, having about three hundred uses of words containing kinship seme, have been analysed. The study of words with the semantics of is carried out according to the method of complex semantic description, which involves the use of systematic contextual analysis, which takes into account the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships of words in the text. Descriptive and statistical methods have also been used during the material collection and processing. The discourse analysis showed that the terms of blood are used in A. Surov’s poetic speech much more often than the terms of formed as a result of marriage. The author uses mainly the terms of blood relationship in neighbouring generations (father – mother, son – daughter), in one generation (brother – sister) and across generations (grandmother – grandfather, grandchildren) and the terms of formed as a result of marriage (husband – wife, groom – bride). The coincidence of convertible pairs in one poetic text is natural for A. Surov's poetic language. Terms of acquire connotative semes due to the combination with words expressing evaluation, when using forms with reduced-loving suffixes synochek (sonny), dochka, dochenka (daughter), dedushka (grandfather), babulia (granny) and spatial forms of mam (mom), mamka (mummy), batka (dad), bratan (brother), bratukha ( brother). The leading ways of figurative meaning formation are the use of terms of in comparisons (And the wind smelled like a bride's skirt), set expressions (I am a northern snow lost son) and in addresses (All your emerald deposits, father of the Urals!). Peculiar is the use of terms of as a conversion pair, which do not have a correlation in the language system (grandmother – children, mother – grandfather, etc.): And my grandmother in the Warsaw ghetto / Under a black skirt hid children. The system of family relations is the most significant fragment of A. Surov's poetic picture of the world. With these terms, the poet builds a single and holistic picture of the world, in the centre of which there is a person connected with the surrounding reality primarily by blood. The analysis of this group of terms of in A. Surov’s poetry has shown the productivity of this approach and opens up prospects for the poetic discourse study

Using lexical functions to describe adjectives in terminography

Abstract The status of adjectives as independent terms has been demonstrated in recent studies. However, their treatment in current terminography practice is not entirely satisfactory. This paper addresses the description of adjectives in term banks of French adjectives related to the field of renewable energy. Our goals were to conduct a corpus-driven semantic analysis of a sample of significant adjectives in this domain and to highlight some properties that should be taken into account in terminography. In particular, we used lexical functions developed within the framework of Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology. Our analysis shows that lexical functions are a powerful tool that can accurately define these adjectives, by showing their subtle semantic distinctions. They are also able to capture the relations between the adjective and the noun that it co-occurs with as well as systematically describe the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of adjectival terminological units.

Telaah Struktural Hermeneutik Kisah Nabi Ibrahim dalam Alquran

This paper attempts to analyze the Qur’anic story of Ibrahim in the light of hermeneutical structuralism. It aims at unrevealing the meaning through its relational features of the language structure in each verse. Besides, the hermeneutical approach complements to our understanding on the text in a non-structural symbolic interpretation. By these two approaches, this paper finds a paralleled analogy between the moon, stars and sun with the statue and Namrud. The relationship between these things was evident from the point that the three were considered to be gods but no one could prove their qualities possessed by God. Another parallel was apparent from the logic of the birds, fire and goats. As Ibrahim has experienced several extraordinary events in his life, these events can be found paradigmatic relations that all of them are in the frame of sacrifice, preaching, and efforts to call people on the faith in God.

German Youth Language: Word-Formation Types of Suffix Nouns and Their Semantic Relations

The article is devoted to the study of word-formation types in modern German youth slang and a description of their systemic paradigmatic relations. The research material was a large group of suffix nouns, presented in the dictionaries of youth slang, as well as on youth literature sites. The suffix nouns formed by the word-formation type “producing basis + suffix” are analyzed in the article. The deep connections of motivating and motivated units are revealed, which reflect the logic of the connections of objects of reality in the linguistic consciousness, and the implementation of these relations in word-formation types is also traced. As a result of the analysis of word-formation meanings in the group of German nouns, which are youth slangisms constructed according to the “base + suffix” model, 4 main word-formation types were identified. The analysis proves that the thematic associations of the same word-formation type are in a variety of paradigmatic relationships, which at the lexical level are manifested in the form of synonymy, hypo- and hyperonymy, antonymy and polysemy. The word-formation types of suffix nouns studied in this work allowed to conclude that the intra-type and inter-type semantic relations are manifested most variably in the lexical-semantic field “Human designation”.

Learning with Properties: Restrictiveness and Typological Structure*

A learner's task is to find the most restrictive grammar consistent with the data of their language. This paper develops an OT learning algorithm that incorporates typological-level information from Property Analysis to increase restrictiveness and successfully learn subset languages. Based on Tesar's (2014) Output-Driven Learner (ODL), Property-ODL (PODL) uses ERCs taken from property values encoding specific markedness > faithfulness rankings. PODL was tested in a learning simulation for the phonological system in Tesar (2014), Paka, which presents the challenging case of languages in paradigmatic subset relations. In ODL, these require additional methods to be learned. PODL eliminates the need for these in learning the paradigmatic subsets and overall reduces the use of less-tested methods in learning the grammars of the typology.

Основные парадигматические отношения в семантическом поле концепта лето/summer

Article is based on the materials of a comprehensive study of the concepts summer and autumn from the point of view of their perception by representatives of Russian and English linguistic cultures. This paper shows the features of the paradigmatic relations of Russian and English concept summer. The study was built on the identification of synonymous (quasi-synonymous), antonymic, (hypo) hyperonymic, or genus-species relationships, as well as the incompatibility relations of this concept. Study is based on the materials of the explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian and English languages; illustrative material was taken from the National corpus of the Russian language and the British National Corpus. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the paradigmatic explication of the content of the concept summer most clearly actualizes only one of the four previously identified cognitive features of the concept, namely the sign ‘time of year, season’.

Homeric Evidences of an Inherently Actional Opposition: ἔρχομαι vs ἦλθον

The paper aims at analyzing the paradigmatic relationship between the verbs ἔρχομαι and ἦλθον in Homeric Greek. Both verbs convey the idea of going within a Homeric suppletive paradigm. Although suppletivism between ἔρχομαι, εἶμι, ἐλεύσομαι (future), ἦλθον (aorist), εἰλήλουθα (perfect) is generally accepted, there is still uncertainty on both etymology and semantic features involving inherent actionality, with particular reference to ἔρχομαι. Therefore, the actional status of ἔρχομαι and its relationship with ἦλθον need further investigation. A textual analysis of the Homeric occurrences of both ἔρχομαι and ἦλθον, focusing on the semantic-syntactic discourse context, has shed light on their mutual suppletive relationship and proved that it is ultimately based on their inherently actional opposition within the paradigm.

Locative orientation and locative arguments: A case study from Kinyarwanda

Previous work has investigated various syntactic and semantic properties of locative PPs, but a lesser-studied set of facts is so-called ‘locative orientation’—the variable locating of participants in the location described by the locative. In Kinyarwanda (Bantu; Rwanda), the presence/absence of the applicative morpheme –ir corresponds to an alternation in orientation: with the non-applied variant, the locative only necessarily describes the object’s location; with the applied variant, all participants must be at the location described by the locative. I argue that Kinyarwanda locatives are neither prepositions (but rather noun class prefixes) nor adjuncts, and therefore cannot be analyzed as intersectional (adjunct) modifiers. On the view that locatives are (internal) arguments, I instead propose that locative applicatives in Kinyarwanda mark a paradigmatic relationship between applied and non-applied variants in which there is an increase in the number of entailments associated with an internal argument.

Conversion in English: homonymy, polysemy and paronymy

Conversion is a key type of word-formation process in English, but the precise nature of the relation between base and derivative in conversion is rarely discussed, even if conversion is considered as a dynamic process. When it is considered explicitly, the relation has been described in terms of paradigmatic relations between lexemes, specifically homonymy or polysemy. This is usually without any specification of how converted words accommodate the conditions set by the definition of each of these relations, and as a special type of one or the other, because conversion-related words violate some of those conditions. This article is intended as a systematic review of the literature that discusses the relation between conversion-related words in English. We show that a wide range of proposals have been made to describe the relation: homonymy, heterosemy, homomorphy, zero-derivation (as a relation), polysemy, lexical extension, synsemy, hyponymy and paronymy. We review the extent to which each of these terms fits the relationship in major types of conversion, and argue that, if a relationship is to be described between conversion-related pairs, then Cruse's (1986) separation of semantic relations of a paradigmatic type from paronymic relations is of special relevance here. We propose that, regardless of the direction and type of meaning, paronymy applies across the various specific semantic patterns that conversion may involve. We emphasize, however, the possibility of several relations according to the type of conversion, i.e. different types of conversion may need description in terms of a different relation.

ГІПОНІМІЯ КОГНІТИВНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

The paper provides the analysis of the hyponymic relations in terms of the onomasiological approach to the lexico-semantic fields and endocentric series. Lexicometric properties of the hyponymic relations of English cognitive verbs are studied based on WordNet Vocabulary Helper heuristic resource. It enables conducting the analysis in the direction from a hyperonym to its hyponyms, which echoes with the reconstruction of the conceptual structure. In this respect, further application and elaboration of the suggested methodology appears topical. Hyponymy of verbs is scarcely studied in linguistics. It has been observed that the nature of verbal hyponymy proves to be different from the nominal one, as verbal hyponymy, or troponymy after C. Fellbaum and G. Miller, is based on the manner of action relation between the lexemes. Thus, it requires special attention and novel methods and sources apart from traditional dictionaries. WordNet as a conceptual thesaurus and a large lexical database has been designed to assist multiple applications involving vocabulary as a system and is well applicable to the study of paradigmatic lexical relations. Among the advantages of the methodology based on WordNet is taking into consideration vast polysemy of the lexical items. It enables tracing narrowing of the categorial cognitive verbal meaning without getting sidetracked. As a result of this study, the ways of endocentric series modelling are suggested, the peculiarities of the verbal hyponymy are defined, the quotient of the hyponymy of English cognitive verbs is calculated, the cases of autohyponymy are identified, as well as the future prospects are delineated.

Revealing the deep structure of Rotiklot Dam, Belu-Indonesia

The existence of infrastructure is very important to support economic development. The current infrastructure development has not considered much of the meaning of the development object. Research uses Levi Strauss structuralism approach. The revelation of meaning begins with tracing the surface structure which is composed of form and function aspects. The method of revelation of meaning begins with examining the syntagmatic relationships between dam and custom elements. The search for paradigmatic relations between the two surface structures is to be done in order to reveal the deep structure of the Rotiklot Dam. Meaning is obtained through the interpretation of deep structure. The paper concludes that the expression of the deep structure derived from the Rotiklot Dam is the balance and harmonization of the materialization of relations between the fields forming Rotiklot Dam. Finally, to reveal the deep structure of infrastructure with the case of the numinous unity in order to maintain reciprocity between humans and humans, humans and creators, and humans and nature.

The Concept of Love in the New Testament and the Qur'an

This article studies the concept of love in the Qur'an and the New Testament. The purpose of this article is to examine and compare the concept, approach and scope of love in these books. Thus, the concept of love has been first clarified and then it has been proved that love means unusual passion, not passion beyond ration. These two books have been then compared in the field of love. The most important findings of this article are in monotheistic approach which introduces God as infinite, the meaning of unlimited passion and blessings of God overlaps the concept of love and they have paradigmatic relation with love. Moreover, concept of love is the most important commonality between these two books, because they have gnostic approach to the existence and concept of love has been strongly emphasized in both. Finally the scope of love in both include mutual love of God and humans, humans’ love for all humans and humans’ love for all existence.

A Cycle, Not a Phase: Love Between Magical Girls Amidst the Trauma of Puella Magi Madoka Magica

A Cycle, Not a PhaseLove Between Magical Girls Amidst the Trauma of Puella Magi Madoka Magica Kevin Cooley (bio) The specter of the mahō shōjo (magical girl) fuses the form and content of animated narratives. She gains power not from a comic book fall into a vat of chemicals, or a bite from a magic-science spider, but from the genre itself. Like the gender role she so extravagantly over-performs (and out-performs), she is, to borrow from Judith Butler's terms to describe gender itself, a "panicked imitation of a naturalized idealized self."1 In imitating herself, the magical girl is drawn time and again to the metatextual icons of her performance—the over-pronounced eyes, the glitzed-out sailor suit, the spectacle of transformation—that bring her into legibility. She is the idea of a human constructed completely out of human-made, but nonhuman, actants—not just formal elements of animation such as light, sound, visual icons in acrobatic conjunction, and transparent cels (whether hand-drawn or digital); but of content elements: skirts, sailor suits, magic powers, and transformation spectacles. As Kumiko Saito claims, "Although the visual rhetoric of power relies on feminine implements like frills and long hair, it is becoming increasingly difficult to equate representations of the magical girl's gender with biological sex" because the magical girl participates in "a new configuration of gender that wields its power in its youthfulness and cuteness."2 Both in spite of—and because of—all the otaku-baiting and the fetishizing and the heterosexualized fan service of the larger "beautiful fighting girl" category she belongs to: that of the magical girl—that evocative and evil-fighting, sailor-suit-clad young woman who so often transforms from an average schoolgirl to a celestial being with magic powers—is and always has been wrapped up within a variety of queernesses. Certainly, the glamorous body modification and hyperstylized wardrobe changes invite and emit questions about the dominant imaginary of the human body and animation's ability to reconceptualize it. But a magical girl is also so often prone to overtly falling in love with her sailor-suited companions. What is it about this mythological type that has so consistently pushed back on the heterosexual imaginary of [End Page 24] the body, and that so regularly produces characters ranging from the ambiguously but evocatively queer to conformity with LGTBQ+ categories? Why is the queerly saturated mythological type of the magical girl so infectious, both as part of a staple of Japanese popular and visual culture and through its transnational circulation, where the magical girl has inspired western cartoons like Steven Universe, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, and Star vs. the Forces of Evil to enact animation's latent inborn ability to give shape and motion to otherwise unthinkable sexualities? As visual culture so often does, the magical girl provides all of the tools we need for understanding her gendered interventions within the archetype's own visual conventions. But if framing the precarious ontology of the magical girl in theoretical terms does anything to expedite our theorizing of her gendered intervention, it would help to say that her dynamic identity is fueled by the paradigmatic relations between units of language. In short, the cartooned visual language in which the magical girl participates is one that eschews photorealistic film's devices, and in doing so, it prefers relations between units of language defined by absence. More specifically, we might call these different relations the present, but declined, possibility of using other signs to articulate something of language (in this case: the visualized existence of the magical girl). As Ferdinand de Saussure frames it, this paradigmatic relation "unites terms in absentia in a potential mnemonic series."3 Certainly, as an art of fairly linear narrative storytelling, the visual languages of cartooning that write or draw the magical girl into existence also rely on that foil of paradigmatic relations: syntagmatic relations which, as Saussure writes, immediately suggest how "an order of succession and a fixed number of elements combine present elements in sequence to make additive meaning."4 But by reveling in the paradigmatic relations of animation—as is visually embodied...

Paradigmatic associations and individual variability in early lexical-semantic networks: Evidence from a free association task.

Between 6 and 9 years of age, children's free associations shift from syntagmatic to paradigmatic relationships. Syntagmatic relations are words that are syntactically adjacent, thematically related (summer-vacation), or both; paradigmatic relations are words from the same grammatical class, taxonomic category (summer-winter), or both. Infant researchers have reliably found evidence for the activation of paradigmatic relationships by 24 months. Because of a lack of data from children aged 3 to 5 years, the developmental trajectory of paradigmatic relations is unclear. With age-appropriate stimuli, this work is among the first to collect free association data for children under 5. Children (n = 60; age range = 3-8 years) and adults (n = 60; age range = 18 to 43 years) were instructed to respond to a prime word with the first word that came to mind. Unifying the data from previous studies with infants and older children, our data suggest that paradigmatic relations are present in early childhood but also increase in prevalence with age. Several exploratory analyses revealed that younger children gave more varied responses, suggesting that early lexical-semantic networks are more idiosyncratic. We also found preliminary evidence that responses varied by grammatical class and gender across age groups, with implications for both theory and experimental design. By continuing data collection across the life span and making the dataset public, future work will further elucidate the development of lexical-semantic networks from early childhood onward. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Zones of cognitive misbalance in acquiring foreign language terminology and methods of distance learning for students of nonlinguistic specialties

National specifics of the language manifests even in such determinate speech genres as the professionally oriented discourse, which main feature consists in the use of terms and terminological phrases. Despite the tendency to unification of terminological units on the international level along with phenomenon of the change of language code, the speech of specialists of subject fields features sociocultural, comparatively contrast from the interlingual perspective components in the content of terms. The goal of this work consists in determination of zones of the potential cognitive misbalance in interpretation of the content of terms, as well as in development of education plan on acquiring professionally oriented lexicon for the students of economic specialties based on the principles of blended learning. The primary task was to analyze the economic texts and determine the national specific elements in semantics of the term. Interlingual discrepancies in the content and interpretation of terms pertain to semantics and “false” equivalents, connotations, etymology, paradigmatic relations, nature and source of the borrowed words, derivative novels, content of use, and existence of synonyms. The next task was to define the rout for explication of these potential discrepancies in the native and studied language of the students in the course of learning. The glossary development on the online platform Google Classroom, which article included the listed above zones of interlingual receptive misbalance, was successfully applied in the audience. The novelty of this research lies in the attempt to develop a universal lunguo-didactic scheme of work for acquiring foreign language terminology, considering cross-cultural differences. The conclusion is made that the proposed scheme of work based on the principles of blended learning increases the professional knowledge of students and research skills, as well as contributes to better memorization of words.

Uzbek Diplomatic Speech Lexis’ Semantic Relationship in Paradigmatic Lines

Diplomacy and diplomatic relations are a practical field, which has its role and status from the moment of policy management in ancient time. For the Uzbek people, the concepts of diplomacy and diplomatic relations are not news. Its roots go back to the distant past - history. However, the appearance of the language depends on the process of speech and speech activity, where speech is based on a specific speech environment. Diplomatic activity exists only when the government becomes independent. Modern Uzbek diplomacy has been forming since 1991, when Uzbekistan gained independence. Since then, a great opportunity has appeared for the linguistic study of diplomatic speech at Uzbek language. The following problems became the main incentive for studying diplomatic speech based on a linguistic approach. 1. In books about Rhetoric, diplomatic speech is limited to one paragraph. 2. Examples presented as diplomatic discourse are often supplemented by excerpts from the speech of historical and creative heroes of historical works or fiction. 3. Real diplomatic speeches, demanded and understanding modernity, are not available from a scientific point of view. In search of a solution to these problems, on this article researched lexemes that form the basis of diplomatic speech by exploring their paradigmatic relationships. As a result, it was discovered that there are more than two hundred lexeme associated with diplomatic speech. When they were selected and classified, ten thematic groups were formed, which means paradigmatic rows. The main purpose of this article is to study each semantic relationship between members of this paradigmatic lines in a linguistic aspect.