Paradigmatic Relations Research Articles

Sense Relations in Restrictive Appositives

Restrictive appositives are constituents that cannot be separated from the anchor. However, this type of appositive can be analyzed both syntactically and semantically. In this article, syntactically, restrictive appositives are viewed from the two perspectives: the features and the construction. Semantically, restrictive appositives are viewed from the sense relations both syntagmatic and paradigmatic ones. Therefore, this research serves three aims: 1) to explain the features of restrictive appositives, 2) to analyse the construction of restrictive appositives, and 3) to explain the sense relations built in the anchor and appositive both in presentia relation (syntagmatic relation) and in absentia relation (paradigmatic relation). The data sources are taken from three English printed media: 1) daily news The Jakarta Post, 2) weekly magazine TIME, and 3) monthly magazine Reader’s Digest. The Data are analysed through employing the method of qualitative research, that is, the method producing descriptive data, both written and oral data. To analyse such descriptive data, the distributional method of analysis with the following techniques is used: deleting, extracting, and intruding. The results indicate that: 1) restrictive appositives are full-strict, full-weak, partial-strict, and partial-weak, in features; 2) the appositional constructions, in which there are restrictive appositives, are formed on the noun-based constituents, namely noun phrase and noun clause both finite and nonfinite in nature; 3) the appositional construction has two sense relations, that is, syntagmatic and paradigmatic ones. By syntagmatic relation, appositional construction has syntactic linier relatedness. By paradigmatic relation, the constituents in the construction of apposition have sense closeness so as they are substitutable.

Representation of the Lexical and Semantic Field “Time” in the “Dictionary of Russian Dialects on the Territory of the Republic of Mordovia”

The article deals with the specifics of the national language world picture of the Republic of Mordovia. On the basis of the lexicographic data analysis the authors note a set of language units that represent the lexical and semantic field "Time" and define its structural and semantic peculiarities. The paper shows that lexemes with time semantics are a segment of the regional dictionary. In accordance with the results of the field complex analysis, this dialectal unity of words is characterized by various meanings of time. The authors prove that the nouns nominate different intervals of time (nominations connected with religious views of rural inhabitants as well as ritual traditions are frequent). The adjectives characterize a thing or an event qualifying them depending on their relation to any time scheme. The verbs point to the actions connected with eating meals at the definite time intervals. The adverbs represent two main meanings – definite or indefinite time. The nominations of time intervals that are referred to the past demonstrate a high level of variability. The authors conclude that the lexical and semantic field "Time" demonstrates a complex lexical and semantic unity with the units that are linked into a system by basic paradigmatic relations (polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy).

Ontological Basis of the Education Phenomenon as a Preformer of Its Social and Existential Realities

This study is aimed at explication the structure of ontological basis of the education phenomenon from the standpoint of the truth of its being and reality. The methodology of the study is based on separation of existence and being concepts in the education phenomenon and identification of predetermining relationships between them. The methodology and results of the work are the author's own contribution. As a result of the study, the ontological basis of the education phenomenon is presented as a set of the following components: ontological principles - educational universals and paradigmatic relations; ontological essence. Their relationship with the truth of being of the education phenomenon is shown. The role of the ontological essence in the formation of social and existential realities of education is revealed. The content of structural, procedural, psychic and distributive universals is defined as a pre-image of the general in teaching and learning diversity. Forms, ways, functions and generalization of the being of the education phenomenon, which determine the particular in its reality, are taken as paradigmatic relationships. In connection with performativity of the education phenomenon, a non-Kuhnian definition of the paradigm is developed, and the role of paradigms of education advancement is identified. Examples are given showing the significance of components of the ontological basis in the formation of the education reality. The conclusion is drawn that the ontological basis predetermines the presence of the social and existential necessary in education reality, and its deficit makes problematic the ability of education to be itself.

Reaching Out and Receiving In

This article examines the contrasts found in the Lukan banquet parable (Lk. 14.12–24). While most scholars tend to focus on the role of the banquet host or on the role of the guests, many interpreters forget the role of the servant in the parable. This article re-considers the equally important roles of the inviting host, the invited guests, and the sent servant for a paradigmatic relation between a trinitarian theological paradigm of hospitality and a trinitarian church’s hospitable identity and vocation in a contemporary world of hostility. It is argued that a trinitarian church must embody the Trinity in its twofold inseparable move of reaching out to the other by crossing their cultures as a metaphorical reflection of external Trinity and of receiving them in by making a hospitable space for the other as a reflection of internal Trinity.

4 - 6 Yaş Grubu Çocuklar İçin Sözcük Derinliği Testinin Geliştirilmesi

The purpose of this study is to develop a Vocabulary Depth Test (VDT), which assesses the depth trait of the semantic knowledge and to analyze the vocabulary depth performance of the typically developing children aged between 4 and 6. It is based on a cross-sectional design. In the designation of the study group, stratified sampling included in random sampling is used at the first stage and 3 schools from lower, medium and higher socio-economic level are designated. The study group contains in total 201 children who attend public or private pre-school education institutions in Izmir. The VDT contains 24 question words in syntagmatic relations, meronymy and paradigmatic relations in total presented in third sections with eight questions in each and all the illustrated question words in VDT, corresponding to one correct answer included in four alternatives in total, are presented verbally. The results obtained show that there is a developmental order from the words with syntagmatic relations to words with paradigmatic relations. When the VDT performances of children at different socio-economic levels are considered, there is a significant difference in the average of the children from lower socio-economic level when compared to those from medium or higher socio-economic level.

A distant supervision method based on paradigmatic relations for learning word embeddings

Word embeddings learned on external resources have succeeded in improving many NLP tasks. However, existing embedding models still face challenges in situations where fine-gained semantic information is required, e.g., distinguishing antonyms from synonyms. In this paper, a distant supervision method is proposed to guide the training process by introducing semantic knowledge in a thesaurus. Specifically, the proposed model shortens the distance between target word and its synonyms by controlling the movements of them in both unidirectional and bidirectional, yielding three different models, namely Unidirectional Movement of Target Model (UMT), Unidirectional Movement of Synonyms Model (UMS) and Bidirectional Movement of Target and Synonyms Model (BMTS). Extensive computational experiments have been conducted, and results are collected for analysis purpose. The results show that the proposed models not only efficiently capture semantic information of antonyms but also achieve significant improvements in both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation tasks. To validate the performance of the proposed models (UMT, UMS and BMTS), results are compared against well-known models, namely Skip-gram, JointRCM, WE-TD and dict2vec. The performances of the proposed models are evaluated on four tasks (benchmarks): word analogy (intrinsic), synonym-antonym detection (intrinsic), sentence matching (extrinsic) and text classification (extrinsic). A case study is provided to illustrate the working of the proposed models in an effective manner. Overall, a distant supervision method based on paradigmatic relations is proposed for learning word embeddings and it outperformed when compared against other existing models.

ПАРАДИГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ ОБЩЕРУССКОГО СЛОВА В АРХАНГЕЛЬСКИХ ГОВОРАХ

The research is devoted to the consideration of the paradigmatic aspect of All-Russian nouns based on the material of the Arkhangelsk’s sub-dialects. We consider All-Russian nouns with rich polysemy in the Arkhangelsk’s sub-dialects, which have a large number of semantic equivalents in relation to bilateral implication. In lexical synonymy, homonymy of Russian sub-dialects, along with distinctive features, there are many similarities with synonymy, homonymy in the vocabulary of the literary language. It is established that All-Russian nouns have large synonymic series defined by language units, which are in the relationship of semantic juxtaposition. In the dialect system, as well as in the literary language, each lexical meaning has its own set of synonyms, which confirms a certain connection of synonymy with polysemy, in other words, a certain connection between paradigmatic relations and the semantic structure of the word is obvious. It is proved that in the dialect system the synonymic chain expands due to the nominations of species branches. In this study we discover characteristic detailing fixing an object, the phenomenon with a different set of concrete distinctive signs that creates certain conditions for rich synonymy.

ПРИЙМЕННИК ДѢЛӔ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ XVI-XVII СТОЛІТЬ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ГРАМАТИКИ ТА СЕМАНТИКИ

The article analyzes the grammar point, which deals with question of functioning of the prepositions in the Ukrainian language from the XVI–XVIІ centuries, including works explored by L. Zyzanii, M. Smotrytskyi. Although these reviewed works do not contain any information about preposition дѣлӕ at that time, I. Uzhevych’s grammar fixes its variant длӕ. Dictionary of the Old Ukrainian language of the XIV–XV centuries indicates that the language unit дѣлӕ used as a preposition that expresses relations of purpose in postposition to noun and relations of cause in front position regarding the noun. Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the XVI – first half of XVII century presents wider semantic structure of the preposition дѣлѧ (дѣля, дилѧ, диле, дѣли): purpose, cause and object relations. Also the article presents the specifics of functioning of the derivative preposition дѣлӕ, describes its paradigmatic relation-ships. The research based on the materials of Lviv Stauropegion Brotherhood documents dated the XVI–XVIІ centuries. It is examined a semantic structure, shown the compatibility of investigated preposition with the genitive case. We found that the largest part of preposition constructions with genitive case expressing the aim of action. Apart from that, there is one more specific feature: this linguistic unit could use before noun and after it, while the most of prepositions stand in front of the noun or pronoun. Preposition дѣлӕ has not broad semantic relationships: with the genitive case it expresses only two types of semantic relations (we submit it to the frequency of use): purpose and cause. In comparison with functioning of the preposition длӕ investigated preposition had narrow semantic structure and less extensive coverage in the texts of Lviv Stauropegion Brotherhood documents. In fact, we observe the process of functional extinction of the preposition дѣлӕ. Although it belonged to a very ancient language units, it archaized and did not use in the contemporary Ukrainian language.

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫЕ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ МИНИМУМЫ ДЛЯ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ВОЕННОСЛУЖАЩИХ

The paper covers the issues of the formation of profession-oriented lexical minimums of elementary, basic, and first certified levels for foreign military-artillerymen. The analysis of the scientific, educational, and reference literature on the Russian as a foreign language allows speaking about the absence of lexical minimums for foreign officers and cadets. This fact causes the relevance of the study. The absence of a contemporary standard training program for foreign servicemen in the preparatory course, as well as the lack of instructions in the guiding documents, dictate the necessity to describe the basic principles and criteria for the selection of lexical material, as well as its distribution among the levels of the Russian language proficiency. The author formed the representative groups of texts on a specialty, the sources of which were combat manuals, tutorials on tactics, shooting, weapon ordnance, military dictionaries, and encyclopedias. To select a primary glossary, the author treated the selected texts using the program of counting the total quantity of words and sorting them. To form and structure the final vocabulary, the author identified and described basic principles of military vocabulary selection: the application frequency, the importance of the concept expressed by a word, the thematic attribution of a word, the communicative value, and the paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and word-forming relations between words. Based on the guideline documents analysis and the method of expert evaluation, the author determined the quantitative composition of the minimums of elementary, basic, and first certificate levels. The novelty of the paper is to determine the principles of selection and the number of lexical units included in the profession-oriented lexical minimums for foreign military-artillerymen.

Концепция разработки и создания цифрового академического словарного корпуса (АСК) русского языка (РЯ)

We consider the academic explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language (RL) as the basis of academic (automated, archival) vocabulary (systematic) corpus (concordance, tuple, compendium) (AVC) [1–6] of the Russian language, as well as the algorithm, concept and principles of development and creation of academic vocabulary corpus of the Russian language. Academic vocabulary corpus is constructed in the form of HYSAURUS (hypertext thesaurus) [7; 8] in a nonlinear form, taking into account relational, hierarchical and network paradigmatic relations, which will allow to structurize and integrate lexicographic materials through suitable classification and systematization, digitalization and retrodigitization of academic explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, thereby ensuring their prompt entry into scientific circulation with the aim of optimization scientific research in contemporary lexicography. Scientific significance of the academic vocabulary corpus is determined by the need for a centralized description of Russian vocabulary, since numerous developments in this area have their own tasks and direction of research, which does not allow to see the full linguistic view of the Russian Federation, which the information-retrieval academic vocabulary corpus can show. For this purpose, we suppose to simulate, develop and create a workable interactively replenished information-retrieval academic vocabulary corpus of the Russian language, allowing to combine various lexicographic sources into a single database.

“Powerful” Individual-Entrepreneur against “Powerless” Corporations: Anthropological Analysis of the Movie “Tucker: The Man and His Dream”

This article presents the semantic analysis of the feature commercial film "Taker: Man and his Dream" (1988), directed by Francis Ford Coppola. The film talks about the life of Preston Tucker (1903-1956), American innovator and a car designer. It was pointed out on three basic paradigmatic relations indicated in the film. The first crucial paradigmatic relation, the relationship between individual entrepreneur and a large automotive corporations, is related to the power relations between these corporations and the American state, which is the second key paradigmatic relation. These relations arise from ideas and notions bind to the phenomenon of American automotive civilization. The third crucial paradigmatic relation, relation of the state toward individual-entrepreneur, is traced from the context of the analyzed film’s production and is associated with the phenomenon of American national myths. The aim of the research is to point out the meanings that film imagination builds by crossing ideas and notions bind to the phenomenon of American automotive civilization, with ideas and notions related to the phenomenon of American national myths, as well as to answer the question of whether and to what extent for this type of constructs can be said that they are "true".

THE EFFECT OF SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC RELATIONSHIPS ON LEARNING GRAMMAR AMONG IRANIAN PRE-INTERMEDIATE EFL LEARNERS

The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of using syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships on learning grammar among Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners. To fulfill the objectives of the study a Homogeneity test ( Oxford Quick Placement Test ) was administered among 70 students at the pre-intermediate level of a private language Institute and finally 40 participants were selected. Then, they were randomly divided into two sub groups, namely control and experimental groups. Before starting the treatment, a validated teacher-made grammar test was administered to students as pre-test to assess the participants' knowledge of grammar at the beginning of the course. Then, the experimental group received the treatment, which was teaching grammar through using syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations while the control group was taught using traditional methods of teaching. After 20 sessions of treatment, the two groups were administered the same teacher-made grammar test as post-test. Data were analyzed by Paired and Independent Samples t- test. The findings showed that the experimental group significantly performed better than the control group. Generally, the experimental groups outperformed the control groups. The results suggest that syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations can be used in English classes to develop listening grammar ability among Iranian EFL learners.

The paradigmatic aspect of compounding and derivation

This study aims to show the dynamic aspect of word-formation paradigms in autonomous morphology by examining the compound marker in Turkish Noun–Noun compounds, as in buz paten-i ‘ice-skate (ice skate-cm)’, and its relation to derivational suffixes. The study proposes a process-based morphological paradigm structure which involves compounding and derivational operations. In this system, the compound marker has a formal paradigmatic function: it creates correct lexeme forms based on bare Noun–Noun compounds, which would otherwise serve as input to certain derivational operations. The current system thus accounts for both permitted and unpermitted suffix combinations involving compounding and the optionality in certain combinations, such as buz paten-ci (-si) ‘a/the ice skater (ice skate-agt-cm)’, where the compound marker may (not) appear in combination with the (derivational) agentive -CI. The study also presents a survey which implies that a group of derivational affixes is in a paradigmatic relation with the compound marker, and all of these affixations constitute alternative paths in a dynamic paradigm structure. The findings of the study are considered to contribute to the understanding of the nature of the autonomous morphological operations and paradigms, which cannot be restricted to the lexicon or manipulated by syntax.

Corrigan, Yuri Dostoevsky and the Riddle of the Self (review)

Slavonic and East European Review, 96, 4, 2018 Reviews Corrigan, Yuri. Dostoevsky and the Riddle of the Self. Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL, 2017. viii + 238 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $120.00; $39.95. The starting point for this illuminating study by Yuri Corrigan is the tension apparent in Dostoevskii’s works between two opposing conceptions of the human personality: an inward-looking, romantic model that identifies the source of the divine in what Dostoevskii described as the ‘depths of the human soul’; and an inter-subjective model — Bakhtin’s Dostoevskii — that frames selfhood in radically relational terms. Tracing the loss of self to a collective personality throughout Dostoevskii’s oeuvre, Corrigan identifies the friendship between Vasia Shumkov and Arkadii Nefedevich in the seldom-discussed 1848 short story, ‘A Weak Heart’, as a paradigmatic relationship in which the self is ultimately replaced by the other. Key leitmotifs in Dostoevskii’s fiction appear for the first time in this early story, including Arkadii’s manhandling and dressing of Vasia (recapitulated, for example, by Razumikhin after Raskol´nikov’s illness) and his dream that Vasia is only pretending to sleep and seeking to escape, which Corrigan interprets as a strategy to evade the control of the other and preserve the self. For similar reasons, in Crime and Punishment, Raskol´nikov feigns sleep in front of both Razumikhin and Svidrigailov. A cluster of further recurring images, many related to sleep, death and traumatic memory, gain additional significance in Corrigan’s fine analysis: dead bodies discovered too late (Nelli’s mother in The Insulted and Injured; Nastas´ia Filippovna in The Idiot), and children tormented by adults whispering to them in the night (Murin’s mysterious hold over Katerina in ‘The Landlady’; Stepan Trofimovich in Demons waking his pupil Nikolai Stavrogin to inappropriately share his most intimate thoughts). Beating hearts that can be heard from a distance, the tears of one character falling on the face of another, and shadowy encounters on stairways all contribute to ‘a core imagistic vocabulary surrounding the phenomenon of the shared self’ (p. 45) that extends across Dostoevskii’s oeuvre. It is this that transforms the depiction of merely intense inter-personal relations into a unique model of the personality that paradoxically ‘annihilates the “I”’ whilst becoming a self. Corrigan accounts for the pathological extremes of Dostoevskii’s psychically wounded characters that are frequently elided in other interpretations, and looks beyond simplistic moral categories. We are in the realms of ‘not an essential conflict between good and evil, but the process by which the suppression of memory leads to a state of possession by others — or to a helpless compulsion to enact and re-enact patterns suggested and imposed by the minds of other people’ (p. 84). SEER, 96, 4, OCTOBER 2018 762 Following the chapter on the intense friendship and suppressed inner life at the centre of ‘A Weak Heart’, Corrigan turns to different conceptions of doubling and self-forgetting in various early works, re-calibrating the idea of self-consciousness to provide a welcome corrective to Bakhtin’s overly optimistic assessment of Dostoevskian dialogue. Jumping to the post-Siberian texts, the analysis of The Insulted and Injured addresses motifs of transparency, self-revelation and hidden traumas, arriving at a striking reinterpretation of the ‘Lazarus’ theme from Crime and Punishment. The chapter on The Idiot, focusing on the triadic relationship of Prince Myshkin, Rogozhin and Nastas´ia Filippovna, offers new insights, but in covering ground that has been investigated by so many critics, its originality appears less pronounced. The ‘empty’ self of Stepan Trofimovich in Demons as the source of the mass loss of personality afflicting the town, and the self displaced to an external object — the letter Arkadii has sewn into his clothes — in The Adolescent, both show to good effect how the motifs from the earlier works are recast to fulfil Dostoevskii’s more expansive later vision. The interpretation of The Brothers Karamazov addresses the main characters’ dreams as epiphanic experiences that represent ‘the very dramatic breach of a series of collective selves’ at the centre of the novel’s plot (p. 121), brings the study together effectively, but renders...

Stripping paradigmatic relations out of the syntax

This contribution aims at showing how paradigms and associative relations can be integrated into word-formation, with special attention paid to compounding. In this regard, we will take into account a phenomenon at the border between derivation and compounding, namely formations like susherzig ‘sweet-hearted’, in which -ig is an adjective-forming suffix and AN a possible compound. To do so, we will explore data available from a large web corpus, on whose basis we will show how syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations developed in syntax find their way into word formation. We will show that the most productive compounding schemas as they are currently assumed in Construction Morphology give rise to processes of semi-affixation which are a first step toward derivation proper.

Multilingual students’ use of translanguaging in science classrooms

ABSTRACTThis study describes multilingual students’ authentic use of their first and second languages in a translanguaging science classroom, from a sociocultural perspective. The study is ethnographic, and has followed some lessons each month in a translanguaging science classroom at a primary school for three years. The observed lessons were documented by four video cameras and four audio recorders, while field notes and different types of students’ texts and other teaching materials were also collected. In order investigate how language operates, and to realise the meaning semantically, we analysed the students’ use of both first and second language to tie paradigmatic relations, and how they move in linguistic loops between languages and discourses. The results illustrate the ways in which a translanguaging science classroom constitutes a resource in joint negotiations of the scientific content and its related language for multilingual students, and benefits the students’ ability to relate and contextualise the science content to prior experience. The creation of translanguaging science classrooms, in which students’ experiences and diverse cultural and linguistic resources interweave with school science, and in which multilingual students are enabled and encouraged to use all available language resources, has important implications for science education.

The American Dream meets the Chinese Dream: a corpus-driven phraseological analysis of news texts

Abstract This study is a corpus-driven examination of frequent lexical words and keywords in the news texts related to the American Dream and the Chinese Dream. Based on Sinclair’s (Sinclair, John McHardy. 2004. Trust the Text. Routledge: London) five categories of co-selection as framework, it discusses the patterns of co-selection across the corpora of news texts, with a particular focus on the cumulative effects of the co-construction of situated meanings and establishment of ideological positions associated with the two dreams. The corpus linguistic tool Wordsmith is used to generate frequent words and keywords for detailed concordance analysis along both syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in order to indicate collocation, colligation, semantic preference, and semantic prosody. The findings demonstrate the individualistic home, work and education associations of the American Dream versus the collectivistic attributions of the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. The study not only confirms different cultural practices, but also reveals different social-historical conditions, and political influences associated with media representations of the American Dream and the Chinese Dream.

ЗОННАЯ СТРУКТУРА СЛОВАРНЫХ СТАТЕЙ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО УЧЕБНОГО ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО СЛОВАРЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ IT-СФЕРЫ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The article describes the structure of the comprehensive thematic educational dictionary of IT specialist’s professional vocabulary, in which a dictionary entry has the following lexicographical zones: a headline unit zone, orthographic and orthoepic zones, the zone of grammatical information, the zone of lexicographical labels, the zone of etymological information, a semantization zone, a translation zone, the zone of lexical compatibility, the zone of paradigmatic relations, the zone of word-formative relations, the zone of illustrative examples, the zone of bibliographic information, the zone of references, the zone of exercises and the zone of professionally-oriented texts.

A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF APOLOGY STRATEGIES IN KURDISH

The research entitled “A Pragmatic Study of Apology Strategies in Kurdish “deals with apology strategies and how to use apology strategies in paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.It also tries to determine ratio of using each strategy according to general descriptivemethodology depending on statistics gathered by the researcher. The research has come up with many findings that show the ratio of using each apology strategy in each situation. The present research consists of two chapters and conclusion. The first chapter deals with apology strategies while the second one deal with apology strategies in paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА ИМЁН ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ ОКОЧЕНЕЛЫЙ, ОХЛАДЕЛЫЙ, СТУДЕНЫЙ, МЕРЗЛЫЙ В РУССКОМ И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

The article presents the results of studying the semantic structure of the adjectives “ numb”, “cool”, “cold”, “frozen” and the corresponding Azerbaijani adjectives belonging to the lexico-semantic group of adjectives with the meaning “temperature”. The criterion to differentiate adjective meanings is lexical compatibility. Semantic groups of nouns compatible with adjectives allow differentiating some of the adjective meanings. The paper discovers the nature of paradigmatic relation of its lexico-semantic variant, in particular, within the word. The lexical meaning of adjectives expressing the notion of temperature is determined by identities and differences discovered when comparing them on the paradigmatic axis.