Package Size Research Articles

Shrinkflation? Quantifying the Impact of Changes in Package Size on Food Inflation

Shrinkflation? Quantifying the Impact of Changes in Package Size on Food Inflation

Prepacked Take-Home Analgesia in Outpatient Hand Surgery Reduces Opioid Dispensation.

Adequate postoperative pain treatment is important for quality of life, patient satisfaction, rehabilitation, function, and total opioid consumption, and might lower both the risk of chronic postoperative pain and the costs for society. Prolonged opioid consumption is a well-known risk factor for addiction. Previous studies in upper extremity surgery have shown that total opioid consumption is a third of the amount prescribed, which can be explained by package size. The aim of this study was to examine whether implementation of prepacked takehome analgesia bags reduced the quantity of prescribed and dispensed opioids. We introduced prepacked take-home analgesia bags for postoperative pain treatment in outpatient surgery. The bags came in two sizes, each containing paracetamol, etoricoxib, and oxycodone. The first 147 patients who received the prepacked analgesia bags were included in the study, and received a questionnaire one month after surgery covering self-assessed pain (visual analog scale of 0-10) and satisfaction (0-5), as well as opioid consumption. Prescription data after introducing the analgesia bags were compared with data before the bags were introduced. Of the 147 patients included in the study, 58 responded. Compared to standard prescription (small bag group: 14 oxycodone immediate release capsules (5 mg), large bag group: additional 28 oxycodone extended release tablets (5 mg), based on the smallest available package), the patients in the small analgesia bag group received 50% less oxycodone and 67% less for the large bag group. Patients with small bags consumed a median of 0.0 mg oxycodone and those with large bags consumed a median of 25.0 mg oxycodone. The median satisfaction was 5.0 (range: 2-5) and the median pain score was acceptable at the first postoperative day. Prescription data showed a significant reduction of 60.0% in the total amount of prescribed opioids after the introduction of prepacked analgesia bags. The introduction of prepacked analgesia bags dramatically reduced the quantity of opioids prescribed after outpatient hand surgery. Patient satisfaction was high and the postoperative pain level was acceptable. analgesia, hand surgery, opioids, outpatint surgery, wrist surgery.

Interface thermal conductance and phonon thermal transport characteristics of diamond/carbon nanotube interface

<sec>Diamond, an ultra-wide band gap semiconductor material, is an ideal material for high-power, high-frequency, high-temperature, and low-power loss electronic devices. However, high-frequency and high-power working environment leads to ultra-high local hot spots. Thermal interface material (TIM) is urgently needed to improve interface heat dissipation. Carbon nanotube (CNT), a brand-new generation of TIM, has ultra-high thermal conductivity (6000 W/(m·K)) and is expected to solve the heat dissipation problem of diamond semiconductor.</sec><sec>Based on this, we first propose to combine diamond and CNT to improve the performance and stability of semiconductor device, reduce packaging size, and achieve miniaturized design of devices. Here we use reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) method to study the thermal transport characteristics and interface thermal conductance (ITC) at the diamond/CNT interface. The results reveal that increasing CNT layers enhances the overall vibration density of states (VDOS) of CNT and shifts the peak value towards the low frequency band, which is more conducive to interface heat transfer. Alternatively, the enhancement of the phonon overlap energy strengthens the coupling vibration of phonon and thus improving the efficiency of the interfacial heat transfer. Moreover, in a certain range, the increase of system temperature and CNT length-to-diameter ratio can raise the cutoff frequency of the VDOS of diamond and CNT near the interface and the peak value of the low frequency band. This further improves the coupling vibration of phonon on both sides. Finally, by orthogonal test simulation, the optimal value of ITC is determined to be 2.65 GW/(m<sup>2</sup>·K) when the temperature, chirality, layers and length are 900 K, (6, 6), 6 layers and 5 nm respectively. This result greatly exceeds the current ITC of general semiconductors/metal. Compared with general composite materials, diamond/CNT composite material has great potential to enhance heat dissipation. Furthermore, according to P-value test, the number of layers has an extremely significant influence on interfacial thermal transport, while the influence of length, temperature and diameter decrease in turn.</sec><sec>This work provides insights into optimizing heat transport at diamond/carbon nanotube interface and will be beneficial for device thermal management and chip material design.</sec>

Adiabatic thermal runaway and safety relief design for hexamethylene diisocyanate reaction system

Runaway reaction may occur for hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI) with two active NCO groups during the reactions or storage and transportation when run into device failure, operation error and other unexpected environments, which would damage equipment or even cause explosions. Adiabatic experiments for HDI using Vent Sizing Package 2 (VSP2) is conducted and temperature and pressure changes over time, as well as the maximum temperature rise rate and maximum pressure rise rate, are obtained. The results show that the initial exothermic temperature of the system is 50°C, and the maximum temperature is 232°C and the heat of reaction is 414.7 kJ/kg, so the severity level of HDI is classified as "medium" according to the assessment criteria for the severity of a runaway reaction. The relief type of the reaction system is determined to be a gas system by analysis of the pressure change curve during heating and cooling processes, along with the temperature at the point of loss of control, and calculated by the DIERS method and Leung's correction method through Python programming, which is applied to determine the required safety relief device for an industrial scenarios, and the minimum relief area is calculated to be 0.0028m2 and 0.0019m2, respectively. The study verifies the higher reliability of the safety relief design for runaway reactions based on VSP2 experimental data.

Numerical Study of Potential Delayed Ettringite Formation in Cemented Nuclear Wasteforms

This paper presents a numerical study to investigate delayed ettringite formation (DEF) that may pose a long-term durability risk by altering the microstructure with consequent swelling leading to cracking. A chemo–thermal model is used to predict the evolution and distribution of temperature and hydration phases in a wide range of blended cements. In particular, the influence of nuclear waste loading, waste package size, and the addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on DEF is systematically and numerically investigated. The analyses show that higher amounts of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and waste loadings result in higher hydration temperatures and consequently increased DEF potential by enhancing sulfoaluminate dissolution and hydrogarnet precipitation. Partial replacement of OPC with SCMs reduced hydration heat and mitigated DEF risks. The analysis indicated that the DEF evolution may be different for waste packages of different sizes due to a shift from sulfate-controlling to aluminate-controlling reactions at high temperatures. Interestingly, higher temperatures did not necessarily induce higher DEF potential due to the excessive precipitation of aluminates in the form of hydrogarnet. This research enriches our understanding of DEF’s complex behavior, providing valuable insights for engineering applications beyond civil engineering, such as nuclear waste conditioning.

Addressing Advanced IC Substrate Deformation and Pattern Distortion Using an Extremely Large Exposure Field Fine Fine-Resolution Lithography System

The More than Moore era is upon us, as manufacturers increasingly turn to back-end advances to meet the next-generation device performance gains of today and tomorrow. In the advanced packaging space, heterogeneous integration combines multiple chips with different functionalities and from different silicon nodes inside one package, ranging in size from 75mm x 75mm to 175mm x 175mm. But as with any new technology, heterogeneous integration comes with its own set of unique challenges. For starters, package sizes are expected to grow significantly due to the number of components making up each integrated package. The problem: these significantly larger packages would typically require multiple exposure shots to complete the lithography steps for the package. Furthermore, the process of adding multiple redistribution layers (RDL) may cause stress to both the surface and inside of the substrate. Formation changes experienced by the panel, as a result of thermal, high-pressure and other fan-out processes, shift the design location from its nominal coordinates; this causes inaccurate overlay and low-overlay yield in the lithography process. And then there is the matter of tightening resolution requirements. RDL layers in advanced integrated circuit substrates (AICS) will require a resolution of 3µm and will eventually move toward a resolution of 1µm. To address these challenges, and better enable the heterogenous integration process, an extremely large exposure field, fine-resolution lithography solution was proposed to enable packages over 250mm x 250mm without the need for image stitching, while exceeding the overlay and critical dimension uniformity requirements for these packages. In this paper, a 515mm x 510mm Ajinomoto build-up film (ABF)+copper clad laminate (CCL) substrate is selected as the test vehicle. We will analyze the pattern distortion of an ABF+CCL substrate to understand the distribution of translation, rotation, scale, magnification, trap, orthogonality and other errors in the substrate, and then use an extremely large exposure field, fine-resolution lithography system to address the pattern distortion of the substrate. This demonstration will provide an analysis of panel distortion and detail how the extremely large exposure field, fine-resolution lithography solution addresses panel distortion to achieve an aggressive overlay number.

Warpage and Reliability Study of Large Size XDFOI(TM) FO-MCM fcBGA

XDFOI(TM) (x-Dimensional Fan-Out Integration) is a heterogeneous integration technology platform of JCET Group, which includes multiple advanced 2D/2.5D/3D chiplet and SiP (System-in-Package) integration solutions. Since the semiconductor Si node advances beyond 14 nm, the soaring cost of design and manufacture has shifted attention to advanced heterogeneous integration strategies, such as System-on-Chip (SoC) and SiP. SoC benefits from the shorter interconnections, while SiP has the advantages on cost, sourcing, cycle time and reliability. As a key member of XDFOI(TM), FO multi-chip-module (FO-MCM) and its further integration with fcBGA, is a viable and flexible technique to meet the challenge of exponentially generated date and information of our society. Meanwhile, the size of XDFOI(TM) chips and related fcBGA packages gets larger and larger, corresponding warpage and reliability issues become more and more complicated and important. In this paper, large size 2.5D FO-MCM chips (L * W ≥ 900 mm2), which were fabricated by chip-first process as S-in-1 FO types (S=2/3/4: the quantity of Si chiplets) with different Si thickness combination, together with raw Si chip (L * W) as 1-in-1 control type, were assembled with large size fcBGA (≥ 65x65 mm2) to study the impact of Si chiplet split and Si thickness on warpage. Furthermore, reliability (TC 500/1000 cycles, uHAST 96/192 hrs, and HTSL 500/1000 hrs) of these large size XDFOI(TM) fcBGA packages were also proceeded to investigate the corresponding warpage/reliability relationship.

PENENTUAN HARGA JUAL KOPI BUBUK ARABIKA FLORES BAJAWA DI KOPERASI SERBA USAHA FA MASA DESA BEIWALI KECAMATAN BAJAWA KABUPATEN NGADA

This research was carried out at the Fa Masa, Beiwali subdistrict, Bajawa district, Ngada Regency, in May-June 2023. The purpose of this study was to find out 1) Determination of the selling price of Arabica Flores Bajawa ground coffee at the Fa Masa and 2) The difference profit derived from each package size from the sale of Flores Bajawa Arabica Coffee Powder at the Fa Masa. The data collected is in the form of primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews with informants, namely managers and employees who work at the Fa Masa and secondary data obtained from jurnal literature, and previous research. To answer the first objective, the Full Costing method, and objectived were used. Secondly, the qualitative descriptive analisis method was used The results of the research showed that Fa Masa multi-purpose cooperative determiners the selling price of ground coffee packaging sizes at a price namely for a 500 gram packaging for IDR 90.000, a 250 gram packaging for IDR 45.000 and 100 gram for IDR 20.000. the profits obtained and sales of coffee in 500 gram packages amounted to Rp. 1,838,555, while profits from sales of 250 gram and 100 gram packages amounted to Rp. 631,005, and Rp. 238,055.

A study on consumers’ attitude towards purchase decisions on environmentally friendly rice

The consumption of agricultural products provides tremendous advantages. The consumers’ attitude towards environmentally friendly food purchasing including rice has recently developed. The higher increase in income the higher need for the quality of rice will be. The objective of the study is to describe the consumers’ attitudes toward purchase decisions on environmentally friendly rice in Toboali Bangka Selatan. Judgment sampling was applied as the sampling collection method. Questionnaires using a face-to-face approach, observation, and focus group discussion were employed as the data collection technique. Quantitative descriptive analysis was used in data processing. The study found that the majority of the respondents were female, as a housewife 24-40 years old, graduated from high school, with Rp. 1.500.000 – Rp.2.500.000 as the monthly income. The majority of farmers purchased environmentally friendly rice for daily consumption at a rice mill owned by Mr. Imam because the price was cheaper compared to other stores around Rias village, the packaging size and the rice itself were considered new. In general, the environmentally friendly consumers gained a positive attitude toward rice bought in Inpari 36 as a type of rice.

Expansion of the market for AsSalwa honey MSMEs through product packaging automation and digital marketing

This community service initiative leverages modern technology to enhance the efficiency and quality of AsSalwa honey production, as well as to improve the management of honey product sales. The method involves disseminating the use of filling machines and financial management systems. This program offers multiple benefits, including increased productivity in honey filling, maintaining a more consistent product quality, and providing access to accurate and detailed sales data through a Point of Sale (POS) system. The results obtained from this program demonstrate that honey owners can automatically fill honey into various packaging sizes using a filling machine. This machine is capable of filling liquid honey ranging from 100g to 2,500g. Additionally, the process of recording buying and selling transactions becomes more structured and well-documented. Partners can also estimate the profits obtained through one of the system's features. Through the combination of automatic filling and a POS system, this program has successfully improved product quality and enhanced the management capabilities of the honey business.

Glass Package and Through Glass Via (TGV) for MEMS

Menlo Microsystems has introduced a glass-based MEMS switch that utilizes through glass via (TGV) technology. Created in the R&D labs at GE, these MEMS solutions combined with utilization of glass packaging, has enabled the creation of the highly reliable Ideal Switch™. It is the world’s smallest, most reliable, and efficient micro-mechanical switch that can be used for numerous applications, including power. Several advantages are gained by taking advantage of the low electrical loss of glass and hermetic TGV. The TGV technology enables >60% smaller package size relative to wirebond. Parasitics are reduced by >75% and devices have a wide operational bandwidth from DC to > 50 GHz. Devices can have dozens of switches in a small form factor that give reliable performance over billions of cycles. Leading up to the volume production of these devices, Menlo has helped drive the glass supply chain to an increased level of maturity. In this talk we will provide an overview of Menlo’s glass package for the Ideal Switch™ technology as well as discuss the growing maturity and emerging capabilities in the glass/TGV supply chain.

Quantifying Drug Wastage and Economic Loss of Chemotherapy Drugs at an Adult Oncology Care of a Tertiary Care Public Hospital in India.

Background and objective New drugs have revolutionized cancer care, but their high cost requires cost-effectiveness studies. However, these studies only consider optimal use, neglecting real-world wastage. We aim to assess chemotherapy drug wastage and financial loss in our adult oncology care. Methods A total of 100 adult patients attending daycare oncology were prospectively evaluated. The total dose of parenteral anticancer drug, the amount administered, and the amount of drug wasted were recorded for each patient. The economic loss estimation was done considering the unit cost for the drug. Results Our study evaluated 157 parenteral drug administrations of 10 different anticancer drugs in 100 enrolled patients. The most common diagnosis was breast cancer (39/100; 39%), and the most commonly prescribed drugs were paclitaxel (36/157; 23%) and cyclophosphamide (21/157; 13%). However, the wastage percentage varied from 6% to 35.06%, and the overall wastage estimated was 16,298 mg (20.06%) of the total drug procured. Notably, the highest proportion of drug wastage was observed for carboplatin (2,525/7200 mg; 35.06%), whereas oxaliplatin, gemcitabine, 5-FU, and cisplatin wastage were more than 20% of the ordered drug. The total cost of the chemotherapy drug procured was 7,26,005 INR (8,738.78 USD), and drug wastage amounted to 17.14% of the total drug cost, resulting in an economic loss of 1,24,485 INR (1,498.40 USD). Gemcitabine (542.86 USD), oxaliplatin (452.66 USD), and paclitaxel (286.15 USD) were responsible for the maximum cost of wastage. Conclusion Drug wastage and financial loss are significant for carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and gemcitabine, with small proportions of paclitaxel also contributing to economic loss. Possible solutions include planning pharmacy inventory for multiple vial sizes and drug-wise batching strategies to facilitate vial sharing. However, these approaches may present challenges. The pharmaceutical industry can consider initiatives such as providing varying packaging sizes to minimize drug wastage.

Hidden realities: Food waste from servings in mini size packaging

This paper provides data obtained from real-life measurement of the Food Waste (FW) associated with the services offering food in mini size (9–20 g) single-use packaging representing the impact of the difficulties in emptying the food from such packages and service characteristics. We collected discarded such food packages from commercial public eateries (a time-share thermal town, student canteen, and student refectory), quantified FW, and subjected data to statistical analysis regarding the eatery places, package characteristics, and food type. The results suggest that service style, packaging, and consumer wastefulness can cause 10–47 %, 3–11 %, and 5–37 % FW, respectively, indicating hidden part of the wastage iceberg from mini size food portions with vast implication on the food and relevant packaging sustainability. Regarding the packing, the dominant cause of FW is difficulties in emptying the food, such as the shape, size, depth, width, and material of the package. Concerning the consumer wastefulness, our measurements seem to imply that the groups with relatively higher affluency creates more FW. Our results will prove to be highly beneficial in both promoting efforts to raise awareness of not only consumers but also industry players and decision makers on the sustainability for food and relevant packaging material.

Designing of Yogurt Packaging Product Using Quality Function Deployment Technique (Case Study at UMKM Ceriyogurt)

Yogurt is a dairy product made through a fermentation process. Currently, yogurt packaging uses bottle-shaped plastic material. The current problem with yogurt packaging is that the visual image of the packaging, packaging shape, material thickness, packaging size and completeness of the packaging label is still low, so it is considered that it does not meet customer needs. Currently, yogurt packaging uses bottle-shaped plastic material. The problem of yogurt packaging is that the visual image of the packaging, packaging shape, material thickness, packaging size and completeness of the packaging label is still low, so it is considered that it does not meet customer needs. This research aims to identify a list of customer needs, a list of technical characteristics, directions of improvement, and the priority of technical characteristics of Yogurt product packaging. The research methodology uses the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique with the House of Quality (HOQ) matrix. The research generates 5 customer needs which were interpretated into 7 technical characteristics with directions for improvement, namely increased material thickness, fixed packaging volume size, reduced packaging length, reduced packaging width, reduced packaging height, improved visual image design, and increased label component completeness. The House of Quality produces a priority order of improvement, with the weight of importance of each technical characteristic, namely packaging length (90), packaging width (90), packaging height (90), packaging volume size (60), visual image size (60), completeness of label components (60), and thickness of packaging material (45).

Back End Commonality for Advanced Packaging: Large Form Factor Project

Address key gaps for advanced packages through complex assembly processes and provides flexibility for handling different body size package • Enable new products and product segments not limited by current JEDEC body sized •Demonstrates the cost effectiveness of leveraging tool commonality • Increase Backend operational efficiency • Define large form factor product handling media that allows for flexibility and higher density • Ability to maximize footprint: # of packages in held in the “handling media” • Minimize tooling changeover times • Provide the same “outer design” for many different package sizes/types, thereby minimizing NRE and Increased Tool Flexibility

Taguchi method-based evaluation of thermal hazard of lift-off pyrotechnics under various storage conditions

This study employed the Taguchi method and analysis of variance to investigate the factors that influence the deterioration of the lift-off pyrotechnics when they are stored under various relative humidity (RH) and temperature conditions. A field emission scanning electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope were used to observe the microstructures and elements of pyrotechnic samples. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Vent Sizing Package 2 (VSP2) were applied to measure the relationship between the trace heat flow of the samples and temperature as well as the thermal runaway reactions in a pseudo-adiabatic environment. A DSC analysis and a thermodynamic ASTM E698 analysis were combined to explore the safety of lift-off pyrotechnics and the related thermal hazards.The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and DSC experimental results revealed that KNO3 is highly soluble. However, when RH and exposure time increased, the surface dissolution of oxidants decreased the height of the second exothermic peak, resulting in incomplete combustion and ignition failure. The ASTM E698 thermokinetic analysis results indicated that the apparent activation energy (Ea) of the samples increased substantially after being immersed in deionized water. Notably, the Ea of colored smoke increased from 46.88 to 155.91 kJ/mol, indicating that the examined pyrotechnics were more sensitive to a decrease in temperature than to an increase in humidity. A large amount of water can be used to alleviate the reactivity of pyrotechnics and thus reduce pyrotechnic hazards. The VSP2 analysis results indicated that the self-boosting rate of the samples was greater under 40% RH than under pristine conditions; however, this rate decreased substantially under 80% RH and after immersion in deionized water. The results of the Taguchi experiment and analysis of variance revealed that humidity contributed 63.60% and 50.86% to Ea and maximum pressure, respectively. Accordingly, controlling humidity should be prioritized to diminish the hazard of storing pyrotechnics.

The effect of alcohol packaging size and strength on U.K. alcohol consumers' classification of alcohol products as containing a single or multiple drinks.

Reductions to the size and strength of alcohol products prompt reductions in alcohol consumption, although these effects may be limited to single drinks rather than packages that contain multiple drinks. This study investigated what product characteristics predict whether a product is seen as a single drink and seeks to identify the thresholds beyond which products are considered to contain multiple drinks. Ninety-four U.K. drinkers from the prolific participant panel categorized 250 alcohol products with varying packaging sizes and strengths into single or multiple drinks. We used multilevel logistic regression to investigate whether packaging size, strength, total alcohol content, and container type predicted the likelihood that products were classified as a single drink across five drink types (beer, cider, ready-to-drink, spirits, wine). We used receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to identify the point at which products become too large or too strong to be considered a single drink by most drinkers. Larger products, bottled drinks, products with higher alcohol by volume (ABV), and higher alcohol content were more likely to be classified as containing multiple drinks. We report thresholds for packaging size, ABV, and total alcohol content where products switch from being seen as a single drink to containing multiple drinks. The thresholds did not significantly differ between low-risk and increased risk drinkers. The reported thresholds can help researchers and policy makers encourage more accurate self-monitoring of alcohol consumption. Future research should test whether single drink classifications moderate the effect of packaging size and strength reductions on alcohol consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Initial prescriptions and medication switches of biological products: an analysis of prescription pathways and determinants in the Swiss healthcare setting

ObjectivesBiological products have contributed to extraordinary advances in disease treatments over the last decade. However, the cost-saving potential of imitator products, so-called biosimilars, is still under-researched in Switzerland. This study...

Thermal and magnetic field analysis of temperature control module for VCSEL chips

VCSEL chips with wavelengths in the range of 700 nm–800 nm, the same as the transition spectral lines of alkali atoms, can be used as light sources for novel miniaturized quantum sensors. The conventional temperature control module for VCSEL is based on a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and temperature sensor. However, the package size is large, and the magnetic field noise is too large for real applications. In this study, we proposed a chip-scale packaging method with an overall dimension of 4 mm × 6 mm for VCSEL with a 795 nm output wavelength. With temperature uniformity and the magnetic field distribution profiles of the package, chips have been carefully evaluated. The generated magnetic field can decay to less than 100 nT within 3 mm. In all, we not only experimentally demonstrated an applicable thermal package structure, but also gave the magnitude and distance effects of the magnetic field caused by this structure. This study can provide an example and reference for the chip-scale temperature control packaging method of VCSELs and their application in quantum sensors.

Calculating the Costs of Implementing Integrated Packages of Community Health Services: Methods, Experiences, and Results From 6 sub-Saharan African Countries.

Ensuring access to a package of integrated primary health care services is essential for achieving universal health coverage. In many countries, community health programs are necessary for primary health care service provision, but they are generally underfunded, and countries often lack the necessary evidence on costs and resource requirements. We conducted prospective cost analyses of community health programs in 6 countries in sub-Saharan Africa using the Community Health Planning and Costing Tool. The Community Health Planning and Costing Tool is a spreadsheet-based tool designed to cost key programmatic elements of community health services packages, including training, equipment, incentives, supervision, and management. In each country, stakeholders defined a package of community health services and corresponding standard treatment guidelines to estimate normative costs, which were applied to program scale-up targets. The data were entered into the tool, and cost models were prepared for different geographical and service utilization scenarios. The results were reviewed and validated with the governments, implementing partners, and expert panels. Additional scale-up scenarios were modeled, taking into account probable constraints to increasing community health service provision and potential funding limitations. The services and scope of community health service packages varied by country, depending on contextual factors and determined health priorities. The package costs also varied significantly depending on the size and contents of the service package, the service delivery approach, the remuneration of the community health workers, and the cost of medicines and supplies. Community health programs and service packages are different in every country and change over time as they evolve. They should be routinely costed as an integral part of the planning and budgeting process and to ensure that sufficient resources are allocated for their effective and efficient implementation.