This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of selected digital tools— such as Merriam Webster’s Word of the Day, Oxford English Dictionary (OED) App, Google Translate, Power Thesaurus, WordReference.com, and Wordnik— in enhancing students’ vocabulary acquisition. A quasi-experimental research design with a comparative approach was employed. The respondents were the 120 students from NARRA National High School under the Division of Bayawan City. Each participant was randomly assigned to either of the two groups, and each was exposed to different digital vocabulary tools. A pre-test and post-test were administered to measure changes in vocabulary skills using a validated assessment tool to evaluate proficiency before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses included a paired sample t-test to compare pre-test and post-test scores within groups and an independent samples t-test to assess differences between the two groups. The study revealed a significant improvement in vocabulary skills after exposure to digital tools. However, results also indicated that in most areas, there was no significant difference between the post-vocabulary skills of the two groups. The mean post-test scores for both groups reached the “advanced” category (90% to 94%), confirming the overall effectiveness of digital interventions. Schools and educators are therefore encouraged to integrate these tools into traditional learning methods to optimize student engagement and support vocabulary development.

У статті наведено результати дослідження проблеми розвитку асертивності студентської молоді. Науково-методологічне підґрунтя дослідження склали теоретичні положення про природу адаптивності та доцільності поведінки людини; загально-психологічні положення про пізнавальні аспекти самосвідомості та усвідомленого вибору; особистісно-орієнтований підхід до розкриття суперечностей у розвитку особистісної активності. Проаналізовано та виокремлено основні теоретичні підходи до розуміння феномену асертивності: феноменологічний, екзистенціальний, онтологічний, когнітивно-біхевіоральний та соціально-когнітивний. Систематизовано основні наукові погляди до вивчення асертивності. Особливу увагу приділено зарубіжним дослідженням, що вивчають механізми реалізації асертивності як здатності відстоювати свої права не порушуючи прав інших та розглядають асертивність як стиль комунікації, що виключає пасивність та агресивність. Серед вітчизняних науковців, виділено роботи, згідно яких асертивність є засобом максимальної особистісної самореалізації та самоактуалізації особистості. Визначено основні дефініції та особливості асертивності. Сформовано авторський погляд на поняття асертивності та асертивного потенціалу. Виявлено та узагальнено основні соціально-психологічні чинники, що впливають на розвиток асертивності студентської молоді. Розроблено теоретичну модель асертивного потенціалу особистості студентської молоді, що включила в себе три блоки: мотиваційний, саморегуляційний та інтегративний. Означено структурні компоненти асертивності. Підкреслена важливість комплексного підходу до вивчення даної проблематики. Стаття окреслює можливості практичного застосування запропонованої моделі в освітньому середовищі та відкриває перспективи для подальшого дослідження психологічних чинників формування та розвитку асертивності у студентської молоді.

This Technology Manager's Notebook Article discusses the 2024 Word of the Year – brain rot – whose sudden popularity reflects deeper issues underlying contemporary social media. Brain rot is a colloquial term that refers to the negative cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects resulting from the purposeless, repetitive, and excessive consumption of trivial, unchallenging, and low-quality digital media content, primarily for short-form entertainment. This article defines the controversial term, explains its popularity, and explores its implications for technology leaders.

The paper analyses the group of prefixes of orientation and attitude. Paying due attention to the primary prefixal role in influencing the meaning of the root the prefix is attached to, the paper focuses on examining the capability of the prefixes to affect the class of the root, as well. The research corpus was sourced from the Oxford English Dictionary Online. OED eases the process of compiling the language samples by tracing a word's origin, revealing its earliest known use, calculating its frequency, and helping a user plot the word's subsequent development in English. Above all else, its etymological data help a researcher track the structure of the word and hence give a reliable clue about the class of the root and its derivation. The corpus comprises 163 sample lexemes. The lexemes were derived from an existing word root by adding one of the five identified prefixes of attitude-anti-, pro-, co-, contraand counter-. These prefixes as bound morphemes construct new words and produce new meanings. Their meanings vary from in-principle acceptance (co-, pro-) to contestation (anti-, counter-, contra-) of what was determined by the root. The research supported the hypothesis that besides the semantic modification, the prefixes of attitude displayed an untypical derivational capacity-they change the class (a syntactic category) of the root, making a noun into a verb, a verb into an adjective, an adjective into a noun, etc. It also showed an uneven distribution of the prefixes of attitude across the corpus. Antiin 91 examples (55.8%) and proin 50 (30.6%) took primacy over the other three prefixes. The class-changing capacity of counter-, coand contrais weaker but yet present-counterin 12 examples (7.4%), coin 6 (3.7%) and contrain 4 (2.5%). This analysis also identified some other trends. Such prefixal untypicality was attested only with verbs, nouns and adjectives, but not with other word classes. The most common class-changing type is deriving adjectives from nouns (68%). It is present with each of the five prefixes, especially when a noun has no adjectival counterpart, in either derived or referential form. Such a denominal adjective premodifies the phrase it comes immediately before. The second most common class-changing type is deriving nouns from adjectives (16%). It is also present with each prefix. In this way, a deadjectival noun refers to an agent who advocates or opposes the characteristics or attitudes denoted by the input adjective. Class-changing relations are shown in the table: from nouns from verbs from adjectives verbs 3.7% - 1.3% adjectives 68% 8% - nouns - 3% 16% The analysis also indicates that such derivatives have continuously arisen during the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, therefore the productivity of such a derivation type is stable. On the other hand, individual derivatives occur from obsolete and very rare to about 0.1 times (3/8) per million words in typical modern English usage. Occasional deviations may occur up to 1 time (4/8, counter-terror, antivirus) and maximally up to 100 times (6/8, antibiotic) per million words. As the above result suggests, this formation pattern is not greatly influential and productive but it has potential.

The word corruption in the most general context denotes the “perversion of anything from an original state of purity” and defined by moralists as “to change from good to bad; to debase; to pervert” (Leys,1965: 216). The Oxford English Dictionary defined that “Perversion or destruction of integrity in the discharge of public duties by bribery or favor; the use or existence of corrupt practices, especially in a state, public corporation, etc” (Lodge,1999:57). Corruption occurs “when an individual illicitly puts personal interest above those of the people and ideals he or she pledged to serve” (Klitgaard, 1988:40). The point must be made that corruption manifests itself in all political systems, from communist to capitalist, authoritarian to democratic. Alatas notes that corruption affects all classes of society all state organizations, monarchies and republics all situations, in war and peace all age groups both sexes and all times, ancient, medieval and modern” (Alatas,1990:3). In a democracy, corruption is particularly offensive. The corrupt act inherently undemocratic as it involves the exercise of a public duty contrary to the wishes of the electorate who have determined the duty and who employ and pay the relevant official to perform that duty properly.

The aim of the present brief study is to review selected Medieval English lexical representations of the noun judge ‘one who tries cases and interprets the laws’ (MED) and their semantic development in the history of English (cf. OE domsettend, dempster, worulddema). The study uses standard databases, such as Bosworth−Toller’s Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (B−T), Clark Hall’s A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (CASD), Dictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC), Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST), Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE), The Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose (ICoMEP), Middle English Dictionary (MED), the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), Scottish National Dictionary (SND), Thesaurus of Old English (TOE), A Thesaurus of English Word Roots (TEWR), Collins Dictionary (CD) and Merriam-Webster Dictionary (MWD). A preliminary search for the terms in question confirms either their decline shortly after being first recorded in Old English (cf. domsettend, gesetla, worulddema) or their survival into the Middle or Early Modern English periods (cf. doomer, doomsman, judger). Only two nouns, judge and jurist, have survived beyond Medieval English and are frequent in current use.

Abstract Against the backdrop of the significant social changes taking place during the Renaissance, this paper interrogates the lexical domain of citizenship, focusing on three words deemed near-synonymous in the historical literature: citizens, burgesses, and freemen. The study takes a quantitative corpus-linguistic approach to the data in the Early English Books Online corpus (1550–1699) and consults lexicographical sources (the Oxford English Dictionary, the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, and the Lexicons of Early Modern English 1550–1700) to offer an overview of the organisation of the conceptual domain occupied by citizenship terms referring to “dwellers”. The relationships between citizens, burgesses, and freemen over time are addressed through detailed quantitative collocation analysis, considering their overall profile, stability and innovation, and areas of functional overlap and distinctiveness. Overall, the results support historians’ intuitions that citizens, burgesses, and freemen are “vernacular synonyms”.

In recent years, the trends of globalization and artificial intelligence translation have grown. This paper will select the highly representative children's book The Little Prince and compare it with the globally popular AI tool ChatGPT 4.0, the domestically favored AI tool ERNIE Bot, and the notably accurate translation website dochero.ai. Utilizing the CRISPE directive, the research will enable the AI translation tools to translate the original French text. The study will identify ten educationally significant sentences from The Little Prince and employ the three aforementioned AI translation tools to convert these sentences from French to English respectively. Subsequently, an evaluation will be conducted from multiple perspectivesincluding grammar, word choice, translation effectiveness regarding educational significance, and reader preferenceusing the Oxford English Dictionary and the Grammarly platform. It is hoped that the research can positively enhance the collaborative function between human translators and AI translation tools, thereby advancing global education.

Background: This paper aims to investigate the lexical properties of Bangladeshi English (BdE). Bangladesh does not have an official second language. Nevertheless, English has been present in Bangladeshi society for approximately four hundred years. The polity of Bangladesh is also silent about its position in the three-circle model of World English’s and does not have any proper plan for the English language. Very few studies have been done on the English of Bangladesh from World English’s perspective. Methodology: Data is collected from five different sources; a survey, the Corpus of Global Web-Based English (GloWbE), the News on the Web (NOW), the Oxford English Dictionary, and one corpus compiled with 92 speeches of the former Prime Minister of Bangladesh. This corpus contains 101,490 words. The freeware corpus analysis toolkit Antconc is used to process the data of this corpus. The mixed method is followed in this work. Data is collected quantitatively and analyzed qualitatively. Findings: The result of the study reveals that Bangladeshi English has rich lexical properties. These lexis are formed in different morphological processes. A good fraction of these lexis are noun, but adjective, verb, and adverb are also present. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: These findings can be used as a starting point for further research.

Empowering voices: Breaking mental health stigma John Hoey and Mary Cannon from Department of Psychiatry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland, share their research around breaking mental health stigma to empower voices. Research consistently shows that people from marginalised groups are almost four times as likely to experience mental conditions such as psychotic symptoms than the majority population (van der Ven et al., 2022). Yet, they are much less likely to seek timely clinical intervention or reach out to friends and family for support. Why is this, and what can be done to encourage people to seek help? In our April 2024 blog “Can the Arts be an Effective Tool to Combat Psychosis Stigma,” we described stigma, as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, as “Negative feelings that people have about particular circumstances or characteristics that somebody may have.” Although in recent years, attitudes towards certain mental conditions such as anxiety or depression have become more ‘normalised’ and openly discussed, other conditions, such as psychotic symptoms, remain stubbornly stigmatic and shrouded in fear. When it comes to mental health, those who both fear most, and are the subjects of fear, are marginalised groups, which can negatively impact both engagement and recovery.

New Trends in Word Formation in Modern English Summary In this article our main goal is to analyze the dominant processes in the formation of new words and main semantic fields. In order to achieve our goal, we have referenced several studies on the latest tendencies, as well as some prior knowledge of word formation. A number of words included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) have been analyzed to obtain a knowledge of dominant processes in the word formation and key semantic fields. Our results show that word formation processes have not changed as much as expected. Traditionally, compounding and suffixes have always been the most important processes. However, new processes – clipping, blending or conversion - have become more important. In addition, the process of forming new words has become easier. Blending is an easier word formation process which is common in making compound words. Moreover, many words are from specialized fields – linguistics, gastronomy, fashion, health, internet and technologies and many others. Key words: word formation, compounding, blending, clipping, affixation

It has not yet been ten years since Klaus Dietz (2015: 1915) prophesised that "[f]uture research work [on historical word-formation in English] will profit by two kinds of new instruments: firstly, by the Dictionary of Old English (DOE) and its Web Corpus, by the Middle English Dictionary (MED) and by the nascent third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), and secondly, by new corpora of historical English." The proceedings of the 2023 symposium respond to those predictions in manifold ways. Under the heading ‘Historical English Word-Formation’, the organisers of the symposium intended to “bring together researchers studying diachronic English word-formation and to showcase current research in this area” (Majewski 2023: 287). Although no particular temporal, thematic, or methodological focus was asked for, the five essays provide answers to some of the general questions that the symposium had initially raised, namely: How have large-scale corpus analyses and respective computational tools helped us study diachronic changes in the formation of new words? Which recent insights are there into the frequency and productivity as well as the rules and restrictions of word-formation units and patterns in the history of English? Further, which roles do regional, social, medial, and other factors as well as text types and (non‑)literary genres play for the creation of new words? The five contributions to this special issue of ZWJW illustrate that, as Dietz had anticipated, the study of word formations in past stages of English has profited extremely from the advances made in computational research and Artificial Intelligence, yet they also delineate both their advantages and limitations.

Titled ‘Diasporas in Dramatherapy’, this Special Issue of the Dramatherapy journal is rooted in the Oxford Dictionary definition of diaspora, ‘any group of people who have spread or become dispersed beyond their traditional homeland or point of origin’, and how this manifest in the context of dramatherapy practice (Oxford English Dictionary 1985). This culmination of works depicts diasporas in dramatherapy in a variety mediums, varying in their mode of delivery, poetry, digital artwork, research articles, book reviews and an interview. This topic explores complex identities that exist beyond the binary of belonging, not belonging, encompassing the amalgamation of personhood and self-identification. Although this is a growing area of literature, exploring the intersections of identity in dramatherapy based research dedicated to diaspora is limited. This collection of research focuses on the recognition of origin, identity and community. This body of work serves as a new entry point to discuss the prevalent themes and issues, the come from discussing diaspora. Adding to the wider literature of an often-politicized identity through a therapeutic lens provides another way to engage and in discussion and understanding in this field. This rich topic seeks to evidence both dramatherapy practise and the marginalised inhabitants of those a part of diasporas, to conceptualize the practicalities and realities of diasporas and their relationships with dramatherapy, psychotherapy and the creativity in between.

Introduction. The article examines the influence of French borrowings on the process of development of phonaesthemic sound symbolism in the English language. Phonaesthemes work as a language instrument of semantic structuring of meanings of groups of words with similar form. The article aims to identify how French borrowings influenced the set of semes characteristic of the English phonaesthemic group cr-.Methodology and sources. The preselected 62 English words with the initial cr- consonant cluster borrowed from French, were analyzed for their possible influence on the respective English phonaesthemic group. 25 words were confirmed to be phonaesthemic. The words were selected from the Oxford English Dictionary by targeted sampling. Etymology, if necessary, was further verified after French etymological dictionaries Le Littré and Trésor. Theoretical framework for this research are the works of Mikhalev (phonosemantic field theory), Leonardi (on Latin phonaesthemes) and Bottineau (on French iconic words). Methods applied in the research are etymological and phonosemantic analyses. French loanwords included and not included in the English phonaesthemic group were analysed separately.Results and discussion. The data analyses have shown that in case the shared semes of the CR- word group in the donor language coincide with those of the recipient language, loanwords seem to augment and strengthen the tendency to form phonaesthemic groups. Otherwise, new words remain outside the English phonosemantic field of the group in question. Phonotactic restrictions may also leave such loanwords outside the studied phonaesthemic group. French loanwords of Germanic origin seem to demonstrate stronger sustainability in language as compared to those of Latin origin. Words of French origin appear to be onomatopoeic only.Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that French loanwords had a limited effect on the English cr- phonaesthemic group. French loanwords have expanded the group and strengthened the tendencies formed within the native English word group.

The article presents phonetic, etymological and semantic characteristics of obsolete and rare lexical units. The study is based on the material of a well-known Oxford English Dictionary. This problem is relevant both in applied and theoretical aspects, since similar vocabulary are either not registered in dictionaries at all, or information about them is not fully provided. The article describes both national and regional (British, American, Scottish, Irish, etc.), as well as normative and alternative pronunciation variants for some obsolete or rare words. In addition to phonetic forms, previous graphic forms of some words have been identified. The features of the word origin and the ways of formation in the language are analyzed. The author studies lexical and grammatical meanings of obsolete and rare words, taking into account the context, especially in the case of polysemantic words. The conclusion is made about the richness of this explanatory dictionary and its importance at the present time for studying various aspects of the English language.

According to the (Oxford English Dictionary) a particle is: “A minute fragment or quantity of matter; the smallest perceptible or discernible part of an aggregation or mass.”. This agrees with the commonsense definition of particles as ‘small things, out of which the bigger things are made of’.Clearly, such a concept of particle is deeply rooted in the atomistic vision of the physical world, which — in turn — is supported by the development of physics in the past two centuries.In philosophy of physics the ‘particle’ is often treated as a primitive notion (cf. (Eckstein and Heller 2022)), that is a concept which is “immediately understandable” and “employed without explaining its meaning” (Tarski 1994). The simplest example of such a primitive notion is that of a point in geometry.Within an axiomatic approach, the primitive notions are utilised to spell out the axioms. Consequently, they are taken for granted, though they might be connected or restricted by the axioms. For instance, in geometry the axiom: “For every two points there exists a line that contains them both.” links the primitive notions of a point and a line.In this spirit, particles as primitive concepts appear, in parallel to “light rays” in the celebrated Ehlers–Pirani–Schild (EPS) axiomatisation of relativistic spacetime (Elhers, Pirani, and Schild 1972). More precisely, the authors take ‘particle’ to mean a “worldline of a freely falling particle”. In either case, on the notions of particles and light rays a quasi-operational axiomatic system of a Lorentzian spacetime is established. As the authors admit, the particles are understood in the classical sense as “bodies whose extension and structure can, under suitable circumstances, be neglected”. In fact, assuming that the particles are quantum or, more generally, non-classical, may lead to very different structures and axiomatics (Adlam, Linnemann, and Read 2022; Eckstein and Heller 2022).

Derivational affixes are not always automatically classified into functional or lexical categories. Although they are treated differently in various approaches, a shared view contends that the status of a suffix is controversial when it forms categorially incoherent words. However, it is debatable even when it forms words of a single category. This study argues that the Bifurcated Lexical Model proposed by Joseph E. Emonds is promising in this respect. With two subcomponents of the lexicon that, respectively, store functional and lexical morphemes, the model allows an affix to behave both as a functional and a lexical morpheme. This study demonstrates that the model can successfully account for the properties of the deverbal noun-forming suffix -ment in Present-Day English. The -ment nouns newly retrieved from the Oxford English Dictionary Online include instances in which -ment attaches to non-verbal elements and converted words. While such nouns may pose potential challenges to the perspective of an affix as a functional morpheme, their existence is not surprising but rather predictable within the model that allows for the flexibility of an affix in the dichotomy between functional and lexical categories.

The glocalization of foreign cultures in Indonesia includes one of them is in the culinary field. From different regions the names of foods originating from foreign countries are modified based on the ease of pronunciation, shape, type and texture of the food. The purpose of this study is to analyze and uncover by analyzing culinary names in Central Java and East Java that have etymology. This type of research is literature, namely by using literature from the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Daring V and Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Based on the results of the study, culinary names in Central Java and East Java have differences from the origin of words, the use of spices, cooking methods and taste preferences of people in the two provinces.

ABSTRACT Organology, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, concerns “the study of the history of musical instruments.” This very narrow definition focuses on the past, and perhaps frames the field as a division of broader historical scholarship. But if you ask an organologist for a definition of organology, their answer will invariably point to a broad range of fields stretching across the humanities and sciences. This introduction to the double special issue, and the nine articles within, consider organology through various approaches, demonstrating the reach of the field beyond object-based study, and nodding to the possibility of an expanded field.

The article provides an overview and analysis of modern English vocabulary on the topic of artificial intelligence, and also examines the factor of “humanity” using examples of the use of phraseological units with the truth component. The subject of the study is the communicative-pragmatic functions of linguistic units to describe “humanity” both the incorrect result of a program based on artificial intelligence, and the intentional distortion of truth using examples of phraseological units with the truth component. The selection of empirical material is based on English publications on the topic of artificial intelligence and modern dictionaries (Dictionary.com, Oxford English Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary of English, Farlex Dictionary of idioms, Collins English Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). The initial sampling was carried out using a continuous sampling method and amounts to 44 units, further analysis of which showed that 15 phraseological units are used to indicate the truth, 8 indicate deception and 6 - the possible honesty of the speaker. The main method of studying is an inductive approach. The purpose of the work is to consider the linguistic units in the presented examples. The relevance of the study is due to the increased public interest in the topic of artificial intelligence, as well as the choice of the word hallucinate as the Word of 2023. The object of the study is the phraseology of the English language. The analysis presents examples of the use of phraseological units with the truth component, the meaning of which conveys the spectrum of interpretation of the truth. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the quality of the material (modern phraseology and vocabulary of the English language), as well as the analysis and comparison of the meanings of the presented phraseological units.