Oxford English Dictionary Research Articles

Modelling the Tumour Microenvironment, but What Exactly Do We Mean by "Model"?

The Oxford English Dictionary includes 17 definitions for the word "model" as a noun and another 11 as a verb. Therefore, context is necessary to understand the meaning of the word model. For instance, "model railways" refer to replicas of railways and trains at a smaller scale and a "model student" refers to an exemplary individual. In some cases, a specific context, like cancer research, may not be sufficient to provide one specific meaning for model. Even if the context is narrowed, specifically, to research related to the tumour microenvironment, "model" can be understood in a wide variety of ways, from an animal model to a mathematical expression. This paper presents a review of different "models" of the tumour microenvironment, as grouped by different definitions of the word into four categories: model organisms, in vitro models, mathematical models and computational models. Then, the frequencies of different meanings of the word "model" related to the tumour microenvironment are measured from numbers of entries in the MEDLINE database of the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. The frequencies of the main components of the microenvironment and the organ-related cancers modelled are also assessed quantitatively with specific keywords. Whilst animal models, particularly xenografts and mouse models, are the most commonly used "models", the number of these entries has been slowly decreasing. Mathematical models, as well as prognostic and risk models, follow in frequency, and these have been growing in use.

NO PLACE TO CALL HOME. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE PROBLEM OF HOMELESSNESS

What is the meaning of the word ‘indigenous’? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it means: ‘originating or occurring naturally in a particular place.’ Paradoxically, what was first taken away from the people we define by this umbrella term is a place of their own. It is important to realize that not only their birthright to housing and organizing their living space has been violated. The lack of place is also a contradiction of the word ‘indigenous’, and thereby a direct cause of most problems connected with the contemporary situation of indigenous peoples around the globe. That is why, this paper presents research on the topic of homelessness among indigenous peoples. For the purpose of discussing the problem in more detail, the focus is on two particular native groups: Indigenous peoples of America (First Nations, the Inuit, the Métis) and Aboriginal Australians. For the sake of clarity, First Nations, the Inuit, the Métis are referred to as ‘Indigenous’, and native Australians as ‘Aboriginal’, although these two words are in fact synonymous. The aim of this bipartite study is also to compare the situation of native groups and laws that govern public space from two entirely different parts of the world, and to check whether there are more similarities or differences regarding the issue of homelessness.

Beware the Cat within a short history of human and nonhuman animal voice

ABSTRACT In this essay, I contend that Beware the Cat belongs to an earlier world in which almost all mortal creatures were thought of as having voices. Musicians, naturalists, hunters, and literary authors agreed that birds and other creatures had voices and expressed emotions. In the course of history, as knowledge became specialised and Descartes’s mistaken ideas about nonhuman animals gained acceptance, people began to be thought of as the only creatures who had voices. In addition, a large body of voice-related words, including chattering, howling, and bawling, which used to apply to human and non-human creatures have become confined to one domain or another. I trace the histories of some of these words and show how the Oxford English Dictionary often displays the logic system of a post-Cartesian world. In the essay, I place Baldwin’s text within a literary tradition of thinking about nonhuman animal voice that includes Shakespeare and Margaret Cavendish.

Photography: What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About Street Photography

Photography: What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About Street Photography

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About pressurized oxygen chamber near me

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About pressurized oxygen chamber near me

Women’s Words and the Words of Women in the Oxford English Dictionary

Abstract This article explores datasets curated from the citation evidence in successive editions and revisions of the Oxford English Dictionary (1884–2022), which have been annotated to reflect the gender of the authors and other bibliographical metadata. This exploration aims both to supplement the historical account of the dictionary’s uses of female-authored quotation sources, correcting and elaborating some figures which have previously been reported, and to provide a contemporary account of women’s representation in OED Online, using the revision published in June 2022. In seeking to establish a more objective and empirical basis for judging ‘representativeness’, I treat the OED both as a self-contained bibliographical and lexicographical work, and comparatively, against other comprehensive or very large bibliographical corpora, namely the Garside et al. surveys of early English novels, the Library of Congress Catalog, and the HathiTrust Digital Library. The OED data studied here represents a significant (if restricted) subset, rather than a representative sample, of the OED corpus as a whole: modern (post-1700) quotations from books appearing with their author’s name in the OED evidence are considered. While this approach does not claim to make an objectively complete tally of every woman-authored quotation collected in the OED, it does enable a more detailed and accurate account than has previously been possible, and allows for a number of consistent cross-comparisons. A companion document of Supplementary Data & Notes, available at The Review of English Studies online, describes in technical terms how the data was compiled and the processes and principles by which it was annotated.

The “Intern” Label: Introducing Unnecessary Confusion and Bias?

The Oxford English Dictionary defines "intern" as "a student or trainee who works, sometimes without pay, at a trade or occupation in order to gain work experience." In the medical realm, the label "intern" may introduce confusion as well as implicit and explicit bias. In this study, we sought to examine the general public's perception of the label "intern" compared to the more accurate label "first-year resident." We developed 2 forms of a 9-item survey that assessed an individual's level of comfort with surgical trainees' participation in various aspects of surgical care and knowledge of medical education and work environment. One form used the label "intern" and the other used "first-year resident." San Antonio, TX. A total of 148 adults in the general population at 3 local parks on 3 separate occasions. A total of 148 individuals completed the survey (74 per form). Respondents who did not work in the medical field reported less comfort with interns vs first-year residents participating in various aspects of their care. Only 36% of respondents were able to correctly identify which surgical team members have completed a medical degree. Directly assessing perceptual incongruity between the labels "intern" and "first-year resident," 43% of respondents said interns have a medical degree compared to 59% for first-year residents (p = 0.008), 88% stated that interns work full-time in the hospital compared to 100% for first-year residents (p = 0.041), and 82% stated that interns get paid for their work in the hospital compared to 97% for first-year residents (p = 0.047). The label "intern" may confuse patients, family members, and perhaps other healthcare professionals regarding the level of experience and knowledge of first-year residents. We advocate for abolishing the term "intern" and replacing it with "first-year resident" or simply "resident."

The Second Element of Campshed

The Oxford English Dictionary defines campshed as follows: ‘[a] facing of piles and boarding along the bank of a river, or at the side of an embankment, to protect the bank from the action of the current, or to resist the out-thrust of the embankment’. The word is attested from 1471 onwards. Coates explains the word as a compound inherited from Old English, which seems plausible.1 In the first element Coates recognizes the noun for ‘comb’, OE camb, and his account of the phonology and semantics is tenable. In the second element of campshed, Coates wishes to see the noun scīd ‘piece of wood’, nowadays obsolete in the form shide ‘[a] piece of wood split off from timber, esp. such a piece used in building a fire, a block, billet; a board, plank, beam’. Some lingering doubt remains, however, whether OE camb-scīd is correctly posited as the starting-point of campshed. It should be observed that OE scīd ‘piece of wood’ (corresponding to German Scheit) is not ideally suited for describing the kind of embankment meant here. The representation of originally long ī as e in campshed is also somewhat unexpected but could probably be accounted for. Under the circumstances, a different explanation for -shed may perhaps be submitted. In the context, campshed describes a construction that ‘divides’ different elements of the embankment. Consequently, we may envisage that -shed is related to OE scēadan ‘divide’.2 The campshed may originally have been a separation of the various constructions used for protecting the encampment. OE -scēad was a neuter substantive,3 therefore camb-scēad could function as both singular and plural. Phonologically -shed is to be expected as continuation of OE -scēad in unstressed position, and shed is actually found in a compound like watershed. It is proposed that campshed may be viewed as the continuation of (reconstructed) OE cambscēad.

TV series as disseminators of emerging vocabulary: Non-codified expressions in the TV Corpus

Abstract This study presents a method for identifying words that appear in corpus data earlier than their first date of attestation in dictionaries. We demonstrate the application of this method based on a large diachronic corpus, the TV Corpus, and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Combining automatic extraction of candidate terms from the TV Corpus with comprehensive manual analysis and verification, the method identifies 32 words that were used in TV series before their first attestation in the OED. We present a detailed discussion of these words, analysing their distribution across decades and genres of the TV Corpus, their origins, semantic domains and word-formation processes. We also present extracts with their first uses in the TV Corpus and analyse how the words were presented to the large and anonymous mass audience. Our study shows that the method we present is suitable for identifying early attestations of words in large corpora, even though in the case of the TV Corpus, a great deal of manual analysis and verification is needed. In addition, we argue that TV series and other types of fictional texts are an important resource for studying the coinage and spread of terms, due to their function and the fact that they address a mass audience.

Cooking PaPa: An Online Application Helps Removing the Barrier Between Modern Generation and Cooking

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased interest in home-cooked meals as people have had more time for themselves and their families. Cooking at home is considered safer and has resulted in a significant rise in the number of people preparing their own food. Only 7.0 percent cooked less frequently during the lockdown, while 42.0 percent cooked more frequently. Women were particularly affected by this trend. More time was spent on meal preparation, trying new recipes, and baking among those who cooked more often. The consumption of comfort foods like sweets and salty snacks has seen a notable increase, with a significant percentage of respondents reporting increased snacking. Unfortunately, this change in eating habits, combined with reduced physical activity, has raised concerns about weight gain. To address the growing interest in home cooking and the need for new recipes and balanced meals, the idea for a cooking app called “Cooking Papa” has been proposed. This app aims to simplify home-cooked meals by providing clear instructions and encouraging users to explore new dishes in its database. The definition of cooking varies among individuals, and terms like homemade, convenience, proper cooking, cook, basic ingredients, and ready prepared are not universally understood. Cooking is seen as a complex concept, influenced by factors like heat, fresh ingredients, and convenience meals. While convenience foods are popular, scratch cooking is highly valued. Lack of time and cost are major obstacles, and effective meal planning and organization are essential. Disruptive events like the pandemic can change people’s perspectives on cooking. Most individuals tend to remain in their current state, with some shifting towards more positive or negative views on shopping and cooking. Those most impacted by the pandemic are at a higher risk of transitioning between states. Overall, the pandemic has prompted some individuals to rediscover their love for home cooking and home-cooked meals.

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About สล็อตpg

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About สล็อตpg

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About สล็อตเว็บตรง

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About สล็อตเว็บตรง

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About สล็อตเว็บตรง

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About สล็อตเว็บตรง

What is work?

As occupational health practitioners, our focus undoubtedly veers towards work: what it involves, its benefits and impacts. But how often have we paused to consider, what actually is work? The Cambridge dictionary describes it as: An activity, such as a job, that a person uses physical or mental effort to do, usually for money [1]. The Oxford English dictionary describes work as: To act for a specified purpose, or so as to achieve a specified end [2]. While the preceding provide widely accepted definitions for work, do we ask ourselves, ‘What does my client understand work to be?’ Socially, the definition of work has changed over the centuries much of which we have cause to be thankful for. In the 21st century, going to work for most of us no longer conjures the image of impending doom or death as might have been the case in the 17th and 18th centuries when there was much less emphasis on health and safety in workplaces. Due to the influence of legislation and trade unions, workers today also tend to have more of a say in working practices and how they are treated. Have these changes led to an imperceptible but greater shift in the paradigm of what workers themselves actually consider to be work? Gone are the days when most workers were grateful to have any job and were largely beholden to their employers as they depended heavily on them for sustenance and livelihood. An almost undetectable shift has taken place where workers now view work as an entitlement, and where the locus of control has radically shifted from the employer to the employed.

Methodological progress note: Machine learning methods in healthcare research.

Methodological progress note: Machine learning methods in healthcare research.

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About macy's yoga pants

What the Oxford English Dictionary Doesn't Tell You About macy's yoga pants

Revising the History of Nitchevo with Text Archives

This article focuses on the way nitchevo, a nineteenth-century Russian borrowing, was adopted into the English language. In order to investigate the history of the word, six digital text archives were considered. The results of the research are promising: not only do they allow one to trace antedatings for both senses, which updates the treatment of nitchevo in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), but they also shed light on its semantic development, spelling variation, and route of transmission. Tellingly, albeit unsurprisingly, the evidence suggests that the press is responsible for boosting the recognition of the word on both sides of the Atlantic. All this indicates that the potential of modern research tools, including British and American newspaper archives, remains to be fully explored.

Hemingway’s Slang in Lyndsay Faye’s The Paragon Hotel

The historical novelist Lyndsay Faye pilfered Hemingway’s 1918 correspondence for slang usages that would definitively locate the characters in her 2019 book, The Paragon Hotel, in the late nineteen-teens, rather than have the novel’s dialogue bleed into usages more common in the high-Jazz Age. Cross-referencing text from the novel with Hemingway’s 1918 correspondence collected in the Hemingway Letters Project, then comparing the results against entries from the Oxford English Dictionary and the New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, shows the complex relationship between the voices of the Faye’s characters—particularly the novel’s narrator—and the young Ernest Hemingway.

FEMINISM, EDUCATION AND GENDER EQUALITY-A REVIEW

Feminism is a manifestation of equality of rights between both the sexes. According to Oxford English dictionary, feminism is an advocacy of the rights of women based on the theory of equality of the sexes. It can also be defined fined as the struggle for equal rights, and as a political and social movement. It asks for equality at all levels right from household to workplace. Women being different than men have different requirements, not superior but different. In this condition, feminism asserts the rights of women. Feminism, one of the most recent ideologies to emerge, attempts to analyse the social position of women, explain their apparent subsidiary role in history and offer the basis for reform and the advancement of women in all areas of society. Feminists believe that there is a fundamental power struggle between men and women (Harrison and Boyd, 2018). It began as a movement to achieve equality for women in various aspects. This paper seeks to highlight the role of education in bringing gender equality based on manifestation of various waves of feminism. KEYWORDS: Feminism, patriarchy, gender disparity, advocacy, equality, power struggle.

Creativity and Aging: The Role of Diversity

Creativity is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “the use of imagination or original ideas to create something” (2012), which is typically conceptualized as an artistic piece of work, but can be an invention, a theory, or even a solution to a problem. Thus, creativity is also relevant in the scientific fields, where the presence of flexible, or divergent, thinking is considered an essential component. Although there is little evidence of differences in creative abilities based on gender and race, lack of representation of women and marginalized racial/ethnic groups in creative fields including art, fashion, film, and music has been documented (Topaz et al 2022). Similarly, fewer than three percent of Nobel science winners are women, and only one woman of color has ever received the award.Creativity, and engagement in creative activities, has received recent interest in the geriatric field, because it is thought that both may play a role in successful aging and enhanced coping during the later years of life. Indeed, participating in creative arts appears to improve quality of life and health outcomes in older adults. However, the literature on creativity and aging has not focused on the potential effects of gender and race diversity. This symposium will examine the theme of creativity and aging, with special emphasis on issues related to diversity. Dr. Ali Abbas Asghar-Ali's presentation will focus on the lives and artistic work of two artists, Carmen Herrera and Mirdidingkingathi Juwarnda Sally Gabori who, through very different life experiences, maintained a high level of creativity in their later years. The talk will highlight aspects of diversity and equity that impacted on the personal lives and professional careers of these two artists. Dr. Linda Mah will present the recent literature on the impact of aging on creativity to answer the question of whether creativity declines in the later years and discuss the extent to which these changes are modulated by race or gender. Dr. Ruchi Aggarwal will conclude with an overview of the evidence for the potential benefits of creative arts-based interventions on mental and physical health in older adults, with special attention paid to the diversity of participants and potential impact on outcomes. As discussant, Dr. Rita Hargrave will provide commentary on the intersection between aging, race and gender and the process of creativity from her unique perspective as a geriatric psychiatrist with expertise in aging, culture, and wellness, as well as her work in dance and film making. She will also present a brief clip from her documentary "The Last Mambo" which focuses on the history and future of Latin music in the San Francisco Bay Area.This symposium is sponsored by the AAGP Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity in Action (IDEA) Committee.