Osmanli Devleti Research Articles

BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA BULGARİSTAN’DA RUS CASUSLARIN YARGILANMASI

ÖZETBirinci Dünya Savaşı’nda, tarihin en eski devirlerinden beri var olan casusluk ve casusluk tekniklerinin en güzel örneklerini görmekteyiz. Savaş boyunca savaşın her iki tarafında yer alan devletler silah gücünün yanı sıra cephe gerisinin güvenliğini sağlamak ve karşı taraftaki düşman kuvvetler hakkında etkin bir şekilde istihbarat bilgilerine ulaşmak için yoğun bir casusluk faaliyeti sürdürmüşlerdir.Savaşın ilerleyen dönemlerinde özellikle de 1916 yılına gelindiğinde, her iki taraf için Avrupa Cephesi ayrı bir önem kazanmıştır. Savaş alanı Avrupa’ya yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu kapsamda Rusların da, casusluk teşkilatları vasıtasıyla Almanya, Avusturya- Macaristan ve Osmanlı Devleti’ne ve Bulgaristan’a karşı Casuslar elde ettikleri bilgilerle savaşın akışını değiştirmek için yoğun bir casusluk faaliyeti içinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulgaristan’da Rusya hesabına casusluk yapan bir takım kişilerin yakalanıp, yargılanmalarının başlanması ile Rus Casus teşkilatı ile ilgili önemli bilgilere ulaşılmıştır. Casusluk yapan bu kişilerin Bulgaristan’ın Rus taraftarları partilerine üye oldukları gibi içlerinde tanınmış kişilerin de yer aldığı görülmektedir. Sofya’da yapılmaya başlayan bu yargılama büyük ilgi ile takip edilmiştir. Casuslukla suçlanan bu kişiler yaptıklarını tamamıyla inkâr etmemişler fakat casusluğun Bulgaristan aleyhine değil, Türkiye aleyhine yapıldığını savunmuşlardır. Gerçekten de yargılamanın gidişatından anlaşıldığına göre, casusluğun önce Osmanlı Devleti aleyhinde olmak üzere başladığı, sonra Bulgaristan aleyhine de devam ettiği görülmektedir. Tebliğ konusu makalede; Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Rusya’nın Osmanlı Devleti ve Bulgaristan aleyhine casusluk suçlamasıyla 2 Mart 1916 tarihinde başlayan yargılamalar hakkında Tanin Gazetesi’nde yayımlanmış olan haberler değerlendirilecektir.ABSTRACTWe see the best examples of spying and spying techniques which have existed since the oldest ages of history in the first world war. The states which have taken part in both parts of the war during war have continued an extensive spying activity in order to provide armament besides the security of hinterland and to reach the intelligence information about the per contra enemy forces in an effective way.Europe front has gained a special importance for both sides in the passing periods of time especially in 1916.Theater of war has concentrated on war.In this context it has been determined that the Russians have also been in an intensive spying activity to change the direction of war with the information they have got from spies against Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria through their spying organizations.Important information about Russian spying organization has been reached with the capturing and trying of some people who have acted as spies on behalf of Russians in Bulgaria.It is seen that these people who have acted as spies have both been members of Bulgarıa’s pro Russian parties and there are well known people among them. This trial which has been started in sofia has been followed with great interest. These people who have been blamed with spying have not completely denied what they have done but they have defended themselves by stating that it has been spied on against Turkey not against Bulgaria. According to what has been understood from the conduct of the trial It has been seen that the spying has first started against Ottoman empire but later it has also continued against Bulgaria. In the article which is the subject of the paper news which has been issued in Tanin newspaper about the trials which started on 2nd of March 1996 will be evaluated. In these trials some people who are members of Russian spying organization in the first world have been accused with ‘spying they have done against Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria’.Anahtar Kelimeler: Birinci Dünya Savaşı, Rusya, Osmanlı Devleti, Bulgaristan, Casusluk, Rus Casus Teşkilatı, Casus Yargılaması Key words: World War One (WWI), Russia, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Spying, Russian spy Organization, Spy Trial

Arnavutlar Arasında Anadilde Eğitim Talepleri İle Alfabe Tartışmaları ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Tutumu / Mainstream Education Requests with Alphabet Discussions between the Albanian and Attitudes of the Ottoman State

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Education passed through a wide range of reform movements like other institutions in Ottoman Emire during XIX century. The era of Abdülhamit II is especially prominent regarding educational reforms. A number of important steps were taken during his reign to improve education such as building new schools, effort to increase the number of students, more participation of girls in education and teaching, use of modern tools and techniques etc. This period was also characterized by the development of nation-states that were started to be established under the influence of the nationalist movement. Some cultural privileges were given to the Balkan peoples, such as Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Vlachs, who had revolted against the Ottoman Empire to keep them binding with the state. The right to education was one of those important privileges. Indeed, non-Muslims who had already educated in their own tongues and schools had begun to use their studies of language and education more in shaping their cultural identities in this period. At this point, it can be said that the Albanians were more backward than the other Balkan peoples, because unlike the other Balkan nations, though they were in an ethnic union but having more religious pluralism (Muslim, Orthodox Christian, and Catholic Christian) in their society. Therefore, the demand of Albanians from the Ottoman State for their education with their own tongues has only emerged from the beginning of the 1900s. The Ottoman central government looked favorably on these requests and considered the right to education in mother tongue as a constitutional right for them. However, the Albanians could not have a consensus that should their education in the mother tongue be in Turkish (Arabic) letters or Latin alphabet. This was also a reflection of the cultural differences in Albanians.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nde diğer bütün alanlarda olduğu gibi eğitimde de geniş reform hareketleri içine girilmiştir. Yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, özellikle II. Abdülhamit döneminde eğitimle ilgili reformlar öne çıkmaktadır. Okul yapımı, öğrenci sayısının arttırılması çabası, kız öğrencilerin eğitim ve öğretime daha fazla katılması, modern araç- gereç ve tekniklerin kullanılması vb. çalışmalar dikkat çekmektedir. Bu dönem aynı zamanda milliyetçilik akımının güç kazandığı ve belli ölçüde başarıya ulaştığı bir dönemdir. Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı ayaklanan başta Rumlar, Bulgarlar, Sırplar, Ulahlar gibi Balkan halklarının devletten kopmasını engellemek için onlara birtakım kültürel ayrıcalıklar verilmiştir. Ana dilde eğitim hakkı da bunlardan biridir. Esasen daha öncesinde de kendi dillerinde ve okullarında eğitim gören gayrimüslim halklar, bu dönemde dil ve eğitim ile ilgili çalışmalarını daha çok kültürel kimliklerin şekillendirilmesi için kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Bu noktada Arnavutların diğer Balkan halklarına göre daha geri planda kaldığı söylenebilir. Çünkü diğerlerinden farklı olarak etnik yönden bir olsalar da dini yönden ayrışım içindeydiler (Müslüman, Ortodoks Hristiyan ve Katolik Hristiyan). Bu yüzden Arnavutların Osmanlı Devleti’nden kendi dilleri ile eğitim talebi ancak 1900’lü yılların başlarından itibaren karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu taleplere Osmanlı merkezi olumlu bakmış ve ana dilde eğitim talebini anayasadan kaynaklanan bir hak olarak görmüştür. Fakat Arnavutlar kendi içlerinde anadilde eğitimin Arapça harflerle mi yoksa Latin alfabesiyle mi olması konusunda bir uzlaşıya varamamışlardır. Bu durum da Arnavutlardaki kültürel farklılığın bir yansımasıdır.</p>

Osmanlı Devlet Adamlarından Hacı Âdil Bey’in II. Meşrutiyet Dönemindeki Faaliyetleri / Activities of Hacı Âdil Bey, who is the Ottoman Statesmen, in the Second Constitutional Period

<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>Haci Adil (Arda) Bey, born in Lovech in 1869, was an important politician and jurist who held important positions in government offices both in the Ottoman Empire and in the Republic of Turkey. Throughout his career as a government official, which he started as a customs official in Yemen in 1890, he took several government offices in Yemen, Istanbul, and Thessaloniki for about 20 years and was inducted as the Governor of Edirne a short while after the proclamation of the Second Constitutionalist Period. Taking office as a senior manager within the party of Union and Progress following assume of governor of Edirne office, lasted for about a year, Haci Adil was appointed as Interior minister in 1912. He continued to hold critical offices during the Turco-Italian War, Balkan War and the First World War while the government was having hard times. He became interior minister once again in the government formed after the Sublime Porte Raid in 1913. HE was appointed as the governor of Edirne once again after the city was taken back during the Balkan War II, and held the office of chairperson of the Ottoman Parliament between the years 1915 and 1918. Arrested and exiled to Malta after end of First World War, Haci Adil lived the life of an exile abroad between the years 1919 and 1922. Returning home after his captivity in Malta, Haci Adil held the offices of the Governor of Adana and Bursa, lectured at the Ottoman University Darülfünun, and represented country on international courts. Haci Adil, who also held offices in Istanbul Municipality, died in 1935.</p><p>This study gives information on the political and administrative activities of Haci Adil, who was one of the members of the headquarter of party of Union and Progress, during the Second Constitutional Period based on archive documents. </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>1869 yılında Lofça’da dünyaya gelen Hacı Âdil (Arda) Bey, hem Osmanlı Devleti hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti zamanında mühim devlet görevlerinde bulunmuş önemli bir siyasetçi ve hukuk adamıdır. 1890 yılında Yemen’de gümrük memuru olarak başladığı devlet hizmetinde yaklaşık 20 yıl süre ile Yemen, İstanbul ve Selanik’te çeşitli memuriyetler üstlenmiş, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilanından kısa bir süre sonra Edirne Valisi olarak atanmıştır. Yaklaşık bir yıl süren Edirne Valiliği görevinden sonra İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası içerisinde üst düzey yöneticilik görevi alan Hacı Âdil Bey, 1912 yılında Dâhiliye Nâzırlığı’na getirilmiştir. Trablusgarp Savaşı, Balkan Savaşı ve I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında devletin zor günlerinde kritik görevler almaya devam eden Hacı Âdil Bey 1913 yılında Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını sonrasında kurulan hükûmette bir kez daha Dâhiliye Nâzırı olmuş, II. Balkan Savaşı sırasında Edirne’nin geri alınmasının ardından bir kez daha bu şehre vali olarak atanmış, 1915-1918 yılları arasında da Meclis-i Mebusan Reisliği görevini yürütmüştür. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın sona ermesinin ardından tutuklanan ve Malta’ya sürgüne gönderilen Hacı Âdil Bey, 1919-1922 yılları arasında yurtdışında sürgün hayatı yaşamıştır. Malta esareti sonrasında yurda dönen Hacı Âdil Bey, Adana ve Bursa valilikleri görevlerinde bulunmuş, Dârülfünûn’da dersler vermiş ve uluslararası mahkemelerde ülkemizi temsil etmiştir. İstanbul Belediyesi’nde de görevler üstlenen Hacı Âdil Bey 1935 yılında vefat etmiştir.</p><p>Söz konusu çalışmada İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası’nın merkez-i umumi azalarından olan Hacı Âdil Bey’in II. Meşrutiyet dönemindeki siyasî-idarî faaliyetleri hakkında arşiv belgeleri ekseninde bilgiler verilmektedir. </p>

Ibn Arabi, Malami-Bayrami Dervish Order and the 17th Century Ottoman Balkans / İbn Arabî, Melamî-Bayrâmî Tarikatı ve 17 Yüzyılda Osmanlı Balkanları

Abstract The controversy concerning the spiritual legacy of Muhy al-din ibn ‘Arabi (d. 1240) in the intellectual life of the Ottoman Empire reached its peak in the first decades of the 17th century. It is only natural that the most important protagonists in the related discourse were members of dervish orders whose teachings were more deeply influenced by the work of the magister magnus, Halwati and Bayrami in particular. The same years also witnessed an endeavour on the part of Malami-Bayrami order to be reconciled with the state authorities and the orthodox ulema, and to regain its prestige which had been seriously imperilled by a chain of trials and eventual persecution of its heterodox protagonists Isma’il Ma’shuqi (d. 1538), Husam al-din Anqarawi (d. 1557), and lastly Malami qutb Hamza Bali (d. 1573) and his Bosnian followers. Especially active were two Balkan murids of Hamza Bali’s successor Hasan Qabaduz (d. 1601): Husayn Lamakani (d. 1625), and ‘Abd Allah Bosnawi (d. 1644). The latter was the most fervent defender of Ibn ‘Arabi and apologist of wahdat al-wujud among his Ottoman contemporaries, and was generally known as commentator of Ibn ‘Arabi’s magnum opus Fusus al-Hikam. Oz Muhyuddin ibn ‘Arabi’nin (o. 1240) Osmanli Imparatorlugu’nun entelektuel hayatinda biraktigi manevi mirasi uzerine tartismalar 17. yuzyilin ilk on yilinda zirveye ulasmistir. Ibn-i Arabi’nin ogretilerinde, Seyh-i Ekber’in eserinin en fazla etki biraktigi tarikatlarin (ozellikle Halveti ve Bayrâmi) uyelerinin, ilgili diyalogda en onde gelenler arasinda olmalari gayet dogaldir. Soz konusu donem Melami-Bayrami tarikatinin devlet otoritesi ve ulema ile barisma tesebbusune denk gelmekteydi. Adi gecen tarikatin itibar kazanmasinda Hamza Bali’nin halifesi Hasan Kabaduz (o. 1601)’un Balkan asilli muritleri olan Huseyin Lamekani (o. 1625) ve Abdullah Bosnevi (o. 1644) onemi buyuktur. Ibn ‘Arabi’nin Osmanli Devleti’ndeki cagdaslari arasinda vahdet-i vucudun en onemli savunuculardan sayilan Abdullah Bosnevi, Ibnu ‘l-Arebi’nin basyapiti Fususu‘l-Hikem’in sarihi olarak alelumum un kazanmistir.

(1903-1922) football institutionalization studies before Turkey Training Community Alliance (TTCA) periodTürkiye İdman Cemiyeti İttifaki (Tici) öncesi futbolda kurumsallaşma çalışmaları (1903-1922)

In this research it was aimed to examine the institutionalization studies of football before TİCİ. The research is designed using descriptive and reviewing method. As in the beginning of the 20th century, as in the whole world, football has begun to attract great attention in Turkish society. Especially during the Ottoman period political and religious reasons prevented the play of football. For this reason, Football mostly played by strangers pre-Republic period and with the declaration of the Constitution of 1908important steps have been taken in the efforts of institutionalization and leagues and unions have begun to be formed. Before TİCİ period, although sports organizations (leagues and associations) are established under different names and in different regions, the common goals of these sports organizations are "football" that they constituted the first non-institutional organizations of football federation. The first sports organizations in Turkey during the process of football's institutionalization, (1903-1914) The Istanbul Football League (TIFL), (1910-1914) The Istanbul Football Club League (TIFCL), The Friday League, The Friday Unity, football is important in terms of being the leagues which lead the many organizational changes and to give direction to the before TİCİ and after institutionalization periods.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetBu araştırmada Türkiye İdman Cemiyeti İttifakı (TİCİ) öncesi futbolda kurumsallaşma çalışmalarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada tarama yöntemi esas alınmış betimsel yöntem kullanılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti döneminde özellikle politik ve dinsel nedenlerle futbolun oynanması engellenmiştir. Bu nedenle Cumhuriyet öncesi dönemde futbol çoğunlukla yabancılar tarafından oynanmış, Meşrutiyetin ilanı ile kurumsallaşma çabalarında önemli adımlar atılarak lig ve birlikler oluşturulmaya başlanmıştır. TİCİ (kurumsal dönem) öncesi spor örgütlerinin ortak hedefleri “futbol” olmakla birlikte şuan ki futbol federe yapısının ilk kurumsal olmayan örgüt yapılarını oluşturmuşlardır. Futbolun kurumlaşma sürecinde ilk spor örgütlenmeleri, (1903-1914) İstanbul Futbol Birliği (İFB), (1910-1914) İstanbul Futbol Kulüpler Ligi (İFKL), Cuma Ligi, Cuma Birliği, futbolun, birçok yapısal değişimine öncülük ederek Türkiye İdman Cemiyeti İttifakı ve sonraki dönemlere kurumsal açıdan temel oluşturarak günümüze yön veren ligler olmaları bakımından önemlidir.// Annotate Highlight // Annotate Highlight

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Gazze Muharebeleri / The Battles of Gaza in World War I

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>According to Germany’s demand, Ottoman Empire opened Canal Front which is one of the most important front lines of WWI to pass the Suez Canal and attack Egypt. There were two massive attacks between Ottoman and British. The first clash occured in 1915 and second took place in 1916. Result of Ottoman forces struggle with the British troops, Ottoman Empire were defeated but then Ottoman Empire counter attacked. They tried to prevent British attacks in the campaigns of Sinai and Palestine.</p><p>The paper deals with the First and the Second Battle of Gaza that repelled English forces, the third Gaza Battle and its result, Yildirim Army Group (or Thunderbolt Army Group) of the Ottoman Empire that was formed in order to prevent advance of attackers and siege and fall of Jerusalem. Therefore, subsequent failures of the campaign and retreating to the Anatolia started. The research paper was based on archival documents, primary&secondary sources and memoirs.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Osmanlı Devleti, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın önemli cephelerinden olan Kanal cephesini Almanların isteği doğrultusunda Süveyş kanalının geçmek ve Mısır’a taarruz etmek amacıyla açmıştı. Osmanlı Ordusunun I. Kanal Seferi ve II. Kanal Seferi başarısız olunca, karşı saldırıya geçen İngiliz birlikleri Sina ve Filistin cephesinde, Gazze muharebeleri ile durdurulmaya çalışılmıştır.</p><p>Araştırmamızda, İngiliz birliklerinin püskürtüldüğü I. ve II. Gazze muharebeleri, Birüssebi ve Gazze’nin elden çıktığı III. Gazze muharebesi, Osmanlı Devleti’nin bu yenilgiyi durdurabilmek için kurduğu Yıldırım Orduları Gurup Komutanlığı ve Kudüs’ün elden çıkışı ele alınmıştır. Böylelikle birbiri ardına gelen yenilgiler zinciri ile Osmanlı Ordularının Anadolu’ya çekilişi arşiv belgeleri, birinci elden kaynaklar ve hatıratlardan yararlanılarak işlenmiştir.</p>

Osmanlı Dönemi’nden İngiliz İdaresine Kıbrıs Türk Temel Eğitimi’nin Modernleşmesi ve Toplumsallaşması / From Ottoman Period to English Administration Modernization and Socialization of Cyprus Turkish Basic Education

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Changes in the primary education programme during the transition period from the agricultural society to the industrial society of the Turkish Cypriots in the Ottoman and British administrations in Cyprus were evaluated in terms of educational programs, number of students and modern agriculture course in this study. Following the Ottoman conquest of island, the educational institutions were also regulated like every other organisation in the island according to the needs. After the British took over the island administration from the Ottoman State, they maintain some of the applications from the old administration as well as replacing some of them according to their own administrative and administrative understandings. During the British administration, the education in the Turkish Cypriot community had switched from the religion intensive curriculum to modern education. This study aimed to reflect the details of new education system during the British administration in the island. In addition, as an example of the socialization of education, the increase in the number of students in education and the situation of female students in this increase have been emphasized in this study. The information obtained by using the first-hand resources of the research period, Blue Book, and education reports, is presented. As a result, the changes made in the Turkish Cypriot Education system have affected the Turkish Cypriot community socially, culturally and politically.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Kıbrıs’ta Osmanlı ve İngiliz idaresinde Kıbrıslı Türklerin tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna geçiş sürecinde ilköğretim programında oluşan değişimlerin bu araştırmada eğitim programları ve öğrenci sayısı açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin adayı fethetmesinden sonra adadaki her kurum gibi eğitim teşkilatını da ihtiyaçlara göre düzenlemiştir. İngilizler ada yönetimini Osmanlı Devleti’nden devraldıktan sonra, eski idareden kalan bazı uygulamaları devam ettirirken, bazılarının yerine kendi idari ve yönetim anlayışlarına göre düzenlemişlerdir. İngiliz idaresi sürecinde Kıbrıslı Türklerde eğitim dini ağırlıklı müfredattan modern eğitime geçmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada İngiliz döneminde adada uygulanan yeni eğitim sisteminin detayları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada eğitimin toplumlaşmasına örnek olarak eğitimdeki öğrenci sayılarındaki artışın ve bu artış içerisinde kız öğrencilerin durumuna dikkat çekilmiştir. Söz konusu araştırmada döneminin birinci el kaynakları olan <em>Blue Book’</em>lar<em> </em>ile dönemin eğitim raporlarından faydalanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Kıbrıs Türk Eğitim sisteminde yapılan değişikler Kıbrıs Türk Toplumunu sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi olarak etkilemiştir.</p>

HUDÂVENDİGÂR VİLÂYETİ’NDE İSKÂN EDİLEN GÖÇMENLERE OSMANLI DEVLETİ TARAFINDAN YAPILAN YARDIMLAR (1878-1900). (THE AID PROVIDED BY THE OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT TO IMMIGRANTS SETTLED IN HUDÂVENDİGÂR PROVINCE BETWEEN 1878-1900)

Oz: XIX. yuzyilin ikinci yarisindan sonra; Kirim, Kafkasya ve Rumeli’den gelen gocmenler, Osmanli yonetimi icin sikintili bir surec yasatti. Devlet bir taraftan gocmenleri gecici iskân bolgelerine nakledip iȃselerini karsilarken, diger taraftan da kalici iskân bolgeleri olusturma cabasi icine girdi. Gocmen sorunlari devlet nezdinde degerlendirilip, vilȃyetlerde cesitli adlar altinda olusturulan muhâcirin komisyonlari araciligiyla giderilmeye calisildi. Bu donemde, Hudȃvendigȃr vilâyetine ilk gocmen kafilesi 1878 yilinda geldi. Bu tarihten sonra Osmanli Devleti, vilȃyetin merkezinde; Bursa Iskân-i Muhȃcirin Memurlugu’nu kurarak, gocmenlerin cesitli sorunlarini cozme yoluna gitti. Gocmenlerin oncelikli sorunu iȃselerinin karsilanmasiydi. Bu amacla muhâcirin komisyonlari, gocmen ailelere ekmek ve yemeklik zahire yardiminda bulundu. Gocmenler icin onemli ikinci sorun; kalacak yer temininin giderilmesiydi. Bu amacla devlet gocmenlere, uzerinde konut insa etmeleri icin bedelsiz arsa vermekte veya dogrudan kendisi bina insa ederek muhtac halkin kullanimina sunmaktaydi. Devlet, yerel yonetimler araciligiyla gocmenlere iȃse ve kalacak yer teminin disinda; cesitli harclardan, vergiden ve askerlikten muaf tutmak; saglik, egitim, nakliye giderlerini karsilamak; komur vermek veya tezkire-i Osmaniye cikarmak gibi bircok alanda yardimda bulunuyordu. Devlet bu yardimlari bedelsiz veya odunc olarak yaptigi gibi, bazen de uzerindeki yuku biraz olsun hafifletmek icin hayirsever Hudȃvendigȃr vilȃyeti halkinin yardimlarina basvuruyordu. Abstract: After the second half of the 19th century, the immigrants coming from the Caucasus and the Rumelia caused great difficulties for the Ottoman administration. The government transferred the immigrants to temporary housing areas and met their subsistence needs, and made efforts to create permanent housing areas. The immigrants' problems were addressed by the government and tried to be solved by means of immigrant commissions created in the provinces under different names. In this period, the first group of immigrants came to the province of Hudȃvendigȃr in 1878. After this date, the Ottoman Government looked for a solution for various problems of the immigrants by establishing the Immigrant Housing Office in the provincial center of Bursa. The primary problem of the immigrants was the meeting of their need for food. For this purpose, the immigrant commissions provided immigrant families with grain for bread and meal. At the same time, the government seeking to solve these problems of immigrants permanently by allowing them to cultivate, provided immigrant families with seeds in addition to the allocation of land. The second important problem for the immigrants was to meet their housing needs. It was extremely important for the Ottoman administration to keep the immigrants in specific areas and prevent them from scatter around. The only way of achieving this aim was to provide the immigrant families with permanent houses to reside. For this purpose, the government either provided the immigrants with areas suitable for building their houses or preferred to build these houses in person and give them to those in need. Besides providing the immigrants with food and houses by means of local administrations, the government helped them in many ways such as exempting them from various fees, taxes and military service; supplying them with facilities of health, education and transportation expenses; giving them coal or issuing them with tezkire-i Osmaniye (identity card). The government did these aids either for free or on credit or sometimes resorted to aids by the benevolent people of Bursa to lessen the load on it to some extent.

Waqf of Karagöz Ahmed Pasha in Kütahya / Kütahya-Karagöz Ahmed Paşa Vakfı

Karagoz Ahmed Pasha served as the Governor of Anatolia from 1505 to 1511. He was martyred by the rebels while he was supressing the Sahkulu revolt in 1511 in Kutahya. He donated his wealth in 1509 before he died. After his death, the waqf was registered by his wife and the mosque, madrasah and school were completed by her. The existence of the waqf of Karagoz Ahmed Pasha continued until the early twentieth century. Today only Karagoz Ahmed Pasha Mosque remained standing in the works of the waqf. The aim of this study is to enlighten the endowment, establishment and running of the waqf by using the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives. Key Words: Ottoman State, Kutahya, Karagoz Ahmed Pasha, waqf, The Mosque of Karagoz Ahmed Pasha, Sahkulu Revolt. Oz 1505-1511 yillari arasinda Anadolu Beylerbeyi olarak Kutahya sancaginda gorev yapan Karagoz Ahmed Pasa, Kutahya onlerinde Sahkulu Isyanini bastirmak isterken sehit edilmistir. 1509’da kurdugu vakfi kendisinin olumu uzerine esi tarafindan tescil ettirilerek yapimina baslanmis olan cami, medrese ve mektep insasi tamamlanmistir. Karagoz Ahmed Pasa Vakfi XX. yuzyil baslarina kadar varligini devam ettirmistir. Gunumuzde vakif eserleri arasinda sadece Kutahya Karagoz Ahmed Pasa Camisi ayakta kalmistir. Bu calismada vakfa ait vakfiye ile Basbakanlik Osmanli Arsivlerinde bulunan belgelere dayali olarak vakfin kurulusu ve isleyisi aydinlatilmaya calisilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanli Devleti, Kutahya, Karagoz Ahmed Pasa, Vakif, Karagoz Ahmed Pasa Camisi, Sahkulu Isyani.

Osmanll Devleti'ni Kuzey Afrika'da Kallcclaattran Sefer: Tunus Savaaa (1574) (Military Expedition That Made the Ottoman Empire Perpetual in North Africa: Battle of Tunis (1574))

Turkish Abstract: Osmanli Devleti Akdeniz’de Ispanya krali Sarlken ve oglu II. Filip’in Hiristiyanlik adina Kuzey Afrika’da yuruttukleri Islam dusmanligina karsi buyuk bir mucadele baslatti. Padisahlardan I. Selim, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman ve II. Selim yerel Musluman halktan aldiklari yardimlarla 1516’dan 1574 yilina kadar 58 yil araliksiz suren cogu deniz savaslari ile Ispanyol ustunlugunu bitirmek icin ugrastilar. Ulkelerinde esaretten kotu hayat sartlari icindeki Enduluslu Muslumanlari yok olmaktan kurtarip Magrip sehirlerine yerlestirdikleri gibi bu bolgenin istila edilmesini de onlediler. Ispanya onculugundeki Avrupalilar ile Osmanlilari bir kez daha karsi karsiya getiren 1574 yilindaki Tunus Savasi yasanan buyuk mucadeleye son noktayi koyan hamle oldu. Oyle ki burasinin surekli korunabilmesi icin Cezayir, Trablusgarp ve Tunus isimli Istanbul’a bagli uc eyaletin kurulmasi sayesinde 19. yuzyilin ortasina kadar butun bolge huzur icinde bir hayat surdu. Tum Osmanli savaslari icinde uzerinde fazla durulmadigi icin onemi ihmal edilen bu buyuk seferin en ince ayrintilarinin tespiti icin farkli alanlarda yapilacak calismalara ihtiyac duyulmaktadir. English Abstract: Ottoman Empire started a great struggle in Mediterranean against the hostility to Islam which was conducted by King of Spain Charles V and his son Philip II on behalf of Christianity in Africa. From the Sultans of Ottoman Empire; Selim I, Suleiman the Magnificent and Selim II strive in order to put an end to the Spanish supremacy via lots of non-stop maritime warfare during 58 year, from 1516 to 1574 with assistance's of local Muslim people. They not only saved Andalusian Muslims, who were surviving under the circumstances worse than slavery in their country, from extinction and settled them in Maghreb cities, but also prevented the region against invasion. Battle of Tunis (1574), which confronted the Ottomans and Europeans leaded by Spain, put an end to the ongoing great struggle. Thanks to the construction of three provinces as Algeria, Tripolitania and Tunis on the purpose of assuring continuous protection; the region survived in peace till the middle of 19th century. Researches in different fields are needed so as to clarify the most important details of this military expedition which is ignored as there are no lots of research in all the wars of Ottoman Empire.

XIX. Asırdan Günümüze Kırgızistan’da Hac Olgusu ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Bölge Hacılarına Yaklaşımı

Receiving the protectorate of the holy places following the conquests of Egypt and the Hijaz region in 1517, the Ottoman State, which, not only engaged both in there construction of Mecca and Madinah and in the entertainment with foot and lodge of pilgrims there, but also took certain measures in the aim to facilitate the hajj journey for the pilgrims from the departure from their own homelands throughout the whole journey since then. 1 Prof. Dr. Afyon Kocatepe Universitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakultesi Tarih Bolumu M. Guler / XIX. Asirdan Gunumuze Kirgizistan’da Hac Olgusu ve Osmanli Devleti’nin Bolge Hacilarina Yaklasimi 2 It is saliently not eworthy to point out that though whose it in erarypath did not pass through Istanbul the pilgrim-candidates from central Asia and Turkistan lengthened their routes to Istanbul. may be highly possible that the Ottoman administration took highly munificent and compassing providences pertaining coming from these regions may homeland for Turks these providences taken by the Ottomans. In this topic, we will discuss the arrangements and praxes made by the Ottoman State forth pilgrim-candidates coming from these regions after and before Russian occupations in XIX. century. In this context, we will be explained the newly phenomenon of pilgrimage after 1991.

Şiran Vakıfları

Abstract In Siran, as far as we could determine, 5 monasteries and 23 mosque waqfs were founded during the Ottoman rule. Siran was annexed to Ottoman territory in the 16th century and became one of the burghs of Sancak of Sarki Karahisar within the province of Erzurum. It then gained town status in the 17th century. In this study, the purpose of establishing waqfs of dervish hospices and mosques and their fields of services were examined. In addition, information is given about the people at the service of these waqfs, the incomes and expenditures of the dervish hospices and mosque waqfs and the inheritance of these waqfs to the period of Turkish Republic. Thus, the role of these waqf institutions played in the Ottoman provinces was revealed in detail, with the aim of knowing the social history of Siran better. Keywords: Siran, waqf, dervish hospices, mosque, Gumushane Oz 16. yuzyilda Osmanli Devleti topraklarina katildiktan sonra Erzurum eyaletinin Sarki Karahisar sancagina tâbi nahiye merkezlerinden biri iken, 17. yuzyilda kaza huviyeti kazanan Siran’da, tespit edebildigimiz kadariyla 5 zaviye ile 23 cami vakfi tesis edilmistir. Incelemede, zaviye ve cami vakiflarinin ne maksatla kuruldugu ve bu vakiflarin hizmet ettikleri alanlar irdelenmistir. Ayrica, vakif kurumlarinda gorevli kisiler, zaviye ve cami vakiflarinin gelir-giderleri ve bu vakiflardan Turkiye Cumhuriyet donemine intikal edenler hakkinda bilgi verilmistir. Bu suretle vakiflarin Osmanli tasrasinda oynadigi rol ortaya konulmaya calisilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siran, vakif, zaviye, cami, Gumushane.

19. YYzyilin Baainda Osmanli Adliye Teekilatinin Yenilenme SSrecine Medeniyet Algisinin Etkisi (Perception of Civilization's Impact on the Reconstruction of Ottoman Judicial Organization at the Beginning of the 19th Century)

Turkish Abstract: Osmanli Devleti 19. Yuzyilin basinda hemen her kurumunda yenilik/reform hareketi baslatmistir. Bu hareketler kisa sure sonra Batililasma istegine donusmustur. Eski gunlere geri donme arayislari icinde, en sonunda “Bati gibi olmak zorundayiz” seklinde ozetlenen bir politika benimsenmistir. Bati’nin geldigi medeniyet seviyesine gelmenin, kurtulusun anahtari olacagini savunan devlet adamlarinin onculugunde, hemen her padisah, Bati medeniyetinin ulasmis oldugu seviyeye gelme arzusuyla, birtakim reformlar yapmistir. Bu dogrultuda Bati’dan bilim adamlari getirtilmis, Bati’yi gozlemlemesi icin devlet adamlari yurt disina gonderilmis, elci ve diplomatlardan raporlar hazirlamalari istenmis, Bati medeniyeti ithal edilmis, Batili devlet adamlarinin ve ulke icindeki elci ve diplomatlarin gorusleri dikkate alinmis ve en nihayetinde devletin yonu Bati’ya cevrilmistir. Batililasma, medeni olmayla esanlamli gorulmus ve yapilan yeniliklerle Bati’nin ulasmis oldugu seviyeye gelebilmek hedeflenmistir. 19. yuzyil reformlari tek tek incelendiginde, Bati’nin etkili oldugu veya Bati eksenli bir anlayis goze carpar. Boylece Bati medeniyetinde ortaya cikan insan haklari, yasama, mulkiyet ve haysiyet gibi kavramlarin, ozgurluk ve hurriyet kavramlariyla ic ice gectigi bir ortamda gerceklestirilmesine yonelik bir ideal ortaya cikmistir. Reform yanlisi devlet adamlarinin, medeniyetin olcusu olarak kabul ettikleri Avrupa toplumuna benzeme ideali olan Avrupalilasma ise, zaman zaman Batililasma yerine kullanilmistir. Bununla birlikte Avrupalilasma, medeniyet seviyesi ileri kabul edilen Bati’ya ve dolayisiyla Bati hukukuna dâhil olma cabasidir. Avrupalilasma, bu yonuyle 1815 Viyana Kongresi’nde dile getirilen “Avrupa Uyumu” projesinin kabul gormesinin ardindan hukukta da bir uyum saglama dusuncesinden kaynaklanmis bir kavram olarak yenilenme surecine dahil olmustur. Bu arastirmada Osmanli Adliye Teskilatinin yenilenme surecinde, medeniyet algisinin ne denli etkili oldugu, medeniyet algisina etki eden faktorlerin analizi ve 19. Yuzyil siyasi gelismeleriyle birlikte degerlendirilecektir.English Abstract: Ottoman Empire has begun innovations/reform movement in almost all institutions at the beginning of the 19th century. This movement soon turned into Westernization request. A policy that has been adopted summarized as we have to be like the West” in the quest to return to the old days, in the end. Almost every Sultan has made some reforms, with the desire to come to the level of Western civilization, under the leadership of statesmen argues that the key to salvation should be like Western civilization. In this respect, scientists have been brought from the West, statesmen were sent abroad to observe the West, were asked to prepare reports by ambassadors and diplomats, Western civilization has been imported, are considered opinions of Western statesmen and ambassadors and diplomats in the country,and ultimately the direction of the state is translated to the West. Westernization, has been seen as synonymous with be civilized and is aimed to come the level of the West have reached. When examined individually reforms of the 19th century, are noticeable West to be effective or an understanding of the Western axis. Thus has emerged an ideal for carrying with emerging concepts in Western civilization such as human rights, legislative property and dignity, are intertwined with concepts such as liberty and freedom. Europeanization reformminded statesmen, they accept as a measure of civilization is the ideal of society look like. was used in place Westernization from time to time. However, Europeanization is an effort that adopted advanced level of civilization in the West and therefore Western law to be involved. Europeanization has been included in renewal process as a concept stemmed also from the idea to adapt in law after acceptance of Project expressed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as European Integration. In this study, will be assessed that analysis of factors affecting the perception of civilization and political developments of the 19th century with how effective is the perception of civilization, in the process of renewal of the Ottoman Courthouse Organization.

<b>Mısır’da Osmanlı Hayranı Bir Entelektüel: Ahmet Şevki ve Fikirleri</b></br><i>An Ottoman Admirer Intellectual in Egypt: Ahmed Shawqi And His Ideas</i>

Oz Misir, dogu-bati guzergâhinin en onemli bolgesi olan Akdeniz havzasinin batiya acilan kapisi konumunda olmasindan her devirde buyuk devletlerin dikkatlerini uzerine cekmis ve ilgi odagi olmustur. Misir’in stratejik onemi, 19. yuzyila geldigimizde Fransa ve Ingiltere’nin bu ulkeye yonelik somurge faaliyetlerinin nedenini olusturmustur. Gerek Avrupa devletlerinin Misir’daki somurge faaliyetleri, gerekse Misir’in Osmanli Devleti’ne olan uzakligi bu ulkede cesitli fikir akimlarinin olusmasina da katki saglamistir. Ozellikle Misir aydinlarinin Osmanli hilafetine bakisi ve farkli milliyetcilik anlayislarinin ortaya cikmasi bunlardan birkacini olusturmustur. Misir ve bu ulkede yasayan entelektueller uzerinde Islamcilik ve milliyetciligin etkisi derinden hissedilmekte idi. Misir’daki entelektuellerden Ahmet Sevki’yi secmemizin nedeni, onun Turk asilli Arap olmasi ve yasadigi donemde II. Abdulhamit’e ve Osmanli hilafetine olan bagliligi idi. Bu donemde Misir’da milliyetcilik kavrami birkac farkli sekilde algilaniyordu. Ahmet Sevki’nin milliyetcilik anlayisi Osmanli Hilafetine Bagli Misir Milliyetciligi idi. Hilafete bagli oldugundan Islam Birligi dusuncesine sahip; Misir’a olan sevgisi yonuyle de milliyetci bir entelektuel olan Ahmet Sevki’nin Islam birligi dusuncesi ve milliyetci yonu bu calismanin ana konusunu olusturmaktadir. Abstract Egypt is in the position of the gateway of the Mediterranean basin to the West which is the most significant region of eastern-western route. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of big countries and has been a center of interest every era. The strategic importance of Egypt in 19th century always drew the high attention of France and Great Britain to exploit the area. Moreover; Egypt could not be totally attached to the Ottoman Empire because of the distance to the Sublime Porte. Both the distance to the Sublime Porte and the exploitation activities of European countries led to bring about different movement of thought in Egypt. Especially, the idea of Egyptian intellectuals to the Ottoman Empire and different nationalism approaches are some of these different movement of thought in Egypt. The effects of Islamism and Nationalism have been felt deeply especially by the intellectuals living in Egypt. The reason why Ahmad Shawqi was chosen among these intellectuals is that he was originally Turkish and was deeply attached to Abdulhamit II and to the caliphate during his life-time. The nationalism idea was being recognized in some different ways in Egypt at that time. The nationalism idea of Ahmad Shawqi was based on the Egyptian Nationalism attached to the Ottoman Caliphate. Ahmad Shawqi’s Union of Islam and Nationalism idea is the core of this study. Shawqi has got the Union of Islam idea since he was attached to the caliphate and is a nationalist intellectual because of his compassion to Egypt.

Klasik Türk Edebiyatında Ramazan Konulu Şiirler

OZET Islam dininin ibadetlerinden birisi, ayinda tutulan oructur. ayi, Turk milletinin hayatinda cok onemli bir yere sahiptir. Oyle ki, Osmanli Devleti doneminde, Turk mil/eti kendine mahsus bir Ramazan medeniyeti olusturmustur. Bu medeniyete ait izlerin bazilari, az da olsa, gunumuze kadar suregelmistir. Bu arastirmada Osmanli cografyasinda yasanan medeniyetinin edebiyat hayatimiza nasil yansidigindan bahsedilmistir. ABSTRACT One of the most important worships of the islamic religion is to fast in the month. The month has great significance in the life of Turkish nation. In that case, the Turkish natian created a Ramadan Civilization belonged to itself in the period of Ottoman Empire. Same rnins of this civilization, it can be very /ittle, have lasted up to our days. In this study, it is explained how to civilization lived in the Ottoman geography has impacted on our literary life.