Tiber Research Articles

A Europium Metal-Organic Framework and Its Polymer Composite Membrane as Switch-Off Fluorescence Sensors for Antibiotic Detection in Lake Water.

The detection of antibiotic residues is of great significance in monitoring their overuse in healthcare, livestock and poultry farming, and agricultural production. Herein, EuCl3 and 4,4'-dicarboxyl-diphenoxyethene (H2DPOE) ionothermally reacted in 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium chloride to give a europium metal-organic framework (Eu-DPOE). Eu-DPOE shows different fluorescence quenching rates for sensing eight antibiotics under different excitation wavelengths. Eu-DPOE displays a fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity in antibiotic detection by fluorescence quenching. Eu-DPOE can sensitively detect TCs (tetracyclines), NOR (norfloxacin), NFT (furazolidone), ODZ (ornidazole), SDZ (sulfadiazine), and CHL (chloramphenicol) with limits of detection below 0.5 μmol/L. It provides a convenient and rapid tool for sensing antibiotics in aqueous solution. The detection mechanism is a competition absorption between DPOE2- and antibiotics with the supports from powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-vis spectra, and fluorescence lifetime. With a composite membrane of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix loading Eu-DPOE (Eu-DPOE@PVDF), Eu-DPOE@PVDF exhibits a visual fluorescence response to NOR under a 254 nm UV lamp and NFT and CTC under 365 nm. Eu-DPOE@PVDF is applied in the quantitative detection of CTC, NOR, and NFT in lake water with recovery rates ranging from 88.37 to 113.8%. Totally, fluorescence-quenched Eu-DPOE@PVDF exhibits a fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity in sensing CTC, NOR, and NFT.

Kinetic constants and transformation products of ornidazole during ozonation

Ornidazole (ONZ), a nitroimidazole antibiotic detected in water bodies, may negatively impact the aquatic ecosystem. Its reaction kinetics during ozonation which is a feasible and applicable technology to control the contamination of emerging contaminants, however, has not been reported in literature. In this study, we measured the apparent second-order kinetic constant of ONZ with ozone molecules via the excessive ozone method and the competing method which led to an average value of 103.8 ± 2.7 M−1 s−1 at pH 7. The apparent second-order kinetic constant of ONZ with HO• was calculated to be 4.65 × 109 M−1 s−1 with the concept of Rct measured via para-chlorobenzoic acid as a probe. The transformation products (TPs) of ONZ during ozonation at pH 3 and pH 11 were separately analyzed with HPLC-MS/MS and some unique products were found at pH 11, reflecting the influence of HO•. The toxicity of individual TPs was predicted with the tool of T.E.S.T. It was found that 62% of 21 identified TPs could be more toxic than ONZ in terms of at least one acute toxicity endpoint, including chlorinated amines and N-oxides. The analysis with a respirometer further revealed that the toxicity of mixing TPs generated at HO• rich conditions was slightly lower than O3 dominated conditions. In general, this study provides the basic kinetic data for designing ozonation processes to eliminate ONZ and the important reference for understanding the toxicity evolution of ONZ during ozonation.

Identification and quantification of polystyrene microplastics in marine sediments facing a river mouth through NMR spectroscopy

Accurate identification and quantification of microplastic pollution in marine sediments are crucial for assessing their ecological impact. In this study, we explored the potential of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as an analytical tool for the analysis of microplastics in complex environmental matrices such as marine sediments. Two common plastic polymers, polystyrene (PS) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), were investigated. The marine sediments facing the Tiber River mouth (Italy) were collected according to a bathymetric gradient. Results demonstrated the successful detection and quantification of PS in all sediment samples (within a range of 12.3–64.6 μg/L), while no ABS significant signals were found. An increment trend with depth was observed in the PS signal, relatable to its physicochemical properties and the Tiber River plume hydrodynamic characteristics. The NMR's non-destructive nature and minimal sample preparation represent a promising avenue for standardizing protocols to assess the microplastic distribution and impact in marine sediments.

Self-assembled cobalt disulfide-graphene oxide composite for efficient and environmentally friendly removal of antibiotic ornidazole through PMS activation

In this study, a highly active peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator was prepared by the self-assembly of cobalt disulphide (CoS2) nanoparticles on the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets using a simple electrostatic self-assembly method. The catalysts were characterized, and their ability to activate PMS to eliminate ornidazole (ORZ) was assessed. Degradation experiments showed that the CoS2−GO/PMS system exhibited excellent ORZ degradation performance, removing 99.7 % of ORZ in 10 min. In four consecutive cycles, the reduction rate of ORZ removal by the composite catalyst decreased by only 1.8 %. Both radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that sulfate radical (SO4•-) and superoxide radical (O2•-) contributed to the major reactive oxygen species (ROS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that the sulfur (S) species in CoS2 played an important role in the Co(III)/Co(II) cycle, driving the catalyst to exhibit excellent PMS activation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to determine the possible decomposition processes and identify the intermediates of the ORZ medium. Remarkably, the biotoxicity assessment of degraded intermediates analyzed by ECOSAR software indicated the environmentally friendly features of the degradation process.

An electrochemical sensor based on Pt/α-Fe2O3@RGO nanocomposites for selective detection of the drug ornidazole (ORD) in environmental samples

The widespread use of antibiotics for humans and animals leads to the contamination of the water environments. ORD is one of the drugs widely used to treat anaerobic bacterial and protozoal infections. For that, their excessive doses or discharge erroneously be caused serious health issues and facilitate the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Thus, several studies have been developed to monitor the contamination of environmental samples with pharmaceutical products. In this work, a Pt/α-Fe2O3@RGO nanocomposite was synthesized for the rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of ORD. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the prepared nanocomposite. The electrochemical performance of the constructed electrode was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The obtained results indicate that the Pt/α-Fe2O3@RGO nanocomposite achieves excellent electrocatalytic conductivity and rapid electron transfer for the detection of ORD, good reproducibility, storage stability, and reliable selectivity. Additionally, the detection limit of the developed sensor was 15 nM with a sensitivity of 0.277 µA µM−1 cm−2.

Multi-response luminescent sensor with phenylenediacetic acid and bis-triazole ligand for the detection of Cr(VI), Fe(III) and nitroimidazole antibiotics in aqueous solutions

A novel complex of [Zn(L)(HEA)]n (1) has been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method based on the double ligands of H2HEA (H2HEA = 1,2-Phenylenediacetic acid) and L (L = 1,1′-((2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-phenylene)bis(methylene))bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole)). The single crystal structure of the complex was analyzed by X-ray single crystal diffraction, indicating that complex 1 was stacked into a 3D crystal structure through intermolecular π···π and C-H···π weak interaction. The complex was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, PXRD and TGA. Additionally, fluorescence experiments showed that complex 1 could be used as a fluorescent probe for detecting Fe(III), Cr(VI), and Metronidazole (MDZ), Ornidazole (ODZ), Dimetridazole (DTZ) in aqueous solutions. Detection limits were obtained for ions (3.2×10−7 M for Cr2O72−, 5.4×10−7 M for CrO42− and 3.6 × 10−7 M for Fe3+) and nitroimidazole antibiotics (1.3×10−7 M for MDZ, 9.7×10−8 M for ODZ and 4.4×10−8 M for DTZ). The possible fluorescence quenching mechanism has been studied in the paper.

The role of residual risk on flood damage assessment: A continuous hydrologic-hydraulic modelling approach for the historical city of Rome, Italy

Study regionThe municipality of Rome (Italy) and the Middle Tiber River valley. Study focusOrdinary and residual flood risk assessment is a crucial topic in hydrology with a variety of practical implications for improving the extreme event management. Nowadays and in such context, the continuous hydrological-hydraulic modelling is an emerging approach and this study supports the conclusion that it can provide a very informative flood risk assessment. Moreover, when the study domain includes relevant and very expensive historical centers, like Rome, such methodology allows for a complete characterization of the risk providing the necessary information for decision-makers. New hydrological insights for the regionIn the present work we illustrate an exhaustive flood risk assessment, quantifying the benefits of applying the hydrologic-hydraulic continuous modelling approach. Specifically, we verify that in the city of Rome flooding begins with events of 175 years return period which generates damage of hundreds of million euro. The flood-damage relationship as a function of return period, then, grows linearly up to floods with a return period of around 350 years, for which the majority of the historical town is flooded; then the estimated damages keep growing with the return period to reach a damage of about ten billion euros for 500 years flood events.

Solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of glucocorticoids in environmental waters using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

This paper illustrates an enrichment procedure based on the combination of solid phase extraction (SPE) with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the determination of ng/L concentration levels of glucocorticoids in river water samples. In SPE-DLLME, the target analytes were adsorbed by loading a large volume sample (200 mL) into an OASIS HLB cartridge (60 mg). After their desorption with a small volume of ethyl acetate (500 µL), this eluate was used as the dispersant in the following DLLME, performed on 5 mL of water, using a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM) as the extractant (100 µL). The LTTM was obtained by the heat-mixing of choline chloride and sesamol in a molar ratio 1:3 (ChCl:Ses, 1:3); when cooled, it was liquid at room temperature, denser than water and immiscible with it. The SPE-DLLME approach significantly limits the use of high volumes of organic solvents, avoids the evaporation step, and allows one to achieve an enrichment factor greater than 2500. All extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Eleven glucocorticoids, including the epimers dexamethasone/betamethasone, were separated on a polysaccharide-based column, based on cellulose tris(3‑chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) chiral selector. Recoveries ranged from 68 to 100% (spike level of 5 and 20 ng/L), with a LOD of 0.21-1.39 ng/L and a LOQ of 0.69-4.17 ng/L. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision were lower than 15%. After optimization and complete validation, the method was applied to analyze surface water samples, taken from River Tiber, to evaluate the effective applicability of the procedure and to establish the contamination levels for these substances.

Physicochemical considerations in the formulation development of silicone elastomer vaginal rings releasing 5-nitroimidazole drugs for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common dysbiosis of the human vaginal microbiota characterized by depletion of hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid-producing Lactobacillus bacteria and an overgrowth of certain facultative anaerobic bacteria. Although short-term cure rates following treatment with frontline antibiotics (most notably oral metronidazole (MNZ), clindamycin vaginal cream, and MNZ vaginal gel) are generally high, longer-term recurrence rates are an issue. The development of vaginal formulations offering continuous/sustained administration of antibiotic drugs over one or more weeks might prove useful in reducing recurrence. Here, we report the manufacture and preclinical testing of matrix-type vaginal rings offering sustained release of four 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial drugs either being used clinically or having potential in treatment of BV – MNZ, tinidazole (TNZ), secnidazole (SNZ) and ornidazole (ONZ). All four drugs showed good compatibility with a medical-grade addition-cure silicone elastomer based upon thermal analysis experiments, and matrix-type rings containing 250 mg (3.125 %w/w) of each drug were successfully manufactured by reaction injection molding. 28-day in vitro drug release studies demonstrated root-time kinetics, with daily release rates of 25, 22, 9 and 6 mg/day½ for SNZ, ONZ, MNZ and TNZ, respectively. The rank order of drug release from rings correlated with the simple molecular permeability parameter S/V, where S is the measured drug solubility in silicone fluid and V is the drug molecular volume. The relative merits of SNZ and ONZ over MNZ (the current reference treatment) are discussed. The data support development of vaginal rings for sustained release of 5-nitroimidazole compounds for treatment of BV.

Scheming the best metal tungstate laden on boron nitride: Budding en route for electrochemical sensing of ornidazole

Due to the shape, high active surface area, and defective sites among other factors, the fabrication of shape-influenced nanoparticles across the surface of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) promotes electrocatalytic activity. To achieve this, cobalt tungstate (CoWO4), lead tungstate (PbWO4), copper tungstate (CuWO4), barium tungstate (BaWO4), calcium tungstate (CaWO4), and cobalt tungstate (CoWO4) on chemically exfoliated boron nitride (CE-BN) on GCE are prepared and used for micromolar level detection of pharmaceutical compound namely ornidazole (OZ). We compared the tungstates for electrochemical OZ sensing to examine the effect of shape. Various microscopic and spectroscopic methods were used to characterize the physicochemical characteristics of synthetic materials. These investigations resulted in CoWO4/CE-BN being created solely and with the best reaction without any intervention. Furthermore, when exposed to room temperature at an ideal working buffer pH of 7.0, CoWO4/CE-BN/GCE exhibits greater reduction behavior in comparison to other tungstate electrodes. It is interesting to note that the electrode was able to generate a larger linear response (0.04 to 122.18 µM) with greater sensitivity (1.0225 µA µM−1 cm−2) and a lower micromolar detection limit (0.002 µM). The proposed sensor possesses outstanding selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, reversibility, and storage stability according to the practicability study using digital pulse voltammetry (DPV). Additionally, the examination of a lake water sample was completed with higher recovery outcomes.

Ghost Mines for Geoheritage Enhancement in the Umbria Region (Central Italy)

The paper proposes a method to valorize abandoned mines whose traces were lost in the territory and in the collective memory. We selected two case studies in the Umbria region (central Italy) that were used as examples. The evidence of the presence of lignite mines on the Upper Tiber River Valley (northern Umbria) has been completely erased, and since they were located in rural areas, they represent an interesting challenge regarding recovering the memory of the places and proposing a no-longer-existent site as a geosite. The recovery and valorization of historical documents of the two lignite mines (Caiperino–Terranera and Carsuga) and their conversion into a digital format was carried out before constructing a geolocalized database in a GIS environment. This framework is the starting point for a promising dissemination process via a digital media app, using multimedia contents as video, 3D models and the principles of augmented reality (AR) to enhance the touristic or didactic experience and promote the cultural heritage of the territory by keeping the memory of ’ghost places’.

Hydrothermal synthesis of cobalt germanium oxide supported with carbon-based graphitic carbon nitride for electrochemical determination of ornidazole

In recent decades, nitroimidazole derivatives have played an effectual role against bacterial and protozoan infections that can be used as anti-cancer and antibiotic drugs. Ornidazole (ORD) consists of a major 5-imidazole nucleus which complements to first nitro groups, ORD invades into lipid tissue and other nitroimidazole derivatives. The periodic intake of ORD orally causes side effects of headache, nausea, vomiting, and breathing difficulties such effects need potential monitoring and develop essential electrochemical sensing toward ORD. In this study, we developed a ternary cobalt germanium oxide (Co2GeO4) nanoparticle prepared by a facile hydrothermal method and followed by calcination. The carbon-based graphitic carbon nitride (GCN, g-C3N4) nanosheets were therefore supported for electrochemical sensing applications in order to improve the features like the catalytic activity, electrical conductivity, and active surface area of Co2GeO4 composites. The structural, chemical composition, and morphological properties of samples were characterized. Subsequently, the fabrication of cobalt germanium oxide with graphitic carbon nitride (Co2GeO4/GCN) was modified over a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) towards electrochemical detection of ORD. Electrochemical measurements were recorded by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for the determination of ORD. The Co2GeO4/GCN nanocomposite exhibits a wide linear range response of 0.049–94.9 μM in DPV with a nanomolar limit of detection of 7.2 nM of ORD and a high sensitivity of 2.66 µA µM−1 cm−2. An interference study was carried out for the Co2GeO4/GCN nanocomposite in the existence of hazardous metals, biological compounds, and similar drugs for examining the selectivity of the sensor. The proposed Co2GeO4/GCN nanocomposite reveals superior sensing selectivity towards ORD; hence, repeatability, reproducibility, and storage stability were recorded in their RSD and found to be less than 0.4%, adding to this practical feasibility of the sensor analyzed by real samples of blood serum & human urine with exceptional recovery percentages.

Boosted electrocatalytic activity of in situ oxidized and surface covered crednerite CuMnO2/carbon nanofibers nanocomposite for ornidazole sensor

A large number of antibiotics used as additives with feedstocks to promote the production capacity in cattle rearing and poultry farming are finally abandoned in the environment. Hence, the tracing of such antibiotics from the route is vital to environmental safety. Herein, the crednerite CuMnO2 and CuMnO2/CNFs nanocomposite were prepared by one-pot synthesis. The CNFs in precursor solution have been sonicated and the crednerite CuMnO2 was grown on CNFs hydrothermally with in-situ oxidation of CNFs. The as-prepared CuMnO2/CNFs covered glassy carbon electrode (GCE) reached a sensing range of 0.01 to 350 μM to ornidazole (ORD) antibiotics in the laboratory solution. The articulated detection limit of CuMnO2/CNFs/GCE to ORD and sensitivity are 0.21 nM and 0.511 μA μM−1 cm−2 respectively. Furthermore, the CuMnO2/CNFs nanocomposite has been tested for ORD in real samples and retrieved responses at a minimum of 90% in food, environmental and biological samples.

A Water-Stable 3D Eu(III)-Organic Framework as a Bi-Functional Ratiometric Luminescent Sensor for Fast, Sensitive and Selective Detection of ODZ and Hg2+ in Aqueous Media

The fast, sensitive and selective detection of some antibiotics and heavy metal cations in water is highly desirable for environmental protection and human health, but it is still currently challenging. In this work, a new luminescent Eu(III)-based metal-organic framework (MOF), {[(CH3)2NH2][Eu(L)2(H2O)2]·xDMF}n (1) [H2L = 4,4’-((naphthalene-1,4-dicarbonyl)bis(azanediyl))dibenzoic acid], was solvothermally synthesized. Complex 1 exhibits good water stability and luminescent property and could serve as a bifunctional ratiometric luminescent sensor for fast, sensitive and selective detection of ornidazole (ODZ) and Hg2+ in aqueous solution. The corresponding luminescent mechanism has also been discussed. This work indicates that 1 as a promising luminescent material exhibits luminescent quenching behavior for ODZ and luminescent enhancement behavior for Hg2+ in H2O, which will promote the practical application of Ln-MOF-based ratiometric luminescent sensors in monitoring antibiotics and metal ions pollutants in the environmental water matrices.

Electrochemical detection of ornidazole in commercial milk and water samples using an electrode based on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cellulose separated from Phoenix dactylifera seed

The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to the control of disease and the nutritional well-being of livestock. Antibiotics reach the environment via excretions (urine and feces) from human and domestic animals, through non proper disposal or handling of unused drugs. The present study describes a green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) using cellulose extracted from Phoenix dactylifera seed powder via mechanical stirrer method for the electroanalytical determination of ornidazole (ODZ) in milk and water samples. The cellulose extract is used as the reducing and stabilizer agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV–Vis, SEM and EDX, presenting a spherical shape and an average size of 48.6 nm. The electrochemical sensor (AgNPs/CPE) was fabricated by dipping a carbon paste electrode (CPE) in the AgNPs colloidal solution. The sensor shows acceptable linearity with ODZ concentration in the linear range from 1.0 × 10−5 to 1.0 × 10−3 M with a limit of detection (LOD =3S/P) and quantification (LOQ =10S/P) of 7.58 × 10−7 M and 2.08 × 10−6 M respectively.

Fabrication of an Electrochemical Sensor Based on Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized by Phoenix dactylifera Seed Oils for the Determination of Ornidazole in Milk Samples

AbstractIn this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) were synthesized using AgNO3 through a simple route using bio‐oil obtained from flash pyrolysis of Phoenix dactylifera seed powder as reducing as well as capping agent. The acquired bio‐oil was characterized by FT‐IR and GC–mass spectrometry. Besides, the main objective of this study is to construct a highly sensitive sensor to detect ornidazole (ODZ) in real samples. The sensor was elaborated by using carbon paste electrode modified with the synthesized Ag‐NPs (Ag‐NPs /CPE). The synthesized Ag‐NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐Visible (UV‐vis). The resulting sensor demonstrates a significant shift in ODZ reduction peak toward more positive potential (−0.257 V .vs Ag/AgCl) compared to the unmodified CPE (−0.561 V .vs Ag/AgCl). The ODZ peak reduction current Ipc varies linearly with ODZ concentration in the range of 8.0×10−6 to 1.0×10−3 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 9.76×10−7 mol L−1. The proposed method has been successfully used to determine ODZ in milk sample with satisfactory results.

Low-temperature molten-salt synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles grown on MXene can rapidly remove ornidazole via peroxymonosulfate activation

We further developed previous work on MXene materials prepared using molten salt methodology. We substituted single, with mixed salts, and reduced the melting point from >724 °C to <360 °C. Cobalt (Co) compounds were simultaneously etched and doped while the MXene material was created using various techniques in which Co compounds occur as Co3O4. The synthesized Co3O4/MXene compound was used as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator that would generate free radicals to degrade antibiotic ornidazole (ONZ). Under optimal conditions, almost 100% of ONZ (30 mg/L) was degraded within 10 min. The Co3O4/MXene + PMS system efficiently degraded ONZ in natural water bodies, and had a broad pH adaptation range (4–11), and strong anion anti-interference. We investigated how the four active substances were generated using radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We identified 12 ONZ intermediates by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and propose a plausible degradative mechanism.

Place Identity in Defining Urban Space of Border Rivers in Historical City Centres

In the city, building space could transform to be as place, because architecture does not include only traditional values such as housing, human protection, stability, etc, but could carry other dimensions beyond the housing or building occupancy or develop urban design. Rivers had vision in motion as a way to show dynamic processes in its flowing slowly, which are simply measured in time and the life of citizens. The research consider the river path in traditional cities as Alley connecting the spaces of the city ... old Baghdad was characterized by this property and it is look like Venice in the past, while traditional European cities were able to preserve this property till now, and capable to take transformation of the city with development projects inside it. These cities was distinguished by development of river edge as creating place along the river corridor and try to attract peoples who lived in, protect the natural environment along the river, as well as reflect the characteristics of the city along of the elevation of the river, and conserve the river banks as alley connected between urban spaces. Baghdad which penetrates by Tigris River has maintained this feature until the middle of twentieth century. So now, the research can see the absence of specialized local studies, including The comprehensive development plan of the Baghdad city 2030 to study and Re design the spaces and places along river edge, this led to emerge research problem, in the absence of specific knowledge about identity of river space characteristics for identification of urban space in place of the Tigris River in downtown of Baghdad historical city center, in the urban development plans since the mid-twentieth century until now, and study design factors that contributed with disintegration of the space syntax relations in river elevation. Turning to the experience of historical European cities and how to deal with urban space to the edge of the river and created the identity of the place, especially the interface development experience the (Seine river in Paris, Thames River in London, Tiber River in Rome, Danube River in Vienna &amp; Budapest, Vltava river in Prague) and study urban style in dealing with the river edge, in order to reach the elements which define the identity of each city. In order to reach the aim of research in redefining the identity of places for urban spaces overlooking to integrate the banks of Tigris River in the historical city centre of Baghdad, and the methods of linking the development of river front with the comprehensive development plan of the Baghdad city 2030.

A robust approach for the derivation of rating curves using minimum gauging data

Rating curves are robust tools for continuously evaluating streamflows by gauging water levels. This paper introduces a procedure to derive rating curves by combining a stage-discharge relationship proposed by Maghrebi et al. and the inverse-distance weighting (IDW) method. In order to determine the appropriate value of the α parameter in IDW, a trial-and-error procedure using different values of α from 0 to 5 is implemented. To this end, 2000 subsamples in different sizes selected randomly from the observed data of four cross-sections are generated, and the corresponding rating curves are delivered. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the root mean square error (RMSE) are used to evaluate the results. The results from four cross-sections demonstrated that α = 0 corresponds to the least favorable results, while α = 1 is the most appropriate value. The Maximum MAPE and RMSE, observed in the Trent River section, were 22.5 % and 13.1 m3/s using Maghrebi’s relation, respectively. These values decreased to 13.5 % and 8.6 m3/s when applying the proposed method using 7 points. Additional cross-sections from the Tiber River are used to validate the method and to compare it with the classical model. The results demonstrated that MAPE and RMSE values are reduced with increasing sample size, and the proposed model outperforms the classical one for small sample sizes. RMSE values declined from 62, 27.4, 46, 76.7 m3/s to 32.8, 14.4, 23.5, 33.9 m3/s using seven observed points in Ponte Nuovo, Santa Lucia, Ponte Felcino, and Ponte Rosciano cross-sections, respectively. The proposed model illustrated a notable decline in the uncertainty bands, which diminished significantly with increasing sample sizes. The proposed method is advantageous in constructing rating curves in new sites, specifically in the case of limited funding, and building more reliable rating curves in gauged sites.

Another legend, recorded by Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus, says that Prince Aeneas led a group of Trojans on a sea voyage to found a new Troy, since the original was destroyed at the end of the Trojan War. After a long time in rough seas, they landed on the banks of the Tiber River. Not long after they landed,

Another legend, recorded by Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus, says that Prince Aeneas led a group of Trojans on a sea voyage to found a new Troy, since the original was destroyed at the end of the Trojan War. After a long time in rough seas, they landed on the banks of the Tiber River. Not long after they landed,