Low-temperature molten-salt synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles grown on MXene can rapidly remove ornidazole via peroxymonosulfate activation

Abstract

We further developed previous work on MXene materials prepared using molten salt methodology. We substituted single, with mixed salts, and reduced the melting point from >724 °C to <360 °C. Cobalt (Co) compounds were simultaneously etched and doped while the MXene material was created using various techniques in which Co compounds occur as Co3O4. The synthesized Co3O4/MXene compound was used as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator that would generate free radicals to degrade antibiotic ornidazole (ONZ). Under optimal conditions, almost 100% of ONZ (30 mg/L) was degraded within 10 min. The Co3O4/MXene + PMS system efficiently degraded ONZ in natural water bodies, and had a broad pH adaptation range (4–11), and strong anion anti-interference. We investigated how the four active substances were generated using radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We identified 12 ONZ intermediates by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and propose a plausible degradative mechanism.