Original Spelling Research Articles

Odontalgus dongbaiensis sp. n. from eastern China, and a world catalog of <br />Odontalgini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

Odontalgus dongbaiensis Yin and Zhao, new species is described from the eastern Chinese province of Zhejiang. This represents the first record of the tribe Odontalgini Jeannel, 1949 in China. The habitus, foveal pattern, and major diagnostic characters of the new species are illustrated, and the new species is diagnosed and compared with related congeners. A catalog of the world genera and species of Odontalgini is provided, with a full bibliography of the original descriptions and synonyms. Data on the type locality, type depository, and world distribution of each species are given. Odontalgus gracilides Newton, new replacement name, is proposed for O. gracilis Jeannel, 1964, which is a primary junior homonym of O. gracilis Raffray, 1904. Odontalgus vespertinus rhodesiae Jeannel, 1951 is synonymized with O. vespertinus Raffray, 1877, new synonym. Odontalgus rugulosus Jeannel, 1957 is selected as the correct original spelling of this species. Currently the Odontalgini contains fifty-six species and three subspecies grouped in five genera, with a disjunct distribution in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions, Korea, Japan, and Australia.

Corrigendum: Redescription of Nemachilichthys rueppelli, a senior synonym of N. shimogensis (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae).

In Keskar et al. (2015) we emended the original name Cobitis rupelli Sykes, 1839, because Sykes (1839) specifically mentions that the species was named after Rüppell. The specific epithet 'rupelli', with a single 'p', is an incorrect original spelling and should be emended into 'ruppelli' as required by Article 32.5 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). However, citing Art 32.5.2.1, we also suggested that because Sykes (1839) named the species after Rüppell, the umlaut 'ü' should be corrected to 'ue' and that the specific epithet should thus be 'rueppelli'. This is an error. Sykes (1839) did not use 'ü' in the original spelling of the species epithet rupelli: hence changing it to 'ue' is incorrect. Therefore, the correct spelling for the species should be 'Nemachilichthys ruppelli', a change that should be reflected in the title and in the rest of the text of Keskar et al. (2015).

Nemachilichthys ruppelli (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) and the proper correction of the German umlaut.

In a re-description of the South Asian fish species Nemachilichthys ruppelli (Sykes, 1839a) Keskar et al. (2015) noticed-as also pointed out by Kottelat (2012)-that the original spelling of the species name was rupelli [actually: Rupelli, with regular font and capital R], but that information in Sykes (1839a: 162) showed clearly that the species was named for [Eduard] Rüppell with the explicit dedication "I have dedicated this beautiful little fish to Rüppell, who did me the favor to look over my drawings ..." Rüppell is also mentioned twice on page 159. Sykes's (1839a) paper was reprinted in Sykes (1839b) with exactly the same spelling, but there the species name appears in italics. A third publication by Sykes (1841), based on the same material, also uses the spelling Rupelli for the species, but does not mention Rüppell.

Swedification patterns of Latin and Greek affixes in clinical text

Swedish medical language is rich with Latin and Greek terminology which has undergone a Swedification since the 1980s. However, many original expressions are still used by clinical professionals. The goal of this study is to obtain precise quantitative measures of how the foreign terminology is manifested in Swedish clinical text. To this end, we explore the use of Latin and Greek affixes in Swedish medical texts in three genres: clinical text, scientific medical text and online medical information for laypersons. More specifically, we use frequency lists derived from tokenised Swedish medical corpora in the three domains, and extract word pairs belonging to types that display both the original and Swedified spellings. We describe six distinct patterns explaining the variation in the usage of Latin and Greek affixes in clinical text. The results show that to a large extent affixes in clinical text are Swedified and that prefixes are used more conservatively than suffixes.

The “Other” Robert Bloomfield: “To Immagination” (1800) and the Quest for an Authentic Poetic Voice

ANDREW RUDD The “Other” Robert Bloomfield: “To Immagination” (1800) and the Quest for an Authentic Poetic Voice T he opening of robert Bloomfield’s the farmer’s boy: a rural poem (1800) tells the reader very emphatically what sort of poem it is not: No deeds of arms my humble lines rehearse; No Alpine wonders thunder through my verse, The roaring cataract, the snow-topt hill, Inspiring awe, till breath itself stands still; Nature’s sublime scenes ne’er charm’d mine eyes, Nor Science led me through the boundless skies[.] Instead, it promises to depict “meaner objects” and “retrace the paths of wild obscurity,” positioning its author as someone whose principal con­ cerns are rural life and labor, who has not traveled to witness exotic natural wonders, who is not well educated and who, in both senses of the term, knows his place. This is the image of Bloomfield that Wordsworth and Coleridge responded to so enthusiastically when they read parts of the poem in the Summer of 1800.1 It is still the received idea ofBloomfield for An earlier version of this essay was delivered as a talk at the Robert Bloomfield Society and subsequently published in the Robert Bloomfield Society Newsletter, Spring 2012. I am grateful to the Society for their initial invitation and for permission to republish the material in expanded form. 1. Bloomfield, The Farmer’s Boy; a Rural Poem (London: Vernor & Hood, 1800), 95. For Wordsworth and Coleridge’s reaction to The Farmer’s Boy (in a letter from Coleridge to James Webbe Tobin), see Simon White, Robert Bloomfield, Romanticism and the Poetry of Com­ munity (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), 1. SiR, 55 (Summer 2016) 239 240 ANDREW RUDD many of his readers and not unreasonably so, given that, at first glance, ru­ ral themes underpin the majority of his poetic output, from Rural Tales, Ballads, and Songs (1802), Good News; or, Tidingsfrom the Farm (1804), Wild Flowers (1806) to The Banks of Wye (1811) and May-Day with the Muses (1822), his last published collection. Insofar as Bloomfield is known to the general reader at all, he is still likely to be categorized as a “rustic” versifier of the English countryside. Yet a very different Bloomfield emerges in “To Inimagination,” a roughly contemporaneous but unpublished poem brought to light and ana­ lyzed in 2009 by Tim Fulford.2 Here, Bloomfield seemingly goes out of his way to include all the elements he chose to reject from The Farmer’s Boy: “To Immagination” does describe scenes of conquest and deeds of arms; it does depict mountainous wonders; and, at its climax, it does transport the reader to the “sublime scenes” of Niagara Falls. The reader may well ask: was Bloomfield the poet interested in such grandiose spectacles or was he not? Which poem represents the “real” Bloomfield? These are increasingly important questions given the valuable recovery work that has taken place in relation to the laboring-class literary tradition by John Goodndge, Bridget Keegan, William Christmas, and numerous others.1 Where once laboring-class authors might have been regarded as writing with a broadly cohesive sense of purpose on the basis of their shared social backgrounds, recent scholarship emphasizes the individual differences between authors and the multiplicity of ways in which laboring-class writers could engage with, vary, or reject established canons of polite taste; as Goodridge writes in the introduction to the seminal anthology Eighteenth-Century English Laboring-Class Poets (2003), “one thing these writers have rarely been al­ lowed is simply to be poets.”'1 In “To Immagination,” a close reading ofwhich will form the main sub2 . Fulford, “To ‘crown with glory the romantick scene’: Robert Bloomfield’s 'To Immagination’ and the Discourse of Romanticism,” Romanticism 15, no. 2 (July 2009): 181200 . The poem appears in “Poems and Papers of Robert Bloomfield, of Honington, the shoemaker poet, and of Charles, his eldest son; 1791-1825,” BL Add. MS 30809 tf. 1-7. “Market Night” follows on If. 8—9. Subsequent references to the poem will be from this edi­ tion and cited in the text. The original spelling and punctuation from the MS have been re­ tained. 3. Goodridge, Rural Life in Eighteenth-Century...

Rescuing the Albany Records from the Fire: Redeeming Francis Adrian van der Kemp’s Notorious Attempt to Translate the Records of New Netherland

New York History Summer / Fall 2015© 2015 by The New York State Historical Association 354 Rescuing the Albany Records from the Fire: Redeeming Francis Adrian van der Kemp’s Notorious Attempt to Translate the Records of New Netherland Peter D. Van Cleave Francis Adrian van der Kemp assumed he would eventually go blind. In January of 1817, Governor De Witt Clinton asked Van der Kemp, a sixty-five-year-old Dutch expatriate, to translate the records of the New Netherland colony. Van der Kemp took immense pride in the project, which came to be known as the Albany Records, feeling “duty bound” to bring the history of the Dutch in America to a wider audience. He worked tirelessly on the Records for the next four years. When he turned in the last volume in 1822, Van der Kemp had produced twenty-four folio volumes and 10,206 pages of text.1 Having spent the better part of the last four years hunched over a moldering pile of documents “without the aid of a magnifying glass,” a process he described as “often literally a decyphering of Hieroglyphicks,” Van der Kemp knew his sight had not kept up with his spirit.2 The treatment he sought to relieve his eye pain, essentially allowing a doctor to pour poison in his eyes, did not help much either.3 Yet he took solace in the fact that his 1. Quote from Francis Adrian van der Kemp to J. V. N. Yates, 22 July 1822, Simon Gratz Autograph Collection, Case 8 Box 19, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. For an account of the records, see J. V. N. Yates to De Witt Clinton, 21 July 1825, De Witt Clinton Papers, Volume XIII, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York. The most detailed overview of the translation project is Arnold Johan Ferdinand van Laer, “The Translation and Publication of the Manuscript Dutch Records of New Netherland: With an Account of Previous Attempts at Translation,” Education Department Bulletin, New York State Library Bibliography 46, No. 462 (1 January 1910), New York State Library: 5–28. 2. Francis Adrian van der Kemp to John Lincklaen, 27 April 1818, Van der Kemp Collection, NewYork Historical Society. I have elected to retain the original spelling in quoted material, and will only indicate discrepancies where absolutely necessary to provide clarification. 3. The treatment of poison Van der Kemp used was belladonna. For the treatment, see Van der Kemp to John Adams, 24 June 1819, Francis Adrian Van der Kemp Collection, 1781–1829: Letters of John Adams and John Quincy Adams, 1781–1829, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Another description of the treatment can be found in Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America (New York: Vintage, 2004). Van Cleave Rescuing the Albany Records from the Fire 355 fellow New Yorkers would now know the role the Dutch had played in their state’s founding. For Van der Kemp, sight was a small price to pay. Although he complained of poor vision until his death in 1829, he never lost his eyesight and in the years afterward, scholars frequently used Van der Kemp’s translations. Unfortunately, his effort far outpaced his quality. Scholars who consulted the Albany Records agreed that they were problematic at best. E. B. O’Callaghan, writing in 1865, recommended that the documents “ought to be translated anew” since they were “not only incorrect and unreliable but incomplete,” with “several parts and pages of the original having been left untranslated.”4 In 1910, A. J. F. van Laer declared the Records “absolutely worthless for critical historical work” and summed up the effort as “so poor that it need not be considered at all.”5 In 1911, a fire broke out in the New York State Capitol. Amongst the documents that succumbed to the flames were the Records, an act that some, certainly Van Laer, considered a divine public service. The lack of documents led to a brief period of praise for Van der Kemp’s efforts. Harry Jackson commented that the actual quality of the translations “will probably never be...

A companion to Part 2 of the World Checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida): Laniatores - Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea and Grassatores incertae sedis.

BackgroundA series of databases is being prepared to list the valid species of Opiliones worldwide. This paper containing nomenclatural acts is meant to accompany Part 2, which includes the members of the infraorder Grassatores of the superfamilies Samooidea and Zalmoxoidea plus the Grassatores currently not allocated to any family (i.e. Grassatores incertae sedis).New informationThe following 32 taxonomic changes are proposed here:(1-3) The Afrotropical genera Hovanoceros Lawrence, 1959, Malgaceros Lawrence, 1959 and Tetebius Roewer, 1949 (all currently in Samoidae) are all newly transferred to Biantidae.(4-5) Microminua soerenseni Soares & Soares, 1954, from Brazil is newly transferred to Tibangara (Gonyleptoidea: Cryptogeobiidae), newly combined as Tibangara soerenseni new comb., new familial allocation for the species.(6-7) The new genus Llaguenia Gen. nov is erected for the South American species Zamora peruviana Roewer, 1956, newly combined as Llaguenia peruviana new comb., and newly placed in Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae (Prostygninae).(8) Bebedoura Roewer, 1949, known from a single Brazilian species, is transferred from Tricommatinae to Grassatores incertae sedis.(9) Microconomma Roewer, 1915, known from a single Cameroonian species, is transferred from Samoidae to Grassatores incertae sedis.(10) Stygnomimus Roewer, 1927, with two Indomalayan species and hitherto included in the Stygnommatidae, is here formally considered Grassatores incertae sedis.(11) Bichito González-Sponga, 1998, known from a single Venezuelan species, originally described in Phalangodidae: Phalangodinae, and currently in Grassatores incertae sedis is transferred to Samoidae.(12) The Neotropical genus Microminua Sørensen, 1932, currently with two species, is newly transferred from Kimulidae to Samoidae.(13-14) Cornigera González-Sponga, 1987 (currently in Samoidae), is newly considered a junior subjective synonym of Microminua, and its single species is combined under Microminua as Microminua flava (González-Sponga, 1987) new comb.(15) Niquitaia González-Sponga, 1999 (originally in Phalangodidae: Phalangodinae, currently in Zalmoxidae), monotypic from Venezuela, is newly transferred to Samoidae.(16) Heteroscotolemon Roewer, 1912 originally described in Phalangodidae: Phalangodinae, and currently in Grassatores incertae sedis is transferred to Zalmoxidae.(17) While the Australasian genus Zalmoxista Roewer, 1949 is currently in Samoidae and some of its former species have been transferred to Zalmoxis Sørensen, 1886, Zalmoxista americana Roewer, 1952 from Peru, is here newly transferred to Zalmoxidae into Minuides Sørensen, 1932, forming the combination Minuides americanus (Roewer, 1952) new comb. (specific name inflected to match the masculine gender).(18) Neobabrius Roewer, 1949 (currently in Phalangodidae), monotypic from Indonesia, is newly transferred to Zalmoxidae.(19) While Crosbyella Roewer, 1927, belongs to Phalangodidae, Crosbyella roraima Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943 (originally Phalangodinae, but currently Zalmoxidae without generic assignment) is here transferred to Soledadiella González-Sponga, 1987, as Soledadiella roraima new comb. (Zalmoxoidea: Zalmoxidae).(20) Zalmoxissus Roewer, 1949 is newly synonymized with Zalmoxis Sørensen, 1886 (Zalmoxidae).(21) The original spelling Zalmoxis sorenseni Simon, 1892 is restored from the unjustified emendation soerenseni.(22) The Neotropical genus Phalangodella Roewer, 1912 (originally in Phalangodidae: Tricommatinae, but currently in Grassatores incertae sedis) is newly transferred to Zalmoxoidea incertae sedis and (23-26) four other genera are newly synonymized with it: Phalangodella Roewer, 1912 = Exlineia Mello-Leitão, 1942 = Langodinus Mello-Leitão, 1949 = Cochirapha Roewer, 1949 = Phalpuna Roewer, 1949, generating the following new combinations (27-32): Phalangodella fulvescens (Mello-Leitão, 1943) new comb., Phalangodella milagroi (Mello-Leitão, 1942) new comb., Phalangodella rhinoceros (Mello-Leitão, 1945) new comb., Phalangodella flavipes (Mello-Leitão, 1949) new comb., Phalangodella rugipes (Roewer, 1949) new comb. and Phalangodella urarmata (Roewer, 1949) new comb.

Texas Cowboy’s Journal: Up the Trail to Kansas in 1868 by Jack Bailey (review)

Reviewed by: Texas Cowboy’s Journal: Up the Trail to Kansas in 1868 by Jack Bailey Deborah Liles Texas Cowboy’s Journal: Up the Trail to Kansas in 1868. By Jack Bailey. Edited by David Dary. Transcribed by Charles E. Rand. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. Pp. 160. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.) This trail diary by Jack Bailey, who apparently was a settler in Jack County, Texas, is currently the “the earliest known day-by-day account by a Texas cowboy of a cattle drive from Texas to Kansas during the period just after the Civil War” (xx). The rare glimpse into a seldom recorded world is a short and interesting read that covers his trip up the trail and back home again during the early post-war drives. David Dary’s introduction grounds the reader in the time period and provides some background information about Bailey. The daily log transcribed by Charles E. Rand follows Bailey’s original spelling, abbreviations, and format. Dary’s editorial notes add pertinent and interesting data about the many names and places mentioned throughout the three-month excursion from August 5 to November 7, 1868. As several historians have noted, there were many black cowboys who rode the trails during the post-war cattle drives. Bailey’s outfit had two in the ranks, and he witnessed other black men on the trail who were traders and soldiers. Bailey’s attitude was that of a former slaveholder and Confederate soldier in the post-war era. Despite those obvious sentiments, Bailey did not write anything negative about the abilities of the two black cowboys, Ben and Lewis. As a post-war source, this journal serves as a valuable record of this interaction, one that is rarely documented, and it provides credence to those historians who have previously recognized the value of black cowboys on the trail. On the other hand, he did write negatively about American Indians. His dislike and distrust of Indians can [End Page 324] be attributed to living in Jack County, where tension between settlers and the reservation Indians were commonplace. In addition to the valuable notations about race relations, the journal is a fine record of daily events on the cattle trail. Bailey wrote about difficulties with health, the weather, traveling, and the trials of men who worked alongside each other day in and day out. He observed and wrote about the women and children who rode with them and how much he missed his own family during his three-month venture. He also wrote about interactions between other cattle drivers they met en route to the Kansas markets, and how many of them were familiar to him, as they came from the northwestern frontier of Texas where he lived. Cowboys were notoriously reticent when it came to writing journals. Compared to the number of men and women who went up the trail, the scant accounts that exist are important records that describe a life that has been romanticized and exaggerated. This paperback reprint of Bailey’s journal is the third volume in the popular Western Legacies Series for the University of Oklahoma Press. As such, it is a welcome addition to a limited field for historians and layman alike. Deborah Liles University of North Texas Copyright © 2015 The Texas State Historical Association

Cherax( Cherax) subterigneus, a new crayfish (Decapoda: Parastacidae) from West Papua, Indonesia

Cherax ( Cherax ) subterigneus n. sp., is a crayfish endemic to the Aitinjo Lake of West Papua, Indonesia. This species is one of the field-captured species from this region that are exploited for ornamental purposes. Its commonly used commercial name in the pet trade is “Black Orange Tip Crayfish,” “Orange Tip Crayfish,” or “Red Tip Crayfish.” The new species is genetically and morphologically similar to Cherax holthuisi , however, both species can be easily distinguished by certain morphological characteristics or by using sequence divergence, which is substantial, for considering C. subterigneus n. sp. as a valid species. We have also added a note about the probable incorrect subgeneric assignment of the Cherax peknyi and mandatory change of incorrect original spelling of recently described C. gherardii as C. gherardiae .

Complexity Pedagogy and e-Learning: Emergence in Relational Networks

Educators are being challenged to develop new pedagogies and e-learning platforms for engaging students, especially in higher education. Traditional Learning Management Systems (LMS), such as Moodle and Webct, have not, we suggest, offered sufficient innovation consistent with the new pedagogies required for education in the 21st century. Current authors collaborated on a project to develop a new teaching-learning platform inspired by complexity pedagogy. Authors present the story of Daagu (original spelling is Dagu) to situate the e-learning platform within complexity thinking and extant curricular theory. Complexity pedagogy is placed in relationship with androgogy and heutogogy, as well as constructivism and connectivism. We briefly describe the complexity e-learning platform that disrupts traditional e-learning approaches by focusing on patterns of relating, diversity, conversation, reflection, and emergence among groups of learners.

“Our Grand Excursion”: A North Carolinian’s Trip across Texas by Rail, May 1874

“Our Grand Excursion”:A North Carolinian’s Trip across Texas by Rail, May 1874 Compiled and edited by Robert M. Topkins Joshua Addison Stradley was born on March 17, 1832, in Buncombe County, North Carolina. Like his father, Thomas Stradley (1798–1891), an Englishman, J. A. Stradley became an ordained Baptist minister. He attended Wake Forest College for five years and during the early years of his ministry served as a chaplain in the Confederate army. During the Civil War he married Mary Ann Fowler of Wake County, and after the war they made their home in Oxford, North Carolina, until his death on February 13, 1912.1 On April 30, 1874, Stradley departed Raleigh by rail to attend the 1874 Southern Baptist Convention in Jefferson, Texas, as one of two delegates chosen to represent North Carolina; the other delegate, Rev. R. H. Marsh, also of Oxford, met Stradley’s train in Greensboro and accompanied him to Texas. The two men stopped in Atlanta and spent three nights there before resuming their trip, reaching Jefferson on the evening of May 6.2 [End Page 179] The 1874 Southern Baptist Convention was that body’s nineteenth annual conclave and the first to be held in the state of Texas. The meeting took place May 7–11, 1874, at the Jefferson Baptist Church. Stradley served as a member of the convention’s committees on finances for the denomination’s Foreign Mission Board and for its Sunday School Board.3 In connection with the convention, the organizers of the event successfully persuaded three of the state’s railway lines to provide free rail passes to each delegate so that they might participate in a “grand excursion” across Texas by rail. “By this kindness,” one Baptist editor wrote, “many of our brethren who have never been west of the Mississippi will have an opportunity to see much of the ‘Lone Star State.’ … No people ever proposed to do so grand a thing for the Convention as Texas does, in this respect.”4 Moreover, Baptists and others who resided along the state’s main rail lines were enlisted to “meet the crowded trains of tourists with abundant refreshments during the day, and provide for their accommodation in the cities at night.”5 During his brief time in Texas, Stradley recorded his observations of the state in four letters he dispatched to the editor of the Biblical Recorder, the official newspaper of the North Carolina Baptist State Convention, published in Raleigh. Stradley’s four missives, reproduced below with original spellings and punctuation, appeared in the Biblical Recorder sequentially in four installments during June 1874. From his letters, Stradley appears to have been considerably more interested in reporting on the topic of railroad travel in Texas than on the proceedings of the convention. He opens his first letter with a brief description of the town of Jefferson and briefly characterizes the Baptist gathering as “one of its most pleasant and profitable sessions.” He thereupon begins a detailed description of the Texas countryside encountered during “our grand excursion” of “eleven hundred miles over the State” by rail, beginning at Jefferson and proceeding to Mineola, then to Dallas, on to Bremond, then to Waco, Hempstead, Austin, and Brenham, then to Houston—where he and his party visited the Texas State Fair—and finally passing by Crockett on the way to Longview and ultimately out of Texas. Stradley’s fourth and final letter focuses on his overall “impression and views of Texas.” He praises the fertility of the soil “for the raising of grain and stock” but also notes “the great scarcity of water during the droughts of summer” that beset portions of the state. Stradley likewise expresses his dissatisfaction not only with the taste of well water throughout Texas—he blames “lime-stone, or some mineral substance,” for its “very unpalatable” [End Page 180] nature—but also its consistently tepid temperature, “too warm to be pleasant without ice.” He also attributes what he perceives as a “scarcity of wood” to the vast tracts of timberless prairie he encounters during his travels. Stradley is somewhat conflicted on the topic of the Texas climate...

The borrowed suffix ‑i(j)ada in established and potential Slovenian derived vocabulary

This article uses FidaPLUS corpus material to present nominal derivations with the borrowed suffix ‑iada, which preserves its original spelling in Slovenian, is orthographically adapted to ‑ijada, or is shortened and simplified to ‑jada or ‑ada. The article presents the combinatory compatibility of the suffix with native and borrowed word-formational bases, and examines its ability to combine with various semantic groups.

A family-group name correction in Aves: Tachurisidae instead of Tachurididae Ohlson, Irestedt, Ericson & Fjeldså, 2013.

The genus Tachuris Lafresnaye, 1836 was recently placed in a new monotypic family rank taxon, Tachurididae Ohlson, Irestedt, Ericson & Fjeldså, 2013, proposed to reflect the molecular recovery of this taxon as an independent lineage related to Tyrannidae Vigors, 1825 and Rhynchocyclidae Berlepsch, 1907 (Ohlson et al. 2013). The purpose of this paper is to propose a correction in the original spelling of the family name Tachurididae used by Ohlson et al. (2013) to agree with the rulings of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999; hereafter "Code"), taking account of the complex etymology of the name.

A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions,comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed.

An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras is provided. The list includes three amphibian species (Ptychohyla euthysanota, Bolitoglossa odonnelli, Oedipina chortiorum) and two reptile species (Laemanctus waltersi [elevated from subspecies status], Epictia phenops) not included in the most recent checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the country. Also, one amphibian genus and species (Triprion petasatus) is removed from the country list and one Honduran lizard (Ctenosaura praeocularis) is synonymized with an older name. Comments where more study is needed are also included where pertinent. Authors, dates, and original spellings of the higher-level taxonomy of all taxa covered herein are also given. A total of 401 species (137 amphibians and 264 reptiles) are now known from the country with 111 species (27.7%) being Honduran endemics (52 amphibians and 59 reptiles).

Corrections to the nomenclature of genus Diatoma (Bacillariophyta: Fragilariaceae)

Within plants, algae and fungi, the rules of nomenclature (ICN, McNeill et al. 2012) require that adjectival specific—and infraspecific—epithets agree grammatically (gender concordance) with the generic name. Epithets not conforming to this rule, although validly published, are to be corrected (ICN art. 23.5) without change of the author citation or date. Despite that the original spelling of these epithets is generally to be retained (art. 60.1), improper Latin terminations are always to be changed to accord with, among others, the mentioned art. 23.5 (art. 32.2).

What are Borrowings in Advertising for? Lexical Borrowings in Advertising

The aim of the article is to analyse reasons of using new lexical borrowings in advertising, taking into account features of advertising as a genre. The empirical basis of the analysis consists of advertisements including borrowings that were collected in the Database of the New Borrowings. The article offers a qualitative analysis of borrowings in advertising.The theoretical basis of the article is a generalised classification of reasons for lexical borrowing, which includes designative, semantic, stylistic and sociopsychological reasons. Further a more detailed explanation is given by presenting the results of research on multilingual advertising: borrowings are used to fill in a semantic gap; because of creative motives in search for more interesting ways of expression; they help to associate the product with a particular cultural stereotype; or they can help to express the identity of a particular social group. From the viewpoint of advertisers, borrowings help to attract attention to the advertisement or product, to demonstrate its advantages by a symbolic value of other languages, to address a particular audience or to play with language for an emotional effect.The analysis of the Lithuanian data revealed a trend of the majority of borrowings used in advertisements for designative and semantic reasons, in order to name a new object. The origin languages of the borrowings vary; they include English, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese. Some borrowings are used next to their equivalent of Lithuanian origin for metalinguistic reasons. In the group of stylistic reasons, English borrowings are used for creating allusions, language play, and in order to attract the attention of the audience. In the group of sociopsychological reasons, borrowings from English are most prominent; they mostly serve to emphasize the exceptional value of the product. They might also be used as euphemisms. For symbolic reasons, borrowings from French and Italian are also used. English borrowings that are a part of youth slang are used in advertisements to create a youthful identity of the product and to address young consumers.The analysis of spelling of borrowings (original vs. adapted) might also be explained by their functions in the text: original spelling helps to emphasize the authenticity of the designated object, increases the symbolic value of the borrowing. In contrast, the adapted spelling of marked borrowings in the advertisements addressed to young people emphasizes their slang origin.In summary, the analysis of the Lithuanian advertisements confirmed most of the reasons for borrowing found in previous studies on multilingual advertising. The paper concludes that borrowings do not only serve a supplementary role when they are needed to fill a lexical gap, but are also intentionally used as a stylistic, symbolic, identity construction tool in order to enhance the effectiveness of advertisements.

The House of Fame by Geoffrey Chaucer (review)

Reviewed by: The House of Fameby Geoffrey Chaucer C. K. Y. Saville Chaucer, Geoffrey, The House of Fame(Durham Medieval and Renaissance Texts, 3), ed. Nick Havely, 2ndedn Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2013; paperback; pp. xiv, 274; R.R.P. CA$25.00; ISBN 9780888445636. In the words of editor, Nick Havely, ‘an edition – even a second one – of The House of Fameis never finished’, and this edition is indeed not definitive. It is, however, an up-to-date, aesthetically pleasing edition of the poem, which pays careful attention to all five original manuscript texts and claims to offer a ‘more substantial (though not exhaustive) list of variants than is available in the most recent ( Riverside Chaucer) edition’. Like the majority of editors, Havely chooses Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Fairfax 16 as his base text on account of its tidy state and the fact that it is the earliest of all five manuscripts (dated about fifty or sixty years after the poem’s generally postulated date of composition). He preserves almost all the original spellings in his transcription, including the retention of final ‘e’s even where ungrammatical and unmetrical, and is in general conservative in his adoption of the emendations of past editors, or, occasionally, his own. Aside from the lengthy bibliography of scholarly criticism, the main contribution of this edition is the delineation of the unique character of each manuscript, identifying the flaws, defects, and distinctions between the manuscripts in detailed textual notes. In this respect, Havely offers an authoritative version of the text, appropriate for a scholar or graduate student. An example of the value of Havely’s conservative approach is found at line 2018 where he prints ‘Laughe! and eke in poynt to breste’ (as contained in MS Fairfax 16 and Oxford, MS Bodley 636) rather than ‘Languysshe and eek in point to breste’ (as contained in other MSS). He draws appropriate attention to the divergence from the general editorial practice, explaining why he chooses ‘Laughe’ instead of ‘Languysshe’, explaining that it ‘marks a turning point in the Eagle’s long sentence’ where he changes the subject [End Page 280]from reflection on the dreamer’s misfortunes back to the main point of his discussion: ‘the promise of diversion.’ This edition also differs from other recent versions, such as Katheryn Lynch’s Dream Visions and Other Poems(Norton, 2007), and his own Chaucer’s Dream Poetry(Longman, 1997), in its glossing. Instead of a running marginal gloss, Havely includes a rather meagre gloss in footnote form at the bottom of the page, and a select glossary at the end of the book. This suggests an experienced intended readership, but if such an audience is to be offered a glossary, something more elaborate than one-word equivalents would be useful. An example can be found at line 1287, where a glossary might usefully have pointed to unexpected meanings and connotations of difficult and/or technical words. Havely includes a footnote observing that the ‘berile’ walls may recall the temple mentioned earlier in the poem, or the transparency of the walls of the New Jerusalem. He fails to note, however, that ‘berile’ is also a stone used for the optical lenses of eye-glasses, with the power to magnify through multiplying and expanding the speciesin the medium, hence making the objects seen through the stone seem larger than they are. This reading is not only supported by the immediate context, but can be plausibly linked to the Eagle’s discussion of how sound travels by means of multiplication of speciesthrough the medium of air. This accurate and scholarly edition of The House of Fameis a useful alternative to the Riverside Chauceredition, offering up-to-date information about dating, language, and verse style, a brief appendix containing Caxton’s ending and explicit, as well as press corrections in Thynne’s1532 edition, and a substantial commentary section at the end of the book. Nevertheless, the revisions taking into account recent studies in The House of Fameaside, there is no great difference between Havely’s 1994 and 1997 editions and the present one, nor is it the ideal introduction to...

A reassessment of the validity and affinities of Belemnites sulcatus Miller, 1826, Belemnopsis Edwards in Gray, 1849, and Belemnopsis Bayle, 1878

A reinvestigation of the validity of the belemnite genus Belemnopsis Bayle is undertaken, together with a survey of the early history of the usage of the names Belemnites sulcatus, Belemnopsis Bayle and Belemnopsis Edwards. Belemnites sulcatus Miller has been variously equated with either Belemnites apiciconus Blainville or with the group of belemnites including Belemnites Altdorfensis Blainville and B. Beaumontianus Orbigny. Riegraf (and not Phillips) subsequently designated a lectotype which may be valid and, in case it is not, is validated here. The species concept for Belemnites sulcatus, as based on this lectotype, places it in the genus Holcobeloides Gustomesov. Belemnopsis Edwards has date priority over Belemnopsis Bayle, but must be interpreted as an incorrect original spelling and, therefore, does not enter into homonymy according to the ICZN; Belemnopsis Bayle is thus a valid genus. Douville subsequently nominated Belemnites sulcatus, which was figured as Belemnopsis sulcata by Bayle, and therefore is a valid designation because this species is amongst the original species included in Belemnopsis by Bayle. One of Bayle's figures of Belemnopsis sulcata agrees with Belemnites apiciconus Blainville, but does not agree with Belemnites sulcatus as defined by its lectotype; as such this is a case of misidentified type species. Belemnites apiciconus Blainville, the species involved in the misidentification, is therefore designated type species of Belemnopsis Bayle here and validated by citing the ICZN. The actions taken here maintain nomenclature at the genus, family and suborder level in respect to the names Belemnopsis and Belemnosis and serve to stabilize the complicated nomenclature issues related to these taxa.

Variação e mudança linguística: uma análise da ampliação semântica de estrangeirismos no português brasileiro

This article examines the use of loanwords in Brazilian Portuguese from the perspective of the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change. It aims to make explicit implementation processes of language change through the use of foreign words, by contemplating their occurrences, under their original spelling, and with semantic expansion. It is based on Lexicology and labovian theoretical assumptions. Regarding its methodology, it raises foreign terms with semantic expansion present in Epoca, Veja and Isto E magazines. It discusses the data and argues about linguistic change. It also concludes that semantic expansion is one way to validate a final implementation stage of linguistic change.

On the type specimen of Otiorhynchus (Dodecastichus) ambrosii Bertolini, with a catalogue of Dodecastichus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Study of the type specimen of <em>Otiorhynchus ambrosii</em> Bertolini, 1893 allowed to reinstate the synonymy: <em>Dodecastichus mastix</em> (Olivier, 1807) [= <em>Otiorhynchus</em> (<em>Dodecastichus</em>) <em>ambrosii</em> Bertolini, 1893; syn. n.]. As a consequence, the following synonymy is also established: <em>Dodecastichus consentaneus</em> (Boheman, 1842) [= <em>Otiorhynchus</em> (<em>Dodecastichus</em>) <em>consentaneus</em> <em>alticola</em> A. Solari & F. Solari, 1915; syn. n.]. A revised list of <em>Dodecastichus</em> Stierlin, 1861 is also drawn up to correct some errors in the latest 2013 catalogue, to include the revised synonymies above, and additional data on all the species of the genus. The alternative original spelling <em>Dodecastichus</em> <em>oligostictus</em> (J. Müller, 1946) is selected over <em>Dodecastichus</em> <em>oligolepis</em> (J. Müller, 1946), both used in the description of this species.